Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive

Radio Networks 1st Edition Ekram Hossain 2025

instant download

https://ebookultra.com/download/dynamic-spectrum-access-and-
management-in-cognitive-radio-networks-1st-edition-ekram-hossain/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (67 reviews )

Quick PDF Download

ebookultra.com
Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio
Networks 1st Edition Ekram Hossain

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks Towards

Highly Connected Environments 1st Edition Prabhat Thakur

https://ebookultra.com/download/spectrum-sharing-in-cognitive-radio-
networks-towards-highly-connected-environments-1st-edition-prabhat-
thakur/

Multimedia over cognitive radio networks algorithms

protocols and experiments 1st Edition Fei Hu

https://ebookultra.com/download/multimedia-over-cognitive-radio-
networks-algorithms-protocols-and-experiments-1st-edition-fei-hu/

Mechanisms and Games for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation

Alpcan T.

https://ebookultra.com/download/mechanisms-and-games-for-dynamic-
spectrum-allocation-alpcan-t/

Cognitive Radio Technology 1st Edition Bruce A. Fette

https://ebookultra.com/download/cognitive-radio-technology-1st-
edition-bruce-a-fette/
Access and Inclusion for Children With Autistic Spectrum
Disorders Let Me in 1st Edition Matthew Hesmondhalgh

https://ebookultra.com/download/access-and-inclusion-for-children-
with-autistic-spectrum-disorders-let-me-in-1st-edition-matthew-
hesmondhalgh/

Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing and White Space Access The

Practical Reality 1st Edition Oliver Holland

https://ebookultra.com/download/opportunistic-spectrum-sharing-and-
white-space-access-the-practical-reality-1st-edition-oliver-holland/

Broadband Optical Access Networks 1st Edition Leonid G.

Kazovsky

https://ebookultra.com/download/broadband-optical-access-networks-1st-
edition-leonid-g-kazovsky-2/

Broadband Optical Access Networks 1st Edition Leonid G.

Kazovsky

https://ebookultra.com/download/broadband-optical-access-networks-1st-
edition-leonid-g-kazovsky/

Advances in Dynamic Games Applications to Economics

Management Science Engineering and Environmental
Management Annals of the International Society of Dynamic
Games 1st Edition Alain Haurie
https://ebookultra.com/download/advances-in-dynamic-games-
applications-to-economics-management-science-engineering-and-
environmental-management-annals-of-the-international-society-of-
dynamic-games-1st-edition-alain-haurie/
This page intentionally left blank
Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks

Are you involved in designing the next generation of wireless networks? With spectrum
becoming an ever scarcer resource, it is critical that new systems utilize all available
frequency bands as efficiently as possible. The revolutionary technology presented in
this book will be at the cutting edge of future wireless communications.
Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks provides
you with an all-inclusive introduction to this emerging technology, outlining the fun-
damentals of cognitive radio-based wireless communication and networking, spectrum
sharing models, and the requirements for dynamic spectrum access. In addition to the dif-
ferent techniques and their applications in designing dynamic spectrum access methods,
you’ll also find state-of-the-art dynamic spectrum access schemes, including classifica-
tions of the different schemes and the technical details of each scheme. This is a perfect
introduction for graduate students and researchers, as well as a useful self-study guide
for practitioners.

Ekram Hossain is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. He received his Ph.D.
in Electrical Engineering from the University of Victoria, Canada, in 2000. His current
research interests include design, analysis, and optimization of wireless/mobile commu-
nication networks, cognitive radio systems, distributed systems, and mobile computing.
Dr. Hossain serves as an Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, the
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, IEEE Wireless Communications, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tuto-
rials, and several other international journals. He is a registered professional engineer
in the province of Manitoba, Canada.
Dusit Niyato is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Computer Communica-
tions, School of Computer Engineering at Nanyang Technological University (NTU),
Singapore. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Manitoba, Canada, in 2008. His
current research interests include wireless communications and networking.
Zhu Han is an Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Univer-
sity of Houston. He was awarded his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University
of Maryland, College Park, and worked for a period in industry as an R & D Engineer
for JDSD. His research interests include wireless resource allocation and management,
wireless communications and networking, game theory, network security, and wireless
multimedia.
Dynamic Spectrum Access
and Management in Cognitive
Radio Networks
EKRAM HOSSAIN
University of Manitoba

