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 Biographical Memoir of James Dinwiddie L L D Astronomer in
the British Embassy to China 1792 3 4 Afterwards Professor
of Natural Philosophy in the College of Fort William Bengal
1st Edition William Jardine Proudfoot

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 CAMBRIDGE LIBRARY COLLECTION
Books of enduring scholarly value

Travel and Exploration

The history of travel writing dates back to the Bible, Caesar, the Vikings
and the Crusaders, and its many themes include war, trade, science and
recreation. Explorers from Columbus to Cook charted lands not previously
visited by Western travellers, and were followed by merchants, missionaries,
and colonists, who wrote accounts of their experiences. The development of
steam power in the nineteenth century provided opportunities for increasing
numbers of ‘ordinary’ people to travel further, more economically, and more
safely, and resulted in great enthusiasm for travel writing among the reading
public. Works included in this series range from first-hand descriptions of
previously unrecorded places, to literary accounts of the strange habits of
foreigners, to examples of the burgeoning numbers of guidebooks produced
to satisfy the needs of a new kind of traveller - the tourist.

Biographical Memoir of James Dinwiddie

This is an account of the career of James Dinwiddie (1746–1815). First
published in 1868 by Dinwiddie’s grandson William Jardine Proudfoot, the
work is based on Dinwiddie’s own autobiographical notes, travel logbook and
personal correspondence. The biography traces Dinwiddie’s career from the
scientific lectures he gave from 1781 and the journal series Queries and Hints,
which he began in 1779, to his visit to the Chinese imperial court as official
astronomer in Lord Macartney’s mission (1792–4); his residence in Beijing
and Canton; and his move to India, where he was appointed Professor of
Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Chemistry at the College of Fort
William, Bengal. Dinwiddie’s career was marked by passionate commitment
to the dissemination of scientific knowledge – his travels, lectures and
publications were undertaken for this cause. His life is a fascinating account
of a polymathic mind which will fascinate and entertain a modern-day
readership.
Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing of
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books that are still sought after by scholars and students but could not be
reprinted economically using traditional technology. The Cambridge Library
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importance to researchers and professionals, either for the source material
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 Biographical
Memoir of
James Dinwiddie
Astronomer in the British Embassy to China,
1792, ‘3, ‘4, Afterwards Professor of Natural
Philosophy in the College of Fort William,
Bengal

Wi lliam Jardine P roudfo ot

 C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R SI T Y P R E S S

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,

São Paolo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108013796

© in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2010

This edition first published 1868

This digitally printed version 2010

ISBN 978-1-108-01379-6 Paperback

This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect
the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated.

Cambridge University Press wishes to make clear that the book, unless originally published
by Cambridge, is not being republished by, in association or collaboration with, or
with the endorsement or approval of, the original publisher or its successors in title.
 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR

OF

J A M E S D I N W I D D I E , L L . D
 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR

JAMES DINWIDDIE, LL.D.,

ASTRONOMER IN THE BRITISH EMBASSY TO CHINA, 1792, '3, ' 4 :

AFTERWARDS

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE COLLEGE OF

FORT WILLIAM, BENGAL :

EMBRACING

SOME ACCOUNT OF HIS TEAVELS IN CHINA

AND RESIDENCE IN INDIA.

tfrnnpifeir from \is $toles mb Comsponkirte bg bis &m\xismx,

WILLIAM JARDINE PROUDFOOT.

LIVEEPOOL
EDWABD HOWEIL, 26 CHUECH STEEET.
186 8.
 TO THE READER.

NATURAL science is unquestionably one of the grandest subjects of

human investigation. The pursuits of literature or the fine arts,
however pleasing in themselves, fall short in comparison of the
sublime truths unfolded by the material universe. Whether soaring
into illimitable space, or descending the scale of nature to view the
world of wonders displayed in a single drop of stagnant water, the
mind becomes everywhere stored with rich and exalted ideas, and
loses those narrow prejudices which but too frequently arise from
local habits or a contracted education. The man on whom this
study has its due influence receives the clearest insight into the
problem of his own existence. He considers himself as a citizen of
the world, and looks upon every man, of whatever country, color,
or creed, with the most impartial eye ; he cannot, in fact, but be a
good man.
Curiosity, the principal motive to this study, is more or less in
the minds of all men; but it is so implanted in some as to abstract
them from every other pursuit, and engage them in intellectual
researches by a thirst after knowledge which no discovery can
quench—which success inflames the more. When Descartes had
taken a survey of all the employments of men, in order to choose a
profession, he became persuaded that he could not do better than
devote his whole life to investigating the truth. The value, how-
ever, of any character does not depend so much on what a man
knows, but what he can do. Knowledge which terminates in itself
is but an amusement; at the same time it is the amusement most
becoming a man—a gentleman—one who has had the advantage of
 VI

