Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The CI engine, known as diesel engine, was invented by Rudolf Diesel in 1893. Diesel was
developed from deferent type of fuels, including vegetable oils, to be utilized by the engine.
For more biodiesel research we found Initial testing discovered that these engines could run
with deferent fuels.[1]During the 1970s energy crisis, interest in alternative fuels, such as
vegetable and animal fats, grew as the price of petroleum increased. fortunately, the initial
research revealed many issues, primary between which is the high viscosity of unfiltered
vegetable oils, which could give rise to difficulties with injector coking and incomplete
combustion in CI engines[2] . In the end of 2000s, biodiesel production became more refined
through the process of transesterification, to increase the suitability of CI engines reduce
viscosity of the chemically modifies fats and oils.[3] Early 2000s and in the 1990s concentrated.
study on biodiesel make from waste cooking oil in CI engines. research found that when
compared to traditional diesel, biodiesel decrease emissions in particulate matter and carbon
monoxide. However, the problem of elevated nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions proceeded,
which inspired more research into engine modifications to enhance engine performance, such
as modifications to injection timing and air-fuel mixture ratios. according to Enerdata Global
energy consumption growth increase 2.2% in 2023, quicker than its average 2010-2019
increase growth rate is +1.5%/year. globally Energy distribution in CI engine 90% diesel, 5%
biodiesel, 3% dual fuel and natural gas, and 2% other like hydrogen and other biofuel.[4]

Therefore, Diesel produced from renewable sources has appeared as one of

the brightest alternative fuels due to its environmentally friendly properties, such as reduced
emissions and favorable chemical characteristics. It is biodegradable, non-poisonous, and
considered carbon neutral. Furthermore, biodiesel can be seamlessly utilized in standard diesel
engines without requiring significant modifications, making it an appealing substitute for
conventional diesel fuel.[5]The main advantage of utilizing WCO biodiesel is higher oxygen
level in its fatty acid composition compared to diesel fuel[6]. Due to being higher oxygen
content, it is environment friendly compare to the diesel.[7] Cooking oil sources vary
worldwide and are derived from both plant-based and animal-based lipids. Plant-based oils
include corn oil, margarine, coconut oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, grape seed oil, algal
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oil, and canola oil. butter, ghee, tallow and Animal-based sources, krill oil and fish oil. The
generally usual cooking oil is produced from oil palm because of its very cheap compare to
other origins, such as mustard, soybean or coconut plants. from any of these used lipids through
transesterification, making biodiesel. All earliest researches have unveiled that biodiesel can
be generated from different types of plant based oil, such as mustered oil, groundnut oil,
soybean oil and sunflower oil.
At the same time, the production of biodiesel using edible oil making billions of people
starvation and hunger. Several non-governmental organizations(NGO) have shown harsh
criticism in world wide. More over the world using vegetable oil will cause Deforestation and
plant ecosystem disturbance. [8] The utilize feedstock of waste cooking oil biodiesel will
decrease water drainage system and water contamination. However, the increase of waste
cooking oil concern regarding environment impact of higher production of waste cooking oil
in hotel, restaurant and Home. waste cooking oil easily collects from the restaurant and home
which refers to recycle bin process. Which is require campaigns of public awareness and
collection process previous. however, the major problem with waste cooking oil it has very
high free fatty acid and water content which producing its transesterification reaction very
challenging. Thus, before transesterification reaction of WCO it has to provide pretreatment or
esterification with an acid.[9]
Although This research gives complete research into combustion characteristics like ignition
delay, combustion and about pressure And Emission analysis conditions using AVL boost
which give complete scenarios of condition using in single cylinder four stroke biodiesel
engine. Finding important characteristics of the engine using numerical simulation and
experimental analysis.

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literatures

In recent years, waste cooking oil has emerged as a promising and low-cost feedstock for
biodiesel production. Researchers have conducted several studies to optimize the
transesterification process, enhance fuel properties, and analyze engine performance and
emissions of biodiesel derived from waste oils.

S.N. Authors Names Research Topic

Performance analysis of diesel engine using six types
1 Yarbrough et al.
of edible oil as biodiesel fuel.
M. Mathiyazhagan & A.
2 Key factors influencing the production of biodiesel.
Ganapathi
Transesterification of biodiesel using alkali catalysis
3 Zayed Al-Hamamre
and a parametric study.
Biodiesel production using ethanol instead of
4 J.M. Encinar
methanol – comparison study.
Ertan Alptekin, Mustafa Pilot plant production of biodiesel from edible, non-
5
Canakci, Huseyin Sanli edible oils and animal fats.
Simplified chemical structure of biodiesel –
6 A. Demirbas et al.
consisting mainly of six or seven fatty acid esters.
Manop Charoenchaitrakool
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a
7 & Juthagate
two-step catalyzed process – statistical analysis.
Thienmethangkoon
Enzyme-based production of biodiesel from waste
8 R. Maceiras & M. Vega
frying oil and methanol effect study.
Weiyang Zhou & Samir K. Production of ethyl esters via single-phase base-
9
Konar catalyzed ethanolysis of vegetable oils.

