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VOLUME ONE
Fourth Edition

Textbook of Female Urology and

Urogynecology

2
VOLUME ONE
Fourth Edition

Textbook of Female Urology and

Urogynecology
Editors in Chief
Linda Cardozo O.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.O.G.
Professor of Urogynaecology
King’s College Hospital
London, U.K.

David Staskin M.D.

Director, Male and Female Pelvic Surgery, Division of Urology
St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Steward Health
Associate Professor of Urology
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Section Editors
Lori A. Birder Ph.D.
Roger R. Dmochowski M.D., M.M.H.C., F.A.C.S.
Marcus Drake B.M.B.Ch., M.A., D.M., F.R.C.S.(Urol.)
Cornelius J. Kelleher M.B.B.S., B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.O.G.
Victor W. Nitti M.D.
Eric S. Rovner M.D.
Dudley Robinson M.B.B.S., M.D., F.R.C.O.G.
Peter K. Sand M.D.
Anthony R.B. Smith M.D., F.R.C.O.G.
Philip Toozs-Hobson M.B.B.S., A.S.M., F.R.C.O.G., M.D.

3
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20160831

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5828-8 (Pack - Book and Ebook)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or
liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions
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and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
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acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

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4
Contents

Preface
Editors
Contributors

VOLUME ONE

SECTION I: BACKGROUND ISSUES

1 History of Urogynecology and Female Urology

Jane A. Schulz, Harold P. Drutz, and Jack R. Robertson

2 Epidemiology: United States

Ananias C. Diokno, Scott E. Kalinowski, and Benjamin J. Girdler

3 Epidemiology: South America

Paulo C.R. Palma, Miriam Dambros, Fábio Lorenzetti, and Fabio Thadeu Ferreira

4 Epidemiology: Europe
Ian Milsom and Maria Gyhagen

5 Epidemiology: Australia
Christopher Benness

6 Epidemiology: Asia
S.S. Vasan and Reena Mallesh

7 Epidemiology of Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Africa

Stephen Jeffery and Peter de Jong

8 Tackling the Stigma of Incontinence

Diane K. Newman

9 Natural History and Prevention of Urinary Incontinence and Urogenital Prolapse

C.K. Madhu, R. Trochez, and Robert M. Freeman

10 Medical Error and Patient Safety in Surgery

Roxane Gardner

SECTION II: ROLE OF PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES AND

HEALTH ECONOMICS

11 Section Introduction: The Role of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Health

Economics
Cornelius J. Kelleher

5
12 Patient-Reported Outcomes: From Development to Utilization
Karin Coyne and Chris Sexton

13 Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaires to Assess Health-Related Quality of Life and

Symptom Impact
Cornelius J. Kelleher, Ramandeep Basra, and Alexandra E. Ridout

14 Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaires to Screen and Measure Satisfaction, Expectations,

and Goal Achievement
Zoe S. Kopp and Christopher J. Evans

15 Questionnaires to Assess Sexual Function

Claudine Domoney and Tara Symonds

16 Questionnaires to Assess Bowel Function

Said Mohamed, David Chatoor, and Andrew Williams

17 International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire

Nikki Cotterill and Paul Abrams

18 Electronic Personal Assessment Questionnaire Pelvic Floor

Stephen Radley and Deepa Gopinath

19 Questionnaires to Assess Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Alex Digesu

20 Economic Aspects of Urinary Incontinence

Kate H. Moore

SECTION III: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE LOWER URINARY

AND ANORECTAL TRACTS IN WOMEN

21 Anatomy
John O.L. DeLancey

22 Embryology of the Female Urogenital System and Clinical Applications

Dana Weiss and Stephen A. Zderic

23 Physiology of Micturition
Shachi Tyagi, Pradeep Tyagi, Naoki Yoshimura, and Michael B. Chancellor

24 Pharmacology of the Bladder

Karl-Erik Andersson

25 Uropathogens and the Lower Urinary Tract

Leslie Rickey

26 Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in the Female Patient

David Staskin and Alan J. Wein

27 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine for the Female Genitourinary System
Manish Patel and Anthony Atala