a liberal education, and, as such, must be classed among the luxu-

ries of life. But science has a close connexion with life ; it mingles-
in all the arts, is the foundation of many, and contributes to the
improvement of all; and these objects ought to be considered as the
great end of the study of natural philosophy.
The career of James Dinwiddie is a singular instance of devotion
to science. Born in a humble sphere, with only his own persever-
ance to carry him forward in the world, he stemmed the torrents of
an adverse fortune till he became the most popular lecturer of the
day. For variety and extent of learning he was believed to have
been unsurpassed; but little, however, is known of him beyond
that he spent a long and active life in diffusing the knowledge he
had accumulated. That the memory of such an individual should
pass away with his generation has been often regretted by his
friends, and to trace his career is the object of the following
Memoir, which is attempted to be drawn from his manuscripts and
correspondence alone. It is rather unfortunate that so much time
has elapsed, and that these papers, which are the only sources of
information, are often so effaced or mutilated as to afford little or
no assistance whatever in elucidating the subject in view; and how
far this compilation will bear out the observations hazarded above
will depend on the judgment of a discerning reader.
W. J. P.
 CONTENTS.
PAGE.

CHAP. I.—BIRTH, EARLY LIFE, AND A TEACHER OF YOUTH . . I

,, II.—CAREER AS A PUBLIC LECTURER ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 3
„ III.—APPOINTMENT IN THE BRITISH EMBASSY TO CHINA—
VOYAGE TO AND ARRIVAL AT PEKIN . . . . 26
,, IV.—RESIDENCE AT PEKIN 45
,, V.—DEPARTURE FROM PEKIN AND JOURNEY TO CANTON . . 55
,, VI.—RESIDENCE IN CANTON 77
,, VII—TERMINATION OF THE EMBASSY—VOYAGE TO AND ARRIVAL
IN INDIA 86
, , VIII.—RESIDENCE IN INDIA, AND APPOINTMENT AS PROFESSOR
OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE COLLEGE OF FORT
WILLIAM 97
,, IX.—RETURN TO E N G L A N D — D E A T H . 121
LETTERS I27
 JAMES DINWIDDIE, LL.D.

CHAPTER I.
B A K L X L I F E , E T C .

THE individual whose life is here attempted to be traced derives his

descent from ancestors long settled in the parish of Tinwald, near
Dumfries. In this parish the farm of Kirkland had been in the
occupation of the family from an early period in the life of his
great-grandfather. The name was originally spelt Dinwoody, or
Dinwoodie, which the Doctor, when a very young man, modernized as
it is written upon the title page. His parents, John Dinwoody and
Catharine Riddick, were humble, and cultivated the small farm
already mentioned. They had five children, three sons and two
daughters, all born on the premises.* The subject of the following
Memoir, their youngest child, came into the world an orphan on the
8th December, 1746, more than half a year after the father had
been consigned to his grave. The eldest son was then but twelve
years old, and a heavy burden devolved upon an industrious
mother, who was exceedingly interested in the welfare of her
youngest child. So soon as he was able the orphan James had to
take a share in the duties of the farm, by looking after the cattle,
and such other tasks as suited his tender years. A neighboring
village supplied the first rudiments of learning, but the system of
education pursued at small country schools is seldom calculated to
" teach the young idea how to shoot." There no interesting object
draws the attention, while a dull sameness prevails that leaves but
too much room for indolence or idle pursuits. However first di-
rected, it is certain, at a very early age, a curiosity for mechanical
contrivances was the ruling passion of James Dinwiddie's mind.
The consequence was, the cattle under his charge were frequently
committing trespass while he was busy employed upon his favorite
schemes. The shop of the village wheelwright, from which he had
been often beaten for neglected duties, presented objects far more
* The names of the children were respectively, Margaret, William, John,
Jean, and James.
2 BIOGBAPHICAL MEMOIR OF