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Abderrahim Bouaid & Long-term storage stability of biodiesel from used

10
Mercedes Martinez frying oil and vegetable oil.
Biodiesel production from used frying oil using
11 A.V. Tomasevic
methanol.
Volkan Aslan & Tanzer Use of NaOH, KOH, and ethanol to produce biodiesel
12
Eryilmaz from seed oil and mustard oil.
Zafer Utlua & Mevlut Performance and emission testing of biodiesel in a
13
Sureyya Koc-akb direct injection 4-stroke diesel engine.
Combustion analysis of waste cooking methyl ester
14 Ya-fen Lin et al.
blended with neat diesel.
Production of methyl ester and testing on a diesel
15 R. Sattanathan
engine.
Performance and emission analysis of biodiesel from
16 Rasim Behçet
waste anchovy fish oil.
Biodiesel production analysis from non-edible
17 Ivana B. Bankovic-Ilic
vegetable oils.
Performance and emission characteristics of methyl
18 Hasan Ozgunay
ester from leather industry pre-fleshing waste.

19 Nithya R Factors affecting biodiesel production.

Impact of water on biodiesel production and refining

20 I.M. Atadashi & M.K. Aroua
challenges.
A.P. Singh Chouhan & A.K. Use of heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel
21
Sarma production.
Optimization of biodiesel production to make it
22 T. Eevera & K. Rajendran
environmentally friendly.
Property analysis of biodiesel blends in various
23 Fatih Aydin
mixing ratios with diesel.
Michael J. Haas & Andrew J. Process evaluation to identify cost-effective biodiesel
24
McAloon production methods.
GuanHua Huang & Feng Biodiesel production through biotechnological
25
Chen methods like microalgae.

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Yield analysis using different types of alcohol and

26 Magín Lapuerta & Jose M.
engine testing of the biodiesel.
A.M. Liaquat & H.H. Performance and emission test of biodiesel made
27
Masjuki from coconut oil.
Biodiesel production from oleaginous
28 Xin Meng & Jianming Yang
microorganisms.
I.M. Rizwanul Fattah & H.H. Study on the effect of antioxidants on emissions and
29
Masjuki performance using palm oil blends.
Puneet Verma & M.P. Study on process parameters for biodiesel production
30
Sharma from varying amounts of waste cooking oil.

2.1 Outcomes of Literature Survey

1. Biodiesel can be produce from materials Waste cooking oil, vegetables oil and
animal fat etc.
2. Production of biodiesel by trans-esterification process is best way.
3. Use of methanol in trans-esterification process provide better properties and low
production cast than ethanol.
4. Use of alkali catalyst led to better yield 85-90% of biodiesel in trans-esterification
process of production than others.
5. Chemical and physical properties of biodiesel is nearly similar to diesel.
6. Blends of biodiesel and pure diesel can be used in C.I diesel engine little or without
any modification in engine.
7. Performance of biodiesel on engine is higher but for blends it decrease as compare
to diesel.
8. Major research studies shows that emission of toxic gases are decrease as compare
to pure diesel emission.
9. As a dissolvable, biodiesel cleans dirt from engines. This dirt would then be able
to get gathered in fuel channels, stopping up them. Thus, channels must be changed
after the initial a few hours of biodiesel use.
10. The density and calorific values, cloud point, pour point and all other properties of
biodiesel were nearly same as diesel and also the viscosity of biodiesel was lower

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

than diesel.
11. Most of studies report slightly increase in NO emission when using biodiesel as a
fuel.
12. Most of the author report that regulated emission such as those of HCs and CO
usually found to significantly decreases by using biodiesel fuel.

2.3 Research Gap

Numbers of research papers are published on biodiesel production and performance
testing of biodiesel. Now a days due to the 400% rise of petroleum oil prices than year 2012
price, numbers of research papers increase about production of biodiesel.
1. Lack of optimization techniques for pretreatment of WCO with high FFA and moisture
content.
2. Limited blend ratio analysis (only up to 20% WCO biodiesel) – no testing of higher
blends like B50 or B100.
3. Absence of advanced emission control methods to reduce NOx (e.g., EGR, injection
timing, additives).
4. No economic or scalability analysis for large-scale WCO biodiesel production.
5. Missing data on long-term engine wear and deposit formation due to WCO biodiesel.
6. No evaluation of oxidative stability or storage behaviour of WCO biodiesel. Engine
testing confined to single-cylinder setup – lacks real-world or multi-cylinder validation.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The most adopted and followed method for produce biodiesel in WCO has transesterification
process in which secondary product is glycerol.
The following processes and methods are involved:-

3.1Collection of Waste Cooking Oil

Waste cooking oil was obtained from the local Friday marker Hazratbal. We are performing
test on waste cooking mustard oil of amount 2 liters. Mustard oil color is Black dark and highly
viscous as shown in the figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 : Waste Cooking oil

3.2) Equipment and Materials Required

The following equipment and materials are required for production of biodiesel from waste
cooking oil by trans-esterification process.

