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Point-of-Care Clinical Guide
SECOND EDITION
7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page i
7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page ii
In the Alphabetical Psychotropic Drug Tabs, each drug’s half life is noted by T1/2;
Canadian drug trade names are listed in italics; most frequent side effects are
underlined; and LIFE-THREATENING side effects are listed as ALL CAPS. In the avail-
ability section, all Canadian doses will have Canadian noted just before each and
every dose.
TALL MAN LETTERING: The FDA has asked manufacturers to update 33 look-alike
generic drug names. If a psychotropic drug uses tall man lettering, it will be used in
the psychotropic alphabetical sections, such as chlorproMAZINE (as compared with
chlorproPAMIDE). (US FDA Center for Drug and Research; www.fda.gov/cder/
index/html)
Pocket Psych Drugs is dedicated to my son, Jorgen David, to Jessica, Isaac, and Miles.
7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page iii
Purchase additional copies of this book at your health science bookstore or directly from
F.A. Davis by shopping online at www.fadavis.com or by calling 800-323-3555 (US) or
800-665-1148 (CAN)
7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page iv
F. A. Davis Company
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All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.
As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended
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new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug. Caution is espe-
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7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page v
Contents
Tab 1: Basics of • Side Effects Associated With
Psychopharmacology/ Therapeutic Classes 12
Biology and Drug • Black Box Warnings 13
Classes 1
Tab 2: Psychotropic
• Pharmacokinetics/
Drugs A–C 15
Pharmacodynamics 1
• ALPRAZolam 15
• The Limbic System (Figure) 2
• Amitriptyline 17
• Synapse Transmission (Figure) 3
• Amphetamine Mixtures 19
• Autonomic Nervous System:
• ARIPiprazole 21
Sympathetic and
• Atomoxetine 24
Parasympathetic Effects 3
• Benztropine 26
• Neurotransmitters 4
• Brexpiprazole 28
• Medication and the Elderly 4
• BuPROPion HCl 31
• Pharmacokinetics in the
• BusPIRone 34
Elderly 5
• CarBAMazepine 35
• Medications and Children 6
• Cariprazine 39
• Indications/Off-Label Uses 6
• ChlordiazePOXIDE 41
• Pediatric Dosing 7
• ChlorproMAZINE 43
• Psychotropic Adverse Effects 7
• Citalopram 46
• Extrapyramidal Symptoms
• ClomiPRAMINE 48
(EPS) 7
• ClonazePAM 50
• Tardive Dyskinesia 8
• CloZAPine 52
• Neuroleptic Malignant
Syndrome (NMS) 8 Tab 3: Psychotropic
• Serotonin Syndrome 8 Drugs D–G 55
• Treatment-Emergent • Desipramine 55
Diabetes 9 • Desvenlafaxine 57
• Antiparkinsonian Agents 9 • Dextroamphetamine 59
• Drug-Herbal Interactions 10 • Diazepam 61
• Therapeutic Drug Classes 10 • Donepezil 63
7578_FM_i-viii 22/12/17 5:36 PM Page vi
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Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics 1
Basics of Psychopharmacology/Biology
and Drug Classes
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics (PK) can be defined as “how the body processes a drug” result-
ing in a drug’s concentration in the body. This is done through absorption, distribu-
tion, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
Absorption: Describes the drug’s movement from point of administration (oral,
injection, skin) until it reaches the bloodstream. In oral administration, first-pass
metabolism refers to how much of the drug is metabolized by the liver and there-
fore is not available to the bloodstream (bioavailability of drug). This determines the
dose needed for oral administration or the need for an alternative route of entry (such
as parenteral).
Distribution: Movement of drug from the bloodstream to the rest of the body.
Concerned with movement over the blood-brain barrier (may affect the brain) or
crossing the placenta (may affect the fetus). Also concerns highly protein-bound
drugs that may cause drug interactions.
Metabolism and Excretion: The primary organ of metabolism is the liver, and excre-
tion of drugs takes place through the kidneys. Dosing considerations are based on
how well the liver and kidneys are functioning. Half-life is also a factor as drugs with
long half-lives may accumulate, resulting in overdose or toxicity.