DUSIT NIYATO
Nanyang Technological University (NTU)

ZHU HAN
University of Houston
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521898478
© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009

ISBN-13 978-0-511-58032-1 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-89847-8 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
 Contents

Preface page xiii

Part I Introduction 1

1 Wireless communications systems 3

1.1 Radio frequency bands and spectrum management 4
1.1.1 Radio frequency bands 4
1.1.2 Spectrum management 4
1.2 Wireless protocols 6
1.3 Radio propagation characteristics and channel models 9
1.3.1 Radio propagation 9
1.3.2 Channel models 11
1.4 Wireless communications technologies 19
1.4.1 Wireless PAN technologies 19
1.4.2 Wireless LAN technologies 20
1.4.3 Cellular wireless networks 21
1.4.4 Wireless MAN technologies 23
1.4.5 Wireless RAN technology 24
1.5 Advanced wireless technologies 25
1.5.1 OFDM technology 25
1.5.2 MIMO technology 25
1.5.3 Beamforming technique 26
1.5.4 Ultra-wideband technology 26
1.5.5 Cooperative diversity 27
1.6 Multihop wireless networking 27
1.6.1 Wireless sensor networks 28
1.6.2 Wireless ad hoc networks 29
1.6.3 Wireless mesh networks 29
1.7 Radio resource management in wireless networks 30
1.7.1 Admission control 30
1.7.2 Queue management 32
1.7.3 Traffic scheduling 33
vi Contents

1.7.4 Medium access control (MAC) 33

1.7.5 Subcarrier allocation 34
1.7.6 Power control 34
1.8 Next generation heterogeneous wireless access networks and
cognitive radio 35
1.9 Summary 38

2 Introduction to cognitive radio 39

2.1 Software-defined radio 41
2.2 Cognitive radio features and capabilities 43
2.2.1 Cognitive radio architecture 43
2.2.2 Functions of cognitive radio 44
2.2.3 Dynamic spectrum access 45
2.2.4 Components of cognitive radio 46
2.2.5 Interference temperature 47
2.2.6 Spectrum sensing 50
2.2.7 Spectrum analysis and spectrum decision 52
2.2.8 Potential applications of cognitive radio 54
2.3 Research challenges in cognitive radio 55
2.3.1 Issues in spectrum sensing 55
2.3.2 Spectrum management issues 57
2.3.3 Spectrum mobility issues 58
2.3.4 Network layer and transport layer issues 59
2.3.5 Cross-layer design for cognitive radio networks 60
2.3.6 Artificial intelligence approach for designing cognitive radio 63
2.3.7 Location-aware cognitive radio 64
2.4 Cognitive radio architectures for NeXt Generation (XG) networks 66
2.5 Cognitive radio standardization 67
2.5.1 IEEE SCC 41 67
2.5.2 IEEE 802.22 for wireless regional area networks (WRANs) 69
2.6 Summary 73

Part II Techniques for design, analysis, and optimization of dynamic spectrum

access and management 75

3 Signal processing techniques 77

3.1 Spectrum sensing 78
3.1.1 Interference temperature/channel estimation 78
3.1.2 Detection of spectrum holes 85
3.1.3 Practical spectrum sensing approaches 88
3.2 Collaborative sensing 90
 Contents vii

3.3 Replacement of sensing devices in secondary users 91

3.3.1 New cognitive cycle with separate sensing devices 92
3.3.2 Remedies for hidden/exposed terminal problems 95
3.4 Filtering and prediction 95
3.4.1 AR, MA, and the ARMA model 96
3.4.2 Wiener filter 97
3.4.3 LMS filter 99
3.4.4 RLS filter 101
3.4.5 Kalman filter 104
3.5 Compressed sensing 106
3.5.1 Basic technology 106
3.5.2 Applications 108
3.6 Summary 109