S.N. Items Descriptions QTY

1 Waste cooking oil 2 LTR.

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2 Separating funnel (500ml) 1

3 Laboratory thermometer(Max. 1200C) 1

4 Magnetic Beads(40mm) 1

5 Magnetic Beads(25mm) 1

6 Measuring cylinder(100ml) 1

7 Methanol 1 LTR.

8 KOH 20 grams

9 Hot Water(70-80 0C) 2 LTR

10 Tissue Roll 1

11 Aluminium foil 1

12 Hands gloves packet 1

13 Bicker (500ml) 2

14 Bicker (1000ml) 2

15 Bicker(2000ml) 1

16 Conical flask(500ml) 2

17 Magnetic Stirrer with hot plate 2

18 Funnel stands 2
19 Vial ( Glass Vials) 5
20 Infrared Thermometer 1
21 Electronic compact scale 1
Table 3.1 List of Equipment and material Require

3.3) Biodiesel Production Process

One of the most widely adopted and efficient methods for biodiesel production is the
transesterification process. This chemical reaction converts triglycerides into biodiesel (Fatty
Acid Methyl Esters - FAME) and Glycerine by reacting with an alcohols( methanol) in the
presence of a catalyst such as potassium hydroxide (KOH).

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Among the various techniques available for biodiesel synthesis, transesterification is favoured
due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and the high-quality biodiesel it produces. Importantly,
the biodiesel obtained through this process has a viscosity that is very close to that of
conventional diesel, making it suitable for use in compression ignition (CI) engines with
minimal or no modifications.

3.3.1) Filtration of Waste Cooking Oil:

Used cooking oil is collected and allowed to settle for a few hours. The oil is then filtered
through a fine mesh or cloth to remove food particles, and other solid contaminants. Proper
filtration is essential to avoid interference in the chemical reaction.

3.3.2) Removal of Moisture:

We take 1000ml Waste cooking oil into 2000 ML beakers shown in figure 3.2. And put Beaker
on the magnetic stirrer with hot plat for continuously heating the filtered waste cooking oil. We
put magnetic bid on the Beaker for continuously stirred between 340 to 400 rpm for uniform
temperature and Reaction stay in Beaker.

Figure 3.2 : Removal of Moisture Content from WCO

We Heating the WCO up to 120 0C for separating moisture content. At Above 100 0C bubbles
are form ( After 30 minutes) it means water is evaporating. After Bubble Stop, we can say now
all water separate from waste cooking oil. Beaker Takes 45 minutes to Reach 120 0C and then
we put it in rest until Temperature reached 50 0C. Don’t heat waste cooking oil more than 130
0
C because oil degradation occurs at over temperature.

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3.3.3) Preparing solution of Methanol and KOH

Before start the Trans-esterification process, we have to prepare solution of Methanol on the
6:1 molar ratio of WCO to methanol and 0.5%-1.5% of KOH (As catalyzed) of Waste cooking
oil in the 400ml beaker. And stirrer it until KOH will not mix properly in the methanol. If we
prepare solution on the molar ratio 9:1 or 12:1 of WCO to Methanol, the yield of methyl ester
will be more but consumption of methanol will increase. I take 400 ml methanol and 10 gram
of potassium hydroxide pellets (dry) for 2 lit WCO solution and continuous stir it with magnetic
bid on the solution of Potassium hydroxide and methanol with the help of magnetic stirrer and
hot plat.

Figure 3.3 : Potassium Methoxide

And after Potassium hydroxide completely mixed with methanol, we got solution of methoxide
or sodium methoxide as a product shown in figure 3.3

3.3.4) Trans-esterification process

Now start the Trans-esterification process we take 450ml WCO in 900ml of beaker Shown in
figure 3.4. Add slowly-slowly solution of 100ml Methanol and 2.5 gram of KOH . First of all,
heat the WCO till 60 0C for trans-esterification process Start and then add solution of methanol
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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

and KOH in every 10 minutes of interval to 20% of the solution(Potassium Methoxide) till 90
minutes.
Maintain the temperature in between 600-650C. because reaction will start at 60 0C for
fast reaction maintained Uniform Temperature between 60-650C. above the 65 0C
Temperature methanol evaporates and soap formation occurs.

Figure 3.4 : Starting of Trans-esterification process

Now we can see the change in color of solution after completely dissolve of solution of
methanol and potassium hydroxide shown in figure 3.5. Here continuous watch thermometer
so temperature will not Exide above 65 0C.

In Trans-esterification process Triglyceride React with Alcohols( Most likely Methanol) in

the presence of catalyst ( potassium hydroxide) and form methyl Ester or Biodiesel and
Glycerol (by product) shown in Reaction.

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Figure 3.5 : Trans-esterification process

Figure 3.6 Trans-esterification Reaction

Here
R : CH3
Catalyze : KOH
R’,R’’,R’’’ : Hydrocarbon Chain of 15 to 21 carbon Atoms

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3.4) Post Trans-esterification process

3.4.1) Gravity Separation :
After completion of trans-esterification process put material in the separating funnel for 24
hours for setting down the glycerol in the bottom due to high density than methyl ester.