6
SECTION IV: DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF INCONTINENCE AND
UROGENITAL PROLAPSE

28 History and Examination

Vik Khullar and Rhiannon Bray

29 Bladder Diary and Symptom Scores

Alan Uren and Nikki Cotterill

30 Pad Tests
Marie-Andrée Harvey

31 Basic Urodynamic Tests: Uroflowmetry

Matthias Oelke

32 Basic Urodynamic Tests: Filling and Voiding Cystometry

Hashim Hashim and Paul Abrams

33 Tests of Urethral Function

Kristi L. Hebert, Barry G. Hallner, Ryan M. Krlin, and J. Christian Winters

34 Special Urodynamic Tests: Videourodynamics

Ilias Giarenis and Marcus J. Drake

35 Special Urodynamic Test: Ambulatory Urodynamics

Kevin L.J. Rademakers and Gommert A. van Koeveringe

36 Basic Neurological Evaluation and Referral

David B. Vodušek and Jalesh N. Panicker

37 Imaging of the Upper and Lower Urinary Tract: Radiology and Ultrasound
Andrea Tubaro, Kirsten Kluivers, Federica Puccini, and Antonio Carbone

38 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Urogynecology

Elisabetta Costantini and Marcus J. Drake

39 Endoscopy
Musaab Sarmad Yassin, John Michael Henderson, and Francis Xavier Keeley

40 Urinalysis
F.M.E. Wagenlehner and Ganesh Thiagamoorthy

SECTION V: CONSERVATIVE AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE THERAPIES

41 The Role of the Continence Nurse

Angie Rantell

42 Behavioral Therapies and Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women

Kathryn L. Burgio

43 Physiotherapy for Urinary Incontinence

Bary Berghmans

7
44 Pessaries and Devices: Nonsurgical Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary
Incontinence
Catherine S. Bradley

45 Catheters, Pads, and Pants

Lynette E. Franklin

46 Drug Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Women

Ariana L. Smith and Alan J. Wein

47 Peripheral Neuromodulation
John Heesakkers and Jetske van Breda

48 Sacral Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Female Overactive Bladder Syndrome and

Nonobstructive Urinary Retention
J.L.H. Ruud Bosch

49 Injectable Bulking Agents in the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

Brian J. Linder, Philip Wanzek, and Deborah J. Lightner

50 Use of Botulinum Toxins in the Management of Female Voiding Dysfunction

David Ginsberg and Ellen Goldmark

VOLUME TWO

SECTION VI: ASSOCIATED DISORDERS

51 The Overactive Bladder

Marcus J. Drake

52 Neurological Disorders
Ricardo R. Gonzalez, Edward J. Sanchez, David Goldfarb, Renuka Tyagi, and Alexis E. Te

53 Nonneurogenic Voiding Dysfunction and Urinary Retention

Bernard T. Haylen

54 Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Chronic Pelvic Pain

Ursula Wesselmann

55 Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

Amina Douglas, Matthew Parsons, and Philip Toozs-Hobson

56 Bacterial Cystitis in Urogynecology: An Update

Nèvine I.D. te West and Kate H. Moore

57 Vaginitis
J.D. Sobel

58 Pregnancy and Childbirth and the Effect on the Pelvic Floor

Philip Toozs-Hobson, Aneta Obloza, and Sara Webb

59 Problems Associated with Sexual Activity

8
 Swati Jha

60 Menopause
Timothy C. Hillard

61 Sports and Fitness Activities

Kari Bø

62 Anal Incontinence
Tony Mak and Simon Radley

63 Constipation
Kaori Futaba, Yvette Perston, Tony Mak, and Simon Radley

64 Female Sexual Dysfunction

Seth D. Cohen and Irwin Goldstein

65 Multidisciplinary Team
Kaori Futaba, Simon Radley, and Matthew Parsons

66 Multidisciplinary Clinic: Urology and Urogynecology

Pallavi Latthe

67 Multidisciplinary Clinics: Specific Considerations for Elderly Care

Claire Sutton and Philip Toozs-Hobson

SECTION VII: SURGERY FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE

68 How and Why Incontinence Surgery Works

Mauricio Plata, Nicolas Fernandez, David James Osborn, and Roger R. Dmochowski

69 Peri- and Postoperative Care

Sushma Srikrishna and Linda Cardozo

70 Traditional Surgery and Other Historical Procedures for Stress Incontinence

Malcolm Lucas, Elizabeth Timbrook Brown, and Roger R. Dmochowski

71 Retropubic Urethropexy
Dudley Robinson and Linda Cardozo

72 Fascial Slings
Aaron Brothers, David James Osborn, Melissa R. Kaufman, W. Stuart Reynolds, and Roger R.
Dmochowski

73 Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedure For Treatment of Female Urinary Stress Incontinence
Carl Gustaf Nilsson