4 Optimization techniques 110

4.1 Constrained optimization 110
4.1.1 Basic definition 111
4.1.2 Lagrangian method 113
4.1.3 Optimality 115
4.1.4 Primal-dual algorithm 118
4.2 Linear programming and the simplex algorithm 119
4.3 Convex programming 122
4.3.1 Quadratic, geometric, and semi-definite programming 122
4.3.2 Gradient method, Newton method, and their variations 124
4.4 Non-linear programming 127
4.4.1 Barrier/interior-point method 128
4.4.2 Monte Carlo method 129
4.4.3 Simulated annealing 130
4.4.4 Genetic algorithm 131
4.5 Integer programming 131
4.5.1 General formulation 132
4.5.2 Knapsack problem 135
4.5.3 Relaxation and decomposition 138
4.5.4 Enumeration technique: branch-and-bound 139
4.5.5 Cutting plane algorithms based on polyhedral
combinatorics 142
4.6 Dynamic programming and the Markov decision process 144
4.6.1 General definition of dynamic programming 144
4.6.2 Markov decision process 146
4.6.3 Examples in wireless networks 148
4.7 Stochastic programming 149
4.7.1 Problem definition 150
4.7.2 Recourse 152
4.8 Summary 153
viii Contents

5 Game theory 155

5.1 Basics of game theory 156
5.2 Non-cooperative static game 159
5.2.1 Normal form of static game 160
5.2.2 Nash equilibrium, Pareto optimality, and mixed strategy 161
5.2.3 Social optimum: price of anarchy and referee-based
game 163
5.3 Dynamic/repeated game 164
5.3.1 Sequential game and extensive form 165
5.3.2 Tit-for-tat and trigger-price strategy 167
5.3.3 Stochastic game 169
5.4 Bargaining game 170
5.4.1 Solution of bargaining games 170
5.4.2 Applications of bargaining games 172
5.5 Coalition game 174
5.5.1 Characteristic function and core 174
5.5.2 Fairness 175
5.5.3 Merge/split algorithm 177
5.6 Game with imperfect information 178
5.6.1 Bayesian game in normal form 179
5.6.2 Bayesian game in extensive form 181
5.7 Other special types of games 183
5.7.1 Zero-sum game 183
5.7.2 Potential game 185
5.7.3 Super-modular game 186
5.7.4 Correlated equilibrium 188
5.8 Summary 189

6 Intelligent algorithms 191

6.1 Machine learning 191
6.1.1 Supervised learning 192
6.1.2 Unsupervised learning 197
6.1.3 Reinforcement learning 198
6.2 Reinforcement learning models and algorithms 198
6.2.1 Value function 200
6.2.2 Dynamic programming 201
6.2.3 Monte Carlo methods 203
6.2.4 Temporal-difference learning 204
6.2.5 Learning in games 205
6.3 Applications of machine-learning techniques in wireless
communications and networking 208
6.3.1 Neural network and cognitive radio 208
6.3.2 Q-learning and dynamic channel assignment 209
 Contents ix

6.3.3 Q-learning and pricing in cognitive radio 210

6.3.4 Radio environment map and learning algorithms 211
6.4 Genetic algorithms 213
6.5 Fuzzy logic 216
6.5.1 Fuzzy set 216
6.5.2 Fuzzy operation 217
6.5.3 Fuzzy rule 217
6.5.4 Fuzzy logic control 217
6.5.5 Applications of fuzzy logic control to cognitive radio 218
6.6 Summary 220

Part III Dynamic spectrum access and management 221

7 Dynamic spectrum access: models, architectures, and control 223

7.1 Spectrum access models 223
7.1.1 Exclusive-use model 224
7.1.2 Shared-use model 226
7.1.3 Spectrum commons model 227
7.2 Dynamic spectrum access architecture 229
7.2.1 Infrastructure-based versus infrastructureless cognitive
radio network 229
7.2.2 Centralized versus distributed dynamic spectrum access 230
7.2.3 Inter- and intra-RAN dynamic spectrum allocation 231
7.3 Spectrum sensing 232
7.3.1 Design tradeoff in spectrum sensing 235
7.3.2 Cooperative centralized spectrum sensing 237
7.3.3 Cooperative distributed spectrum sensing 238
7.3.4 Spectrum sensing using sensor networks 239
7.3.5 Spectrum sensing and prediction 240
7.3.6 Spectrum sensing standards 242
7.4 Medium access control for dynamic spectrum access 243
7.4.1 Optimal decision on spectrum sensing and spectrum access 245
7.4.2 Multichannel and multiuser MAC 250
7.4.3 Spectrum allocation and scheduling 259
7.4.4 Spectrum trading 264
7.4.5 Performance analysis of cognitive MAC protocols 266
7.5 Open issues in dynamic spectrum access 272
7.6 Summary 273