Figure 3.7 : Methyl Ester and glycerol in Separating flask

Due to differences in density and polarity, these two components naturally separate when
allowed to rest, and this process is called gravity separation. After 24 hours, gravity causes
the denser glycerol to settle at the bottom, while biodiesel floats on top as shown in figure 3.7

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We can clearly see the glycerol and methyl ester. Now separate the glycerol from methyl ester
in the Beaker by opening tap valve of the separating funnel slowly- slowly and carefully so
that no glycerol remains in the methyl ester or no methyl ester will separate out with glycerol

Figure 3.8 : After 24 hours Methyl Ester and glycerol in Separating flask

However, there is presence of catalyst (potassium Hydroxide) in the methyl ester solution. For
removal of potassium hydroxide, We have do water wash of methyl ester with hot water.

3.4.2) Water Wash of methyl Ester:

After gravity separation, the upper layer of the product contains impurities in biodiesel, which
still holds impurities such as:
• Catalyst (KOH or NaOH)
• Soap
• Traces of glycerol
These contaminants affect the fuel quality, combustion efficiency, and engine durability.
Therefore, water washing is a necessary post-treatment step to purify the biodiesel and bring
its properties within acceptable limits.
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• first wash (gentle wash):

First of all, we took 2 lit warm water approx. (60-70 0C ) and gently mixed water in this
solution.

Figure 3.9 : First wash of methyl Ester

Gentle mixing of 30–40% warm distilled water, followed by settling after Water turns milky
or cloudy due to high impurity content shown in figure 3.9. we do not mixed water Fastly
because it will form shop with react of methyl ester. And open needle tip slowly and separate
milky water in 900 ml beaker.
• Second wash:
In the second wash we slightly increase the process of mixing water and stirrer it by hand. And
put it in rest for 10 mints for water separation.
After 10 to 15 minutes after water separate by density difference here, we can see in figure
3.10 water will slightly clean.

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

Figure 3.10 : Second Wash of Methyl Ester

• Third wash :
In Third wash of methyl Ester Slightly more increase mixed warm water in Separating Flask
and put it rest for 10 minutes.

Figure 3.11 : After 10 minutes of Third wash of methyl Ester

and after the 10 mints due to density variation methyl ester floats and then we separate water
slowly-slowly by needle.
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• Fourth wash :
Do same Process as third wash till milky water not turn in clear water.

Figure 3.12 : Fourth wash of methyl Ester

• Final wash :
In the figure 3.13 we can clearly see the biodiesel, glycerol and water solution with soap.
Now separation of Catalyst from Methyl Ester has been done. Bute there is moisture
content in methyl Ester. In figure 3.13 we can see in Flasks three solutions methyl Ester
with moisture content, Glycerol and milky water.

Figure 3.13 After Final Wash of Methyl Ester

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3.4.3) Drying of Methyl Ester :

After water their water is remain in biodiesel. For removal of water content, we put it 900 ml
beaker and with the help of Magnetic stirrer with hot plat we increase Temperature up to 120
0
C till water babble completely disappear.
After Evaporating of all water content in the methyl ester it called Pure biodiesel which we
can see in figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14 : Pure Biodiesel

3.5) Blend Preparation with Diesel

Blends D100, B100, B5, B10, B15 & B20 of Biodiesel and Diesel were prepared. The blend
types are named based on the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture:

Table 3.2 Percentage of biodiesel and diesel in blends

S.N. Nomenclature Diesel (%) Biodiesel (%)

1 D100 100 0
2 B100 0 100
3 B5 95 5
4 B10 90 10
5 B15 85 15
6 B20 80 20
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Figure 3.15 : Blends of Diesel and Biodiesel

Different blend with diesel and waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCME) were made with
fraction 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% named as D100, B5, B10, B15& B20 shown in figure 3.15.
The quantity of sample(blends) is 10 ml.

3.6) Estimation of properties of biodiesel

Estimation of properties of obtained by different methods and equipment. There are some
physical and chemical properties.
The following properties are estimated.

1. Density
2. Kinematic Viscosity
3. Flash and Fire point
4. Calorific Value

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Table 3.3 : Used standard methods and equipment to estimate properties.

S.N. Properties Standard Methods Equipment used

1 Kinematic Viscosity IS:1448[P:25]1976 Viscometer

2 Calorific Value IS:1350 Bomb Calorimeter

Flash and Fire Point

3 Flash and Fire point Is1448[P:32]:1992
Apparatus

4 Density ASTM D1298 Hydrometer

The following value of properties are obtained:-

Table 3.4 : Comparative properties of biodiesel and diesel

S.N. Properties Diesel Biodiesel

1 Density(300C) Kg/m3 847 857.83

2 Kinematic Viscosity(400C) mm2/s 2.14 3.65

3 Flash point(0C) 120 135

4 Fire point(0C) 135 149

5 Calorific Value(KJ/Kg) 42087 39528.76

Shown in Table 3.4 Density and viscosity of biodiesel (derived from waste mustard oil) is
slightly higher than the neat Diesel fuel.
Biodiesel obtained from waste cooking mustard oil has higher flash and fire point than neat
diesel. Calorific value of biodiesel is less than the diesel fuel.