74 Transobturator Tape for Surgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: Outside-In

Technique
Emmanuel Delorme and Jean-François Hermieu

75 Single-Incision Minislings
Mickey Karram and Radhika Sharma

9
76 Readjustable Slings: Safyre and Remeex
Paulo C.R. Palma and Cassio Riccetto

77 Nonsurgical Transurethral Radio Frequency Collagen Denaturation of the Bladder Neck and
Proximal Urethra for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Saad Juma, Elizabeth Timbrook Brown, and Roger R. Dmochowski

78 Artificial Urinary Sphincter for Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women

David Castro-Diaz, David Staskin, and Roger R. Dmochowski

79 Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstruction Following Incontinence Surgery: Urethrolysis and

Other Techniques
Stephen Mock, Melissa R. Kaufman,
W. Stuart Reynolds, and Roger R. Dmochowski

80 Complications of Stress Urinary Incontinence Surgery

Véronique Phé and Emmanuel Chartier-Kastler

SECTION VIII: SURGERY FOR UROGENITAL PROLAPSE

81 Classification and Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Steven E. Swift

82 Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse

Mark D. Walters and Matthew D. Barber

83 Enterocele
Kaven Baessler

84 Rectocele: Anatomic and Functional Repair

Audra J. Hill and Marie Fidela R. Paraiso

85 Vaginal Approach to Fixation of Vaginal Apex

May Alarab, Salomon Zebede, and Harold P. Drutz

86 Open Abdominal Approach to Supporting the Vaginal Apex

Kristina Cvach and Peter Dwyer

87 Laparoscopic and Robotic Approaches to Apical and Vaginal Vault Suspension

Vaneesha Vallabh-Patel and Patrick J. Culligan

88 Uterine Prolapse
Miriam Seitz and Roger P. Goldberg

89 Biological Grafts in Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery

Alexis M. Tran and Peter K. Sand

90 Synthetic Grafts in Pelvic Surgery

William Barone and Pamela Moalli

91 Complications of Synthetic Mesh Used to Repair Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Mickey Karram and John B. Gebhart

10
92 Episiotomy and Perineal Repair
Ranee Thakar and Christine Kettle

93 Primary Repair of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries

Abdul H. Sultan

94 Surgery for Fecal Incontinence

Julie Ann M. Van Koughnett and Steven D. Wexner

95 Rectal Prolapse and Other Causes of Fecal Obstruction

Susanne D. Otto, Kaven Baessler, and Jörn Gröne

SECTION IX: LAPAROSCOPY AND ROBOTICS

96 Section Introduction: The Role of Laparoscopic Surgery in Urogynecology

Anthony R.B. Smith

97 Pelvic Anatomy through the Laparoscope

Fiona Reid

98 Training and Accreditation in Laparoscopic and Robotic Pelvic Floor Surgery

Karl Jallad, Marie Fidela R. Paraiso, and Alfred Cutner

99 Laparoscopic Colposuspension and Paravaginal Repair

Arvind Vashisht and Alfred Cutner

100 Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy

Marcus P. Carey

101 Laparoscopic Sacrohysteropexy

Helen Jefferis, Natalia Price, and Simon Jackson

102 Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment of Complications in Laparoscopic Pelvic Floor

Surgery
Christopher Maher and Nir Haya

103 The Role of Robotic Surgery

Orfhlaith E. O’Sullivan and Barry A. O’Reilly

104 Vesicoscopy
Philippe Grange and Chrysanthos Kouriefs

105 Cost-Effectiveness in Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Urogynecology

Karen Ward

SECTION X: COMPLEX PROBLEMS

106 Diagnosis of Urogenital Fistula

Ekene A. Enemchukwu and Benjamin M. Brucker

107 Transvaginal Repair of Urogenital Fistula

Barry G. Hallner, Kristi L. Hebert, and J. Christian Winters

11
108 Transabdominal Vesicovaginal and Vesicouterine Fistula Repair
Howard Goldman and Christopher Tenggardjaja

109 Management of Obstetric Urogenital Fistula

Andrew Browning

110 Urethral Diverticulum and Fistula

Kathleen C. Kobashi

111 Diagnosis and Management of Female Urethral Stricture Disease

Victor W. Nitti and Aqsa Khan

112 Ureteral and Bladder Reconstruction

Nadir I. Osman, Altaf Mangera, and Christopher R. Chapple

113 Gynecological Developmental Abnormalities

Melissa C. Davies and Sarah M. Creighton

114 Pediatric Urogynecology

Angela M. Arlen, Howard M. Snyder, and Andrew J. Kirsch

115 Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery: From Female Genital Cutting to Vaginal Rejuvenation
Lauri J. Romanzi