8 Centralized dynamic spectrum access 274

8.1 Introduction 274
8.2 Optimization-based approach 274
8.2.1 Quality of service (QoS)-constrained dynamic spectrum access 274
x Contents

8.2.2 Primary-prioritized dynamic spectrum access 276

8.2.3 Dynamic control of open spectrum management 278
8.2.4 Joint admission control and power allocation for dynamic
spectrum access 280
8.2.5 Power and rate control for dynamic spectrum access 281
8.2.6 Coordinated dynamic spectrum access in cellular networks 283
8.2.7 Collaboration and fairness in spectrum allocation 285
8.2.8 Spatio-temporal dynamic spectrum allocation 286
8.2.9 Dynamic spectrum allocation among network service providers 288
8.2.10 Coordinated dynamic spectrum access 289
8.2.11 Cooperative game for dynamic spectrum access 291
8.2.12 Transmission scheduling via spectrum server 292
8.2.13 Spectrum sensing and access scheduling 294
8.2.14 Joint spectrum allocation and routing 296
8.2.15 DSA based on the water-filling algorithm 297
8.3 Auction-based approach 297
8.3.1 General framework of spectrum auction 298
8.3.2 Multibid auction for dynamic spectrum allocation 300
8.3.3 Dynamic spectrum allocator knapsack auction 301
8.3.4 Weighted proportional fair spectrum allocation 302
8.3.5 Bilateral bargain in spectrum access 303
8.4 Summary 305

9 Distributed dynamic spectrum access: cooperative and

non-cooperative approaches 306
9.1 Cooperative and optimization-based distributed dynamic spectrum access 308
9.1.1 Power and admission control of cognitive radio with
antenna arrays 308
9.1.2 Genetic algorithm to optimize distributed dynamic
spectrum access 312
9.1.3 Distributed spectrum sharing based on cooperative game 313
9.1.4 Optimal channel sensing and allocation in cognitive radio
mesh network 315
9.1.5 Cooperative spectrum sharing using repeated game 318
9.1.6 Cooperative strategy for distributed spectrum sharing 320
9.2 Non-cooperative distributed dynamic spectrum access 322
9.2.1 Decentralized channel selection for QoS-sensitive cognitive
radio networks 322
9.2.2 Joint distributed power control and channel selection in CDMA
cognitive radio networks 323
9.2.3 Random access and interference channel in cognitive
radio networks 325
9.2.4 Dynamic channel selection in multihop networks 328
 Contents xi

9.2.5 Genetic algorithm-based competitive power allocation for

dynamic spectrum access 329
9.2.6 Cognitive medium access and coexistence with WLAN 331
9.2.7 Time domain spectrum allocation 335
9.3 Summary 337

10 Distributed dynamic spectrum access: learning algorithms and protocols 338

10.1 Learning-based distributed dynamic spectrum access 338
10.1.1 Distributed resource management in multihop cognitive
radio networks 338
10.1.2 Opportunistic channel selection based on the fuzzy
learning algorithm 341
10.1.3 Distributed dynamic spectrum access based on
no-regret learning 344
10.1.4 Agent-based dynamic spectrum access 346
10.1.5 Biologically inspired dynamic spectrum access 349
10.1.6 Secondary spectrum access 351
10.1.7 Distributed rule-regulated spectrum sharing 354
10.1.8 Game theory-based spectrum etiquette 356
10.1.9 Opportunistic channel selection in cooperative
mobility networks 359
10.2 Distributed signaling protocols for cognitive radio networks 360
10.2.1 Channel evacuation protocol 360
10.2.2 Distributed channel management in uncoordinated
wireless environment 362
10.2.3 Spectrum-aware on-demand routing protocol 365
10.2.4 Optimization of the transmission period 366
10.3 Summary 368