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3.7 Experiment setup :

Figure 3.16 : The experimental engine layout

The investigation of biodiesel blend was done by a single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine with
water cooling system having variable compression ratio (CR). and table 6.2 shows the line
diagram 6.1 and specifications of testing setup.[11] The CR of engine is variable and is
controlled via changing the position of auxiliary piston. Required ratio of WFO and diesel is
added to fuel tank which is then injected through injectors. Chamber pressure and crank angle
is measured by piezoelectric pressure sensor and rotatory encoders.
Diesel Engine Specification are given in following table In table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Diesel Engine Specifications
S.N. Description Specifications

1 Type of engine 4 Stroke Variable C.R Diesel Engine

2 Make Kirloskar oil engine TV1

3 Bore × Stroke (mm) 80 × 110

4 Connecting rod (mm) 234

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5 Swept Volume (cc) 552

8 Rated power (KW) 3.7

9 Rated Speed (rpm) 1500

10 Compression ratio 12:1 to 20:1

11 Cooling System Water cooled

In the figure 3.17 diesel engine is 4 stroke diesel single cylinder variable compression diesel
engine. System is water cooled system and dynamometer is hydraulic dynamometer.

Figure 3.17 : The Experimental Setup

Different types of sensors are installed in the engine to sense temperature, pressure, speed etc.
and all these sensors are connected to a computer which read the data and show it on the display.
Load on the dynamometer control by the load control panel.

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3.8 Performance and emission Parameters

There are 5 blends, which performance and emission parameters have to analyses on C.I diesel
engine.
The following are the performance parameters:-

1. Brake Thermal efficiency (BTE)

Brake thermal efficiency is determined to analyses the capacity of engine to use

heat energy of burn fuel charge to mechanical energy.
It is the ratio of brake power to the energy produce by burning of the fuel charge per
unit time.

2. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC)

It is way of showing obtain energy by burning of the fuel to produce unit power
output. It is easy to compare calorific value of different type of fuels. It calorific
value times to the brake specific fuel consumption.
3. Exhaust gas temperature(EGT)

It is the measurement of temperature of exhaust gases.

The following are the emission parameters:-

1. Carbon monoxide (CO2)

2. Unburnt Hydrocarbon (HC)
3. Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
3.9 Experimentation

First of all, testing is perform with neat biodiesel along with 5 different types of blends D100,
B5, B10, B15 and B20 on diesel engine at constant compression ratio 16.5.
3.9.1 Performance testing procedures

• First of all, check all types of supply (fuel, water, electricity supply etc.) are connected
properly and ready to run after filling the fuel tank.
• Start the engine by handle on no load condition and check the flow of water inlet outlet
to engine and dynamometer, fuel supply to engine and check everything working
properly.
• Allow it to stabilize the rated speed 1500rpm to1540rpm.
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• Run the software by clicking Start Test button so that it starts displaying the respective
data and also calculated result in display panel.
• Now record the reading for neat diesel on no load condition after 8-10 minutes of start
of engine.
• Repeat the same for different loads for neat diesel (max. load approx. 24N- meter)
• Now remove the load and then stop the engine, and remove remain diesel from tank.
• Now fill the fuel tank with different blends one by one and repeat the same procedures.
• After recording all reading of diesel and different blends, stop the engine and close
water supply after15 minutes of stopping of engine, to avoid the damage of the sensors.
• The shout down the computer and switch off the mains.
3.9.2 Emission testing Procedures

Multi-gas analyzer is used for emission testing of diesel and biodiesel blends.
It measures CO, HC, and NOx.
1. First plug in the analyzer to power supply.
2. Leave the analyzer for 4-5 minutes to start the all functions of the analyzer.
3. Check the leakage of the analyzer.
4. After successful leakage check, then plug in the probe in the exhaust pipe.
5. Now it will sense the emission gases and hold it for 10 minutes for being
stable of reading then record the reading.
6. And do same procedure for each type of blends and fuel.
7. After switch off the power hold the probe as it is for 5 minutes to avoid the
damage of sensors.
3.9.3 Energy balance equation:
Differential form of energy equation (1) for evaluated rate of change of internal energy of the
system of mass d(mu) ⁄ dθ, heat release rate during combustion period(𝑑𝑄_𝑟)/𝑑𝜃 , heat
transfer rate from gases to walls (𝑑𝑄ℎ )/𝑑𝜃 , rate of mechanical work done by the system on
the boundary 𝑑𝑊/𝑑𝜃

𝑑(𝑚𝑢) 𝑑𝑄𝑟 𝑑𝑄ℎ 𝑑𝑊

= − − ………………………………………………………………………………………….(1)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

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Above equation be written as

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑄𝑟 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑉
𝑚 𝑑𝜃 = − ℎ𝐴 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝜃………………………………………………………………………………….(2)
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑇
where A is the inside cylinder surface area, ℎ is heat transfer coefficient ( 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ), 𝑑𝜃

denoted as the rate of the temperature change (K/° ), y denote as angular displacement with
respect to BDC (Degree) , T represent as instantaneous temperature in Kelvin at any crank
angle θ, 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝜃
represented the incremental change in cylinder volume (m3 /° ), θ denoted as
angular displacement with respect to BDC (° ).
the following equation 3 using engine will be calculated of kinematics the cylinder volume at
any crank angle

𝑑𝑉 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 1 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= 2
[2 2
− sin 𝜃]………………………………………………………………………….(3)
√(2𝐿) −sin2 𝜃
𝑆

Where the compression ratio denoted by r, length of connecting rod denoted as L in m, S is

denoted as stroke length in meter, 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 is denoted as volume to the displacement in m3 , y
denoted as angular displacement according to bottom dead center BDC (Degree).