congenial to his feelings than mauceuvreing with cattle. Some

remarkable instances of his early ingenuity are still on record, but
the best authenticated memorial was a wooden clock, made entirely
by his own hands, which not only kept time well, but was long
regarded as a curiosity in the neighbourhood, even by himself after
he had risen to distinction. When a boy he was exceedingly timid,
and had an unfortunate squint in the left eye ; but these circum-
stances only increased the bias of his friends, who, eventually,
deemed it prudent to bestow on him a good education. The humble
industrious classes in Scotland frequently furnish instances of indi-
viduals liberally educated for some of the more learned professions,
which, in most cases, is that of a clergyman. Such was the object
contemplated by the relations of young Dinwiddie, who had the
lot to be born in a family strongly attached to the principles of the
national church. He was sent to the Dumfries academy, which, at
this period, had acquired considerable reputation from the ability
of its teachers. Here the youthful aspirant to knowledge com-
menced the study of mathematics and the languages, and laid in
a good foundation, to be completed afterwards at the University of
Edinburgh.
Although designed for the church, his favourite study was science,
to which he became irrecoverably rivetted by the lectures of Pro-
fessor Robison and others in the Scottish metropolis. When the
necessary preparations to fit him for the pulpit had been gone
through, and after having delivered his maiden sermon before the
Presbytery, to the disappointment of his friends, he refused to
become a preacher, and gave himself up entirely to science. His
first dependence upon his own exertions for support was as tutor to
the families of Collin and Arbigland, in Galloway; next as teacher
and session's clerk to the town of Port Glasgow, from whence he
removed, in November, 1771, to superintend the mathematical
department of the academy at Dumfries, where he became the
associate of those distinguished teachers, Waite, Chapman, and
Butterworth.* To the usual duties of a mathematical teacher, the
attention of the pupils was invited to occasional short lectures on
natural and experimental philosophy; and not unfrequently to an
excursion in the fields to learn practically the use of the instruments
* Besides his able colleagues, this academy could boast of many men dis-
tinguished as clergymen, or in other learned professions. Among them, too,
was John Anderson, a merchant, who afterwards settled at Cork, where he
acquired a princely fortune, and, during the troublesome times of the Irish
rebellion, rendered Government such essential aid in carrying the mail, that
the honour of knighthood was offered him. Though declined by the father,
the honour was accepted by the son.
 JAMES DINWIDDIE, LL.D. *»

employed iu surveying, levelling, navigation, &c. He thus grew a

favorite in the school-room, and was much respected by the com-
munity at large. As an evidence of the distinction he had already
acquired, the Edinburgh almanack of this period mentions upon its
title-page, " The calculations by Mr. James Dinwiddie, mathemati-
cian, Dumfries." His philosophical researches continued to be
pursued with the most untiring industry, and he became so great
an enthusiast that he often filled his head at the expense of a
hungry stomach. Effects and their causes formed the grand hinge
upon which his enquiries turned. To promote his views, he was
the means of instituting a philosophical debating society among
the literati of the place, which was carried on with spirit for
several years. He had also the honour to establish the first course
of public lectures on natural philosophy in his native town, as he
styles Dumfries. These lectures, which were delivered at intervals
during the whole of a winter season, at once raised his philoso-
phical standard in the south of Scotland. On the subject of
mechanics, we find him introducing the clock he had made when a
boy. This piece of early ingenuity was removed from his mother's
house on purpose, and its place supplied with another of the
common eight-day construction.

CHAPTEE II.
CABEER AS A PUBLIC LECTtTREK.

IK February, 1778, the University of Edinburgh conferred on

Mr. Dinwiddie the distinction of Master of Arts. His passion,
however, for philosophical studies had by this time involved him in
embarrassment. The first cost of his apparatus plunged him at
once into a debt of one hundred and fifty pounds, to pay off which
the only scheme, that carried probability of success, was that of
giving public lectures. The indulgence of the magistrates and
council of Dumfries enabled him to put this into execution, and
the approbation of his friends encouraged him to go on. Among
the list of Mr. Dinwiddie's approvers occurs the name of Professor
Dugald Stewart, who writes him an invitation to give them some
instruction in Ayr. Leave of absence was asked but for a limited
period, as he still retained the control of the academy, where he
placed an assistant to take the immediate charge till his return.
Thus prepared, he set out, in the summer of 1778, to amuse the
learned, and instruct those who do not fall under this denomination
B2
i BIOGEAPHICAL MEMOIR OF