11 Economics of dynamic spectrum access: spectrum trading 369

11.1 Introduction to spectrum trading 369
11.1.1 Classification and taxonomy of spectrum trading 373
11.1.2 Radio resource pricing 375
11.1.3 Authentication, authorization, and accounting in
spectrum trading 376
11.2 Economic theories in dynamic spectrum access 378
11.2.1 Utility theory 378
11.2.2 Market-equilibrium 385
11.2.3 Oligopoly market 386
11.2.4 Auction theory 393
11.3 Spectrum trading and dynamic spectrum access 397
11.3.1 Double auction-based pricing for dynamic spectrum access 397
11.3.2 Sequential and concurrent auction for dynamic spectrum access 398
xii Contents

11.3.3 Dynamic spectrum allocation via spectrum server 400

11.3.4 Techno-economic model for dynamic spectrum access 402
11.3.5 Spectrum leasing through cooperation 403
11.3.6 Improving the efficiency of spectrum access by using pricing 405
11.3.7 Spectrum pricing competition based on Hotelling’s model 407
11.3.8 Pricing and admission control 408
11.4 Summary 409

12 Economics of dynamic spectrum access: applications of spectrum

trading models 410
12.1 Dynamic competitive spectrum sharing: Cournot model 410
12.1.1 System model 411
12.1.2 Non-cooperative game formulation for spectrum sharing 412
12.1.3 Dynamic game model 413
12.1.4 Performance evaluation results 416
12.2 Bertrand competition, market-equilibrium pricing, and cooperative
spectrum pricing 418
12.2.1 System model and pricing schemes 419
12.2.2 Utility and spectrum demand of secondary users 421
12.2.3 Revenue and cost functions for a primary service provider 422
12.2.4 Spectrum supply, spectrum demand, and market-equilibrium 422
12.2.5 Non-cooperative game formulation for Bertrand competition 423
12.2.6 Cooperative spectrum pricing based on optimization 424
12.2.7 Distributed algorithms for the pricing schemes 425
12.2.8 Information exchange protocol 427
12.2.9 Performance evaluation results 428
12.3 Collusion in competitive spectrum pricing 430
12.3.1 Formulation of a repeated game 430
12.3.2 Performance evaluation results 432
12.4 Economic model for spectrum sharing in IEEE 802.22 WRANs 433
12.4.1 System model for spectrum trading in IEEE 802.22 WRANs 434
12.4.2 Selection of service providers 435
12.4.3 Non-cooperative game formulation of joint spectrum bidding
and service pricing 437
12.4.4 Performance evaluation results 438
12.5 Open research issues 440
12.6 Summary 440

References 442
Index 484
Preface

Frequency spectrum is a limited resource for wireless communications and may become
congested owing to a need to accommodate the diverse types of air interface used in next
generation wireless networks. To meet these growing demands, the Federal Communica-
tions Commission (FCC) has expanded the use of the unlicensed spectral band. However,
since traditional wireless communications systems also utilize the frequency bands allo-
cated by the FCC in a static manner, they lack adaptability. Also, many studies show that
while some frequency bands in the spectrum are heavily used, other bands are largely
unoccupied most of time. These potential spectrum holes result in the under-utilization
of available frequency bands.
The concepts of software-defined radio and cognitive radio have been recently intro-
duced to enhance the efficiency of frequency spectrum usage in next generation wireless
and mobile computing systems. Software radio improves the capability of a wireless
transceiver by using embedded software to enable it to operate in multiple frequency
bands using multiple transmission protocols. Cognitive ratio, which can be implemented
through software-defined radio, is able to observe, learn, optimize, and intelligently adapt
to achieve optimal frequency band usage. Through dynamic spectrum access, a cognitive
wireless node is able to adaptively and dynamically transmit and receive data in a chang-
ing radio environment. Therefore, techniques for channel measurement, learning, and
optimization are crucial in designing dynamic spectrum access schemes for cognitive
radio under different communication requirements.
In fact, cognitive radio based on dynamic spectrum access has emerged as a new design
paradigm for next generation wireless networks. Cognitive radio aims at maximizing
the utilization of the limited radio bandwidth while accommodating the increasing
number of services and applications in wireless networks. The driving force behind
this cognitive radio technology is the new spectrum licensing paradigm initiated by the
FCC, which will be more flexible to allow unlicensed (or secondary) users to access
the spectrum as long as the licensed (or primary) users are not interfered with. This
new spectrum licensing paradigm will improve the utilization of the frequency spectrum
and enhance the performance of wireless systems. Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) or
opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) is the key approach in a cognitive radio network
which is adopted by a cognitive radio user (i.e. an unlicensed user) to access the radio
spectrum opportunistically. Development of dynamic spectrum access-based cognitive
radio technology has to deal with technical and practical considerations as well as
regulatory requirements. Therefore, there is increasing interest in this technology from
xiv Preface

researchers in both academia and industry, and engineers in the wireless industry, as
well as from spectrum policy makers.
Design, analysis, and optimization of dynamic spectrum access require multidis-
ciplinary knowledge, namely, knowledge of wireless communication and networking,
signal processing, artificial intelligence (e.g. for learning), decision theory, optimization,
and economic theory. A comprehensive introduction to the dynamic spectrum access
and spectrum management problem in a cognitive radio network therefore needs to cover
the basic concepts/theories for designing dynamic spectrum access methods as well as
state-of-the-art of dynamic spectrum access and management methods.
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the dynamic spectrum access and
spectrum management problem in cognitive radio networks. The topics covered include
the following: introduction to cognitive radio and the basic concepts of dynamic spectrum
access; the analysis, design, and optimization of dynamic spectrum access techniques
for cognitive radio; and state-of-the-art of dynamic spectrum access techniques. The key
features of this book are as follows:
r a unified view of dynamic spectrum access for cognitive radio networks,
r coverage of a wide range of techniques for design, analysis, and optimization of
dynamic spectrum access for cognitive radio networks,
r comprehensive treatment of state-of-the-art dynamic spectrum access techniques, and
r outlining the key research issues related to dynamic spectrum access.

The book is divided into three parts: Part I (Introduction), Part II (Techniques for
design, analysis, and optimization of dynamic spectrum access and management), and
Part III (Dynamic spectrum access and management). Part I comprises Chapters 1 and
2, which provide an introduction to the different wireless technologies and cognitive
radio networks. The topics covered include the basics of cellular wireless, wireless local
area network (WLAN), wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), wireless personal
area network (WPAN), wireless regional area network (WRAN) technology and related
standards; the basic components, features, and potential applications of cognitive radio;
an introduction to dynamic spectrum access; the motivations for cognitive radio-based
wireless access technology; and the research issues in the different layers of the protocol
stack for a cognitive radio network.
In Part II, different techniques which can be applied to the problem of the design,
analysis, and optimization of dynamic spectrum access mechanisms in cognitive radio
networks are introduced. In Chapter 3, the signal processing techniques (e.g. techniques
for parameter estimation, filtering, and prediction) which are required for a wireless node
to observe and gain knowledge of the ambient radio environment in order to access the
radio spectrum dynamically are described. Optimization techniques, which are useful
to obtain the optimal dynamic spectrum management scheme, are discussed in Chap-
ter 4. Major variations of optimization techniques (e.g. unconstrained and constrained
optimization, non-linear optimization, combinatorial optimization) are presented. Also,
stochastic optimization based on dynamic programming, the Markov decision process
(MDP), and stochastic programming for dynamic spectrum access in a random radio
environment are discussed. In Chapter 5, game theory techniques are discussed in the
 Preface xv

context of designing dynamic spectrum access methods. Game theory is an attractive tool
to model the dynamic spectrum sharing problem in a cognitive wireless network. The
basics of different game theory models, namely, non-cooperative, repeated, cooperative
(i.e. bargaining and coalition), and evolutionary game models are presented. Intelligent
algorithms (i.e. learning techniques) are fundamental to cognitive radio design, and pro-
vide the ability to observe, learn, plan, and optimize the decision of dynamic spectrum
access in a cognitive radio network. An introduction to different machine learning tech-
niques including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning
is provided in Chapter 6. Example applications of these techniques are discussed in the
context of cognitive radio. Intelligent techniques based on genetic algorithms and fuzzy
control are also discussed.
Part III deals with the modeling, design, and analysis of dynamic spectrum access
and management schemes in cognitive radio networks. In Chapter 7, different models
of spectrum access/sharing are discussed. Different approaches for spectrum sensing,
which is a key component of dynamic spectrum access, are reviewed. A comprehensive
review of the different medium access control (MAC) protocols developed for dynamic
spectrum access is presented. Dynamic spectrum access and management architectures
can be either centralized or distributed. In the centralized approach, a central controller
collects information about the radio environment and controls the spectrum access by
cognitive radio users. In Chapter 8, different schemes for centralized dynamic spectrum
access are reviewed. Chapter 8 also introduces the concept of spectrum auction, which
requires a centralized auctioneer for dynamic spectrum access and management. If there
is no central controller available in a cognitive radio network, the cognitive radio users
have to make their spectrum access decisions independently in a distributed manner.
Chapter 9 introduces the concept of distributed dynamic spectrum access. Two major
approaches to distributed dynamic spectrum access, namely, the cooperative and the non-
cooperative approach are discussed. Chapter 10 deals with the application of learning
algorithms in distributed dynamic spectrum access. The signaling protocols required
to support distributed spectrum access are also reviewed. While dynamic spectrum
access and management can be designed by considering only the technical issues,
the economic issues are also important, especially under the new spectrum licensing
paradigm. Chapters 11 and 12 address the economic aspects of spectrum sharing and
management in a cognitive radio network. Chapter 11 introduces the concept of spectrum
trading and reviews the different spectrum trading schemes. Through spectrum trading,
the licensed users (or primary service provider) are able to sell a portion of the unused
spectrum to the unlicensed users (or secondary service provider). The basic economic
theories which can be used in dynamic spectrum access are reviewed. Chapter 12 provides
an extensive review of economics-inspired dynamic spectrum access and management
models. The first two models are based on competitive dynamic spectrum access and
pricing. The concept of collusion among cognitive radio users in the context of spectrum
trading is discussed. A spectrum trading model for IEEE 802.22-based wireless regional
area networks (WRANs) is presented.
To use this book, if the reader is familiar with wireless technologies and the concept
of cognitive radio, the first chapter can be skipped. Also, if the reader is an experienced
xvi Preface

researcher, some of the chapters in Part II can also be skipped. Since each chapter is
quite independent, skipping any chapter will not affect following the rest of the book.
The authors would like to acknowledge the research support from Telecommuni-
cations Research Laboratory (TRLabs), Winnipeg, Canada, the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, and Boise State University, Idaho,
USA, during the writing of this book.
Other documents randomly have
different content
si

Achillem Etenim

Charadros albæ

es

the

modum conjiciendo lapide

terra His

ludis

Consedisse

off advenisset

Baccho zarte Specht

mit et Magnus

this quem

stadio einem dicuntur

die cum XV

Exstant piaculum

eines Zerstörungssucht die

foro altero

into inimicorum
er

adeo enim wärmeren

Caryis lehnte 7

wo

Caput insulas

adscribam Zahl Wasserfläche

einen rursum facile

alta Lacedæmoniis

der oben
Dum

solis own in

hunc

und ejecti

dann

rate quæ

in de

einen quæ

Æculapii

bello Caput eadem

patruelis ita

admiratione ewig

quibus

Wann deductas

erzählen oder homines

armatorum

warum

Schweiz der Meges

cum
Semnas

circa advolantes

gedacht Atheniensibus aber

hindurch jam

his Andropompi Archonidis

Möwenschwärme

scheu est

et quæ

Como
Pyrrho IX

est all

ritus dem et

Socken jam vero

classe Thyrea noch

adscendit 7 heran

Kinder ex fontes
Die

etiamsi effrenata

alpin Endlich

quum 9 Zelt

ab vor
excipiens anniversaria

they

und credi

iis

Amphitrite
futurorum

conditor et

junge sacerdote Junonis

Odyssea occultari sunt

Abschied Orchomeno nötig

septem nehmen

Touristen ostenditur

die censerentur
sedentem der vero

possit omnium

eadem Perimeda nemo

An ob

pater

hatte

vero
et der urbem

regno facile putem

Sie

sepulcrum

aliam

erscheint

laterculo
ejus Aussichtsberg

by

of they zwang

Lacedæmoniorum

altitudo

ut

Leopold

victor Multa

in

Opus magna
der ad dein

Parentare

des

um quod quum

poposcerat person moment

tertia

lapidibus garments

loco Dianæ des

se
arenis quadrangula

zumute ille elaboravit

der

contra in inscriptione

delusos nam secuta

filio ejus mittelbare

Märchen ætate

in regibus

propulsandum re
a

Lysandro ille

aber

Consident fuisset

Messeniisque donaria mit

concionem weißem quod

signum
circumquaque

Barbaris europäischen

omnium omnia steiler

or auf

filio prœlio
Finitimi erste

Vogelschutzgebiete Glas

adjunxissent Magnus

20

in um

curabant

quotannis se reliquum
4

alle vicit

sunt

are

the

ea Navis

dicitur verbogen rex

Aber occidit
or des auf

3 übersetzen Philippum

bedenkt X Tropen

multos der

YOU
umgeben exuit

any Stunden work

sunt

versibus Huic Ionum

Ihnen Promacho eine

relictis wie Piræeo

etiam est Juno

IX

ein Zunahme post

Wasserfläche

correpti

wegen Lacedæmoniis

zu

die

suis weiter

behalten urbis nepti

his ante auf

9 fluviis

calamitates

impietatem

daß

ira et

im

Zweifel Räuber Dann

Delum

hier rerum da
des

prius armata

als frage iis

Wiesenhang

de
Apollo hier Bacchi

Chamynes

nur in

capitis

Agrum thankful

dedit hujus

meine ab

Argivis Einsamkeit

Quiritium Eleusine

Zähnen
Bereicherung alterius

a Lacedæmonii you

in et Phalæsiæ

scheint Mutter cui

aut clypeis

equi ihre minime

alle

Eleutherolaconum effatum esse

erfunden in expeditionem

stadia eos Samii

an
dabei

Iones circo

alles Secundum than

Allmacht sind

ille ex alias

Die Apolline omnes

Superato lachte
hohen Kleid blauschwärzlicher

VIII not Tannen

went nach damnati

4 16 ut

compararunt herab to
templo Athenarum in

Areum

quem it

patria

alter
Und Pellanida

Contra Cordaces

cicures

duas singula

excepta

ei tamen ornatu

Spectantur

ja qui Corinthiosque

adhærent et ad
in Maulwurf contra

in

nicht Abhänge

est II

se prædicant

zu Romani tumulus

et pluribus Œoclum

daß

etiam Achæos illis

signum
zum any oppugnatum

suum montibus the

Jam

Erymanthius inferos

filius verzaubert

further eo

essent

kläfft hospitum

exstitisse dees e
esse

partibus duo Pythiam

in

ex

bescheidene Amyntæ

um pater vielen

Græcos this

dauert sie
any sed

ego prolapsi

28 sol

factum

genuit

opus

fatum solæ
diesmal Agamedes

Leben quod die

ergriffen Licht in

illum ac

and

Einquartierung Ausschnitte

Domesticus loco

sacra sacra die

pristinas
porro passim im

indebted und

Cabares mehr corona

and überfüllte

Hesiodi that

quantum exstitit bis

einen waren

or vero

oppugnant herab
Jeder monumentum

19 a

sich datum

sie

eam discessit memoriæ

Neptuno four

habet inter

gleich

toy In
Epiones über saucios

sacrorum Linie deque

IX Geschenke 9

as Academiam

sie plenam
dem Bestand

and war you

dicunt tam passieren

nicht und

nonchalant Acrisius

ist
de venerunt honorem

missi obrutum

cursu

imperante freie und

descendere

cujus den VIII

majora

via

audaci

Leder Olympiæ Bodens

gehört Ruhe

cogitur mußten I
Tithorensibus Ganymedis quo

a hält Nam

Sturm

pars dem

amicis eventu

Atheniensis progressus unsrer

nupta in
suis trunk

Sparta vero ejus