3.9.4 Heat release analysis:

Weibe’s heat release correlation equation 4 is used for determining Heat release from
combustion process.

𝑛+1
𝜃
𝑑𝑄𝑟 𝑄𝑟 𝑛 𝜃 𝑛 [−6.908( )
𝜃𝑡
]
= 6.908 × (𝑛 + 1) × ( 𝜃 ) (𝜃 ) 𝑒 ………………………………………………….(4)
𝑑𝜃 𝑡 𝑡

Here 𝑑𝑄𝑟 /𝑑𝜃 is the heat release rate due to combustion (kJ/degree), 𝑄𝑟 is the amount of heat
released per cycle (kJ), yt is the combustion duration in crank angles (degree), y is the denoted
crank angle starting at of combustion (degree),
The Heat flows from the cylinder wall to working fluid During the intake and compression
processes, that regulate the order of magnitude of the convection heat transfer rate. where 𝑄𝑐
in kJ/degree is given by

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

130𝑃 0.8 (𝐶𝑚 +1.4)0.8

ℎ= …………………………………………………………………………………….…...........(5)
𝑣𝑐0.06 𝑇 0.4

Minimum calorific value of the worked biodiesel shows results in lower exhaust gas
temperature. An important exhaust gas temperature decrement was show in while experimental
measurements process. The Numerical simulation provides a minimum drop In The exhaust
pipes that is mainly due to incomplete description of heat reduction .[7]

3.9.5 Ignition delay analysis

Determine the ignition delay[5] The Wolfer’s empirical relation is used. ignition delay is the
time period between the start of injection of fuel and beginning of the Combustion. The ignition
delay increases due to wide and narrower spread of biodiesel fuel maximize of drop the mean
diameter of biodiesel. biodiesel shows poorer evaporation and higher flash-point.[13]

𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫𝑡 𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡(𝑝,𝑇) = 𝑘 × ∫𝑡 𝑖𝑔𝑛 [ 𝐸 ] = 1 ………………………………………………………….(4)
𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝑖𝑛𝑗 −𝑞 ( )
(𝑝(𝑡)) 𝑒 𝑅𝑇(𝑡)

The ignition delay depends on the time start to the fuel injection time. To decrease the
combustion-generated noise the pre injections are used by decreasing the rate of heat release
before the injection process. To regulate NOx emissions and soot value inject fuel after the
injection time.[14]
3.9.6 Effect of Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
biodiesel has a minimum calorific value than diesel engine effect of higher viscosity.[15] The
viscosity, density and calorific value of biodiesel fuel are the critical elements for BSFC of the
engine. the increment of load could have shown the higher BSFC on biodiesel than the diesel
engine. biodiesel with CR 17, 19, and 21. At maximum load condition, the BSFC value was
exhibit for diesel CR17 is 476.5, 539.42, 567.4, 576.4, 629.35 g/kW-hr and 461.3, 520.7, 562.7,
593.6, 610.1g/kW-hr for CR 19.as well as 429.3, 498.8, 537.7, 578.3, 620.1 for CR 21, As CR
increases the value of BSFC decreases.

3.9.7 Effect of Exhaust gas temperature

The temperature of exhaust gas is higher for biodiesel produce from wate cooking oil than the
mineral diesel fuel. The exhaust temperate value increases at higher value of the load. And
increase of speed provide higher Exhaust Temperature Couse higher combustion and fuel.[16]
the Various research was conducted on operating various conditions on engine sizes. The CI

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

Engines on biodiesel experimental results exhibit that the use of biodiesel has certainly reduces
major pollutants like unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot and particulate
matters (PM). Othar than the emissions of NOx ware increased.[17]

3.9.8 Effect of CR on CO and HC emissions

when the fuel was not completely burned the toxic unburned hydrocarbon(HC) are produced.
Its emissions consist of incompletely burned hydrocarbons and unburned hydrocarbon from
the fuel. The CO oxide is intermediate compound found during the combustion stage. the
modification of Compression ratio (CR) at a speed of 2200 rpm shows variation in HC
emissions for biodiesel produced by CWO and beside diesel. Thie result will be the increase
in compression ratio guide to HC emission growth for biodiesel. The increment of HC
emissions causes for in the cylinder for fuel accumulation and as well as increasing of
compression ratio. The increase in CR with weak increase in HC emission and the reduction in
carbon monoxide (CO) may be connected. As in though, for biodiesel at all CR values the HC
emission is lower, compared to natural diesel.[18] The value of HC emissions for natural diesel
at CR of 17:1, 19:1 and 21:1 was 0.00766, 0.00877 and 0.00954 g/kWh. when the biodiesel
was compared to natural diesel the HC emission decreased to 0.0057, 0.0058 and 0.00866
g/kWh.[19] the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with different amount of alternative energy,
capacity, and CR with steady rpm to compared for the waste cooking oil biodiesel and natural
diesel fuel. High CO2 release on an exhaust is refer of enhance combustion in Internal
combustion(IC) engines.