116 Cosmetic Vaginal Surgery

Robert D. Moore and John R. Miklos

117 Urological Complications of Gynecological Surgery

Monica L. Richardson and Craig V. Comiter

APPENDIX A: Standardization of Terminology

Dirk De Ridder and Marcus J. Drake

APPENDIX B: The Standardization of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function: Report

from the Standardization Subcommittee of the International Continence Society
Paul Abrams, Linda Cardozo, Magnus Fall, Derek Griffiths, Peter F.W.M. Rosier, Ulf Ulmsten, Philip
van Kerrebroeck, Arne Victor, and Alan J. Wein

APPENDIX C: International Urogynecological Association/International Continence Society

Joint Report on the Terminology for Female Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Bernard T. Haylen, Dirk De Ridder, Robert M. Freeman, Steven E. Swift, Bary Berghmans, Joseph Lee,
Ash Monga, Eckhard Petri, Diaa E.E. Rizk, Peter K. Sand, and Gabriel N. Schaer

APPENDIX D: Commentary on the 2009 IUGA/ICS Joint Report on the Terminology for Female
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Rufus Cartwright

APPENDIX E: Standardization of Terminology of Female Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Pelvic

Floor Dysfunction
Richard C. Bump, Anders Mattiasson, Kari Bø, Linda P. Brubaker, John O.L. DeLancey, Peter
Klarskov, Bob L. Shull, and Anthony R.B. Smith

APPENDIX F: Good Urodynamic Practices: Uroflowmetry, Filling Cystometry, and Pressure–

Flow Studies

12
Werner Schaefer, Paul Abrams, Limin Liao, Anders Mattiasson, Francesco Pesce, Anders Spangberg,
Arthur M. Sterling, Norman R. Zinner, and Philip van Kerrebroeck

APPENDIX G: Developing Evidence-Based Standards for Diagnosis and Management of Lower

Urinary Tract or Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Peter F.W.M. Rosier, Dirk De Ridder, Jane Meijlink, Ralph Webb, Kristene Whitmore, and Marcus J.
Drake

APPENDIX H: Standardization of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements of

Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Can the PICS Line Help?
Diaa E.E. Rizk and Ralf Tunn

Index

13
Preface

The success of the first three editions of the Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology and our
desire to regularly update and provide a timely and relevant reference textbook in this rapidly evolving
field stimulated us to produce this fourth edition. We hope we have again fulfilled our mission by
presenting a book that serves as a foundation for established ideas, a review of the current state of the
art, and a platform for introducing the dynamic concepts of the future.
We are both proud and humbled to present this fourth edition and take this opportunity to thank all
those who contributed their time and effort—thanks also for choosing this textbook for your practices
and your libraries. We are particularly grateful to our section editors and appreciate their commitment to
producing an authoritative and comprehensive reference book that has demonstrated broad appeal to the
wide range of health providers involved in the management of female pelvic floor problems.
We specifically selected these section editors and authors to present an international approach to the
numerous female urogenital health issues in order to produce a good balance of knowledge, expertise,
and writing skills without the polarization of ideas that can occur as a natural product of geography,
training, and interests. Once again, we have included authors with international reputations and others
who are newcomers to the field. We recognize that there is a significant overlap between female
urology and urogynecology. However, there are also differences, and we hope that these are reflected
by having a balance between the healthcare professionals who have written the individual chapters. In
the future, readers will continue to evaluate the physicality of a traditional textbook versus a digitized
edition, or a website that allows collaborative editing of its content and structure by its users, and this
will influence our future as consumers of information and the choice of medium for future editors,
authors, and readers.
We are indebted to the publisher, who facilitated production of all four editions. In addition, to quote
from the preface of the third edition, “we are most grateful to our patients who place their trust in all of
us every day and we hope that this textbook will contribute to their quality of care and to those who will
treat them in the future.”

Linda Cardozo
David Staskin

14
Editors

Lori A. Birder
Renal-Electrolyte Division
and
Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
School of Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Linda Cardozo
Department of Urogynaecology
King’s College Hospital
London, United Kingdom

Roger R. Dmochowski
Department of Urologic Surgery
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee

Marcus J. Drake
School of Clinical Sciences
and
Bristol Urological Institute
University of Bristol
Bristol, United Kingdom

Cornelius J. Kelleher
Department of Urogynaecology
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
London, United Kingdom

Victor W. Nitti
Department of Urology
and
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
New York University Langone Medical Center
New York, New York

Dudley Robinson
Department of Urogynaecology
King’s College Hospital
London, United Kingdom

Eric S. Rovner
Department of Urology

15
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127 the of
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