Half-life is the time (hours) that it takes for 50% of a drug to be eliminated from the
body. Time to total elimination involves halving the remaining 50%, and so forth,
until total elimination. Half-life is considered in determining dosing frequency and
in determining time to steady state. The rule of thumb for steady state (stable
concentration/manufacture effect) attainment is 4–5 half-lives. Because of fluox-
etine’s long half-life, a 5-week washout is recommended after stopping fluoxetine
and before starting an MAOI to avoid a serious and possibly fatal reaction.
Protein Binding is the amount of drug that binds to the blood’s plasma proteins; the
remainder circulates unbound. It is important to understand this concept when pre-
scribing two or more highly protein-bound drugs as one drug may be displaced,
causing increased blood levels and adverse effects.
Pharmacodynamics is usually defined as “what the drug does to the body” and
therefore the effect the drug has on the body (positive effects and side effects).
BASICS
7578_Tab01_001-014 22/12/17 11:22 AM Page 2
BASICS
Septum
pellucidum
Cingulate Thalamus
gyrus Fornix
Hypothalamus
Olfactory
Tract
Hippocampus
Mammillary Body
Amygdala
The limbic system and its structures (Adapted from Scanlon VC, Sanders T: Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology, ed. 7 FA Davis, Philadelphia 2014, with permission)
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics/Limbic System 2
7578_Tab01_001-014 22/12/17 11:22 AM Page 3
Vesicles of neurotransmitter
Na+
Mitochondrion Neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine)
Inactivator
Receptor site (cholinesterase)
Impulse transmission at a synapse. Arrow indicates direction of electrical impulse. (From Scanlon VC,
Sanders T: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, ed. 7 FA Davis, Philadelphia 2014, with permission)
BASICS
7578_Tab01_001-014 22/12/17 11:22 AM Page 4
BASICS
Neurotransmitters
NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTIONS AND EFFECTS
Neurotransmitter Function Effect
Dopamine Inhibitory Fine movement, emotional behavior.
↑ in schizophrenia and ↓ Parkinson’s.
Implicated in addiction.
Serotonin Inhibitory Sleep, mood, eating behavior.
Implicated in mood disorders, anxiety,
and violence.
Norepinephrine Excitatory Arousal, wakefulness, learning.
Implicated in anxiety, ADHD, and
“fight or flight reaction.”
GABA Inhibitory Anxiety states.
Acetylcholine Excitatory Arousal, attention, movement.
Increase = spasms and decrease =
paralysis.
(From Pedersen: PsychNotes, 5e, 2018, with permission)
[ Clinical Tips/Alert: With the elderly, start doses low and titrate slowly. Drugs
that result in postural hypotension, confusion, or sedation should be used
cautiously or not at all. ]
● Poor Drug Choices for the Elderly - Drugs that cause postural hypotension or
anticholinergic side effects (sedation).
• TCAs - anticholinergic (confusion, constipation, visual blurring); cardiac (con-
duction delay; tachycardia); alpha-1 adrenergic (orthostatic hypotension [falls])
• Benzodiazepines - longer the half-life, the greater the risk of falls. May also
increase agitation and confusion. Choose a shorter half-life. Lorazepam
(T 1/2 12-15 hr) is a better choice than diazepam (T 1/2 20-70 hr; metabo-
lites up to 200 hr).
• Sedatives/hypnotics - Always start with a lower dose and monitor for seda-
tion, confusion, cognitive impairment, amnesia, and daytime drowsiness.
Caution against next day driving and until adequate adjustment to medication
has been observed. Increased visits to EDs have happened due to falls and
adverse reactions.
• Lithium - use cautiously in elderly, especially if debilitated. Risk of dehydration
may yield lithium toxicity.
• Diphenhydramine (Benadryl; Canada: Allerdryl) – ↑ susceptibility to adverse
reactions/anticholinergic effects (delirium, dizziness, confusion).
• Consider age, weight, mental state, and medical disorders and compare with
side-effect profile in selecting medications.
BASICS
7578_Tab01_001-014 22/12/17 11:22 AM Page 6
BASICS
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