3.9.9 The effect of CR on NOx emission

NOx emissions directly rely on concentration of oxygen, pressure and Temperature inside the
cylinder that form in a CI engine. the engine speed at 2200 rpm with different CR for both
biodiesel and natural diesel shows some change in NOx emissions. That is increase in CR
exhibit increment in NOx emissions for the engine. beside higher CR improve temperature and
pressure inside the cylinder. therefore, engine speed oat 2200 rpm with higher CR, the NOx
emission also increases for both biodiesel and natural diesel. When the CR raised from 19:1
CR value to 21:1 the NOx emission raised to 9.30 from 8.72 g/kWh for biodiesel, beside NOx
emission raised from 8.10 g/kWh to 8.39 g/kWh for natural diesel. In percentage for biodiesel
about 6.20% and for natural diesel 5.46% NOx emission raised at 2200 rpm engine speed when

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

the CR raised from 19:1 CR value to 21:1. The raised in NOx emission the alternative cause
increased Temperature inside the cylinder due to oxygen content for biodiesel. Hence higher
NOx emissions exhibit that the adiabatic flame temperature of 2431 ͦC increased for biodiesel
than for 2190 ͦC natural diesel. As well as the combustion process the intermediate product
produced was decrease for good combustion and exhibit higher NOx emissions while raised in
compression ratio. [20]

3.9.10 Effect of CR on combustion

To determine the combustion process using Crank angle and pressure of the engine because
pressure effect on the engine emissions. also crank angle and pressure inside the cylinder
impact on the performance parameters. Engine at 2200 rpm speed for biodiesel and natural
diesel the pressure inside the cylinder with CR of 17:1, 19:1 and 21:1.The combustion also
directly relies on the peak pressure and ignition delay. In premixing the fuel injected
early during the compression stroke in the ci engine using biodiesel or natural diesel.in the
premixed combustion stages. It also depends on the amount of fuel burned in the premixed
combustion stage. And the peak pressure depends on fuel amount burned during stage of the
premixing combustion. when raised in compression ratio exhibit increase pressure inside the
cylinder. Its cause as in decrease volume in the cylinder. For all compression ratios (CR) the
peak pressure of biodiesel is greater than the natural diesel. The main reason ignition delay was
less. [21] The combustion makes early due to reduction in ignition delay for dominating to
raise peak pressure. Throughout premixed combustion more amount of the fuel essential to be
burned whereas calorific value of the biodiesel is less than the diesel. As well as its dominated
high peak pressure. The compression ratio (CR) of 17:1, 19:1 and 21:1 the exhibit value of the
peak pressure respect to 59.50, 70.30 and 72.67 bar for the diesel. And beside peak pressure of
CR of 17:1, 19:1 and 21:1 was 63.36, 70.65 and 73.55 bar for biodiesel. For Biodiesel The
pressure is higher whereas rapidly and perfect combustion.

3.9.11 Effect of load on emission product

The engine load exhibit significant impact on the biodiesel emissions. the engine is operating
on biodiesel the complete NOx emissions were increase 5.61% while the engine load raised to
bmep = 0.47 MPa when it’s compared to natural fuel. the higher emissions of nitrogen oxides
NOx reduced by 17.8%. When the engine was operating at higher load on biodiesel fuel engine.

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

This variation fully connected with the heat formation and pressure deviation inside the
cylinder.[22] The growth in carbon monoxide (CO) emission of the fuels As While the engine
was operating at greater load. At complete load range of the engine operate on waste cooking
oil biodiesel the emissions of hydrocarbon were maximum. but in the range apart from highest
load. At all engine load range, unburned hydrocarbons emission (HC) was the highest when
using the biodiesel, except the maximum load. while the engine was running on biodiesel
equated to natural fuel the exhaust Smoke capacity was minimum.[23]

3.9.12 Effect of speed on emission products

the investigation for the nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) interpretations for both using fuels.
As in While at the minimum load and highest torque mode 1400 rpm the engine was operating
on biodiesel. Biodiesel equated with natural diesel fuel the full emission of nitrogen oxides
NOx blown up by 15.31 ,While the motor was operating on 2200 rpm speed and minimum load
on biodiesel, Comparison to natural diesel fuel the emanations of nitrogen oxides 27.75%
expanded separately, The Engine worked on medium load bmep = 0.42 MPa. Then NOx
emissions were gotten by 5.15% raised on biodiesel. The Engine worked on extreme load
compared to natural diesel fuel, at bmep = 0.75MPa and biodiesel the carbon monoxide (CO)
emission increased by 24.56%. CO emanation was around five times more, with comparing to
diesel fuel.[7]

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4. Results of Performance at different Load

Testing of Engine Performance at different-different load of Engine and BTE V/S BMEP
Graph has been drawn.
According to the EN Standard blends test taken at load 0%, 20%, 40% 60%,80% and100%
which According to the testing Engine Is respectably 0NM, 6 NM,12 NM,18 NM, 24 Nm and
30 NM.
• BTE vs BMEP FOR D100

BTE vs BMEP FOR D100

30
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)

25 18.76 Nm
12.55 Nm 23.75 Nm
20

15
6.48 Nm
10
31.15 Nm
5

0 0.32 Nm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
• BTE vs BMEP FOR B10

BTE vs BMEP FOR B10

30
18.07
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)

25 23.78
12.3

20

15
6.57

10
30.52

5
0.27
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

• BTE V/S BMEP for B20

BTE VS BMEP FOR B20

30
18.12
12.41 24.52
25 30.52

20
BTE

15
6.86
10

5
0.18
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BMEP

BTE VS BMEP

4.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)

Combine Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) graph
of D100, B10 & B20 are shown below

BTE V/S BMEP

35
30
25
BTE( % )

20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BMEP(bar)

b10 d100 B20

Figure 4.1 Graph between Brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure
Brake thermal efficiency for diesel and blends are increasing by increasing pressure till
4.2 bar and after that it is decreasing means from the graph, we can observe that brake
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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

thermal efficiency of biodiesel blend B10 is maximum at 4.2 bar brake mean effective
pressure.
4.2 Brake specific Energy Consumption (BSEC)
Combine Brake specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
graph of D100, B10 & B20 are shown below
Brake specific energy consumption indicates about the how much energy consume to produce
unit brake power. From this data we can easily compare the calorific value of the different fuels
and blends. Here Calorific Value are given in Table

Fuel Type Composition Calorific Value

Diesel 100% Diesel 42,500 kJ/kg
B10 90% Diesel + 10% Biodiesel 41,500 kJ/kg
B20 80% Diesel + 20% Biodiesel 40,500 kJ/kg

Table 4.1 : Calorific Value Of Blends

BSEC V/s BMEP

60

50
BSEC (MJ/KWh)

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BMEP(Bar)

D100 B10 B20

Figure 5.4 Graph BSEC VS BMEP For D100, B10& B20

As we can see from the graph brake specific energy consumption of the Diesel (D100) is more
throughout the graph. And for the biodiesel blends as we increasing biodiesel percentage in the
blend, brake specific fuel consumption decreases as the brake mean effective pressure increases

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

till 4.2 bar pressure, Now we can say according to our data and graph B10 is required less fuel
consumption at 4.2 bar brake mean effective pressure. At above 5.4 bar brake mean effective
pressure the less fuel consumption requires for B20.

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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

CHAPTER 5

Conclusions
Biodiesel can be produce by waste cooking oil (Edible and non-edible), animal fats. Best
process for production of biodiesel is Trans-esterification process, because it reduces the
viscosity of biodiesel it means viscosity of obtained biodiesel will be closer to diesel than others
processes. Production by using Methanol is cheaper than Ethanol also the water washing for
purification of biodiesel is easy and cheap than other processes.
The following are conclusions obtained from performance and emission test:

• Every physical and chemical properties consent to ASTM biodiesel guidelines.

• Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) can be successfully utilized as an alternative fuel in CI
engines with minor modifications.
• Experimental analysis shows that WCO blends (especially B10 and B20) deliver
performance close to diesel in terms of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake
Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP).
• Theoretical modelling aligns closely with experimental results, validating the
reliability of simulation approaches.
• WCO usage not only provides an Environmentally friendly and greener fuel
alternative but also contributes to waste management and energy sustainability.
• Diesel fuel and WCME are having similar chemical and physical properties.
• Density and viscosity of biodiesel (derived from waste mustard oil) is slightly higher
than the neat diesel fuel.
• Biodiesel obtained from waste cooking mustard oil has higher flash and fire point than
neat diesel.
• Calorific value of biodiesel is less than the diesel fuel.
• Brake thermal efficiency is higher for B20 than diesel and others blend. And also
graph shows that increasing the blending of biodiesel with diesel increases the brake
thermal efficiency.
• Brake specific energy consumption vs brake mean effective pressure graph shows that
B20 has less brake specific fuel consumption than others and increasing the blending
brake specific energy consumption decreases.
• Biodiesel are biodegrade, non-toxic, environment friendly and renewable energy of
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Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

sources.
As per present experiment the properties of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil is similar
to the properties of diesel and it validated ASTM standard. It means that cooking oil methyl
ester as alternative diesel engine fuel can be used successfully to operate a Single Cylinder four
stroke direct injection diesel engine without modifications to engine or injection system.

5.2 Scope of future work

Biodiesel is more selective alternative fuel than other fuels. Because biodiesel has similar and
close properties to diesel. Initial production cost of biodiesel may be higher but multi-stock and
feed-stock technique will pay a major role in reduction of cost. Challenges of future of
biodiesel.
• Day to day increase in price of diesel and lack of technique of production of diesel
may bring attention of government towards biodiesel. So good technique of
biodiesel production is required in future.
• No work has been done for storage of blends for long time so that it can be used
after long time. So, there is scope of study for stability of biodiesel after production.
• Biodiesel requires to be stimulated and supported to establish economic viability of
large scale production of biodiesel.
• Performance and emission testing of biodiesel can be carried out on 2 stroke and
multi-cylinder engines.

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 Theoretical modelling and Experimental analysis of CI Engine using Waste cooking oil Biodiesel

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