by a set of lectures on natural philosophy, assisted by a powerful

train of experiments.
Bending his steps to the north, his expectations were fully
realised, particularly at Edinburgh, Leith, aud Dundee. In the
spring of the foUowing year he made a successful tour through
Galloway, and, contrary to advice received from most respectable
authority, as a peculiarly unfortunate period, passed over into
Ireland, on the 18th July. To transport the apparatus it was
imperative to freight a small vessel, which, on reaching the Irish
coast, could not, from the low state of the water, proceed directly
to Belfast, its destination. Mr. Dinwiddie and two fellow travellers
deemed it advisable to lose no time in getting ashore at the village
of Holywood, where, finding uo mode of conveyance, they walked
a distance of four miles to Belfast, which they reached at a late
hour. They had been recommended to one of the principal hotels
in the place, yet, instead of meeting with that attention their
appearance as gentlemen demanded, they found accommodations
altogether inferior. This trifling incident, in connexion with former
advice, impressed Mr. Dinwiddie, at the moment, with an unfavor-
able opinion of his new adventures; but on seeking an explanation
the following morning, the reason was found to arise from the
circumstance of the gentlemen arriving on foot. " So much," as
Mr. Dinwiddie observes, "was this antient and simple mode of
travelling despised." However, he had no reason to regret his
visit to Belfast, which became the first scene of his operations in
the sister island. His name had been there before him, and the-
encouragement he received confirmed him in his views of making
the tour of that kingdom. The encouragement, indeed, occupied
nearly three months, while Lisburn, Newry, and Drogheda, further
delayed his progress to Dublin, where he arrived on the last day of
January, 1780. His arrival at the capital had been looked for with
great impatience by his friends. During a space of five months
several courses were delivered, and though he does not speak so
favorably of his reception here as in the north, room still seemed to
exist for future lectures. Having finished his engagements, he sailed
June 26th, for Cork, and landed July 10th, still followed by success.
To show the manner in which Mr. Dinwiddie treated the subject,
and also how earnest were his endeavors to draw the attention to
useful and practical applications of science, the subjoined extracts
are taken from the observations preliminary to a course on natural
philosophy.
" Having given you an account of the way by which we acquire-
a knowledge of nature, it now remains to lay down the method I
am to pursue in the following lectures.
 JAMES DINWIDDIE, LL.D. 5

11
We investigate the mechanical properties of natural bodies by
means of observations made on the mechanical appearances of
nature. These mechanical appearances are changes of motion,
and these changes of motion are the only immedinte objects of our
observation, and must be understood before we make any inference
of the cause that produced them. Now, in the account already
given, we saw that the cause was an inference from phenomena.
Phenomena, then, must be understood before we can arrive at the
cause, and it is evident any error in our notions of the phenomena
must give rise to error in the notions we form of the cause. 1
shall therefore begin with giving you some account of motion.
" This will naturally lead me to make some observations on time
and space, in which every motion must be performed. I shall then
give you some notion of matter: that is, I shall ascertain what are
these characteristical properties which distinguish it. On this
subject, I shall confine myself to its mechanical properties.
Philosophy treats of events in the mechanical world. Events are
changes in the state of things. Without these changes philosophy
never could have had a place among men ; all our knowledge would
have been confined to natural history. But such changes are
observed, particularly changes of motion. We see these changes
continually and uniformly attending the impulse and approach of
bodies, hence we conclude that the cause of these motions reside in.
the bodies. Thus are bodies related by carrying along with them
the cause of changes in other individuals.
" The laws of nature respecting these changes are two-fold ; they
are necessary and contingent. I shall first consider the necessary
laws of motion.
" Our disquisitions on these subjects will be the most abstract
and difficult in the whole course. We must dwell chiefly on
general ideas, as we can seldom descend to single instances on
account of the differences to be found in every individual. This,
however, 1 shall always do when it is in my power, in order to show
you that specific differences do not affect the general conclusion.
But though it be difficult it has also its advantages. It may lead to
conclusions we could not otherwise arrive at, and it will not fail to
render our subsequent investigations far shorter and more per-
spicuous than they could otherwise have been. But it possesses still
greater advantages than these. Mechanical philosophy will thus be
considered as a demonstrative science. Were we to rely solely on
observation and experiment, we would still, in some degree, be liable
to inaccuracy and error ; but this will become demonstrative if we
build only on obvious principles, and propositions that are self-
evident, and, in our application of these, adhere steadily to the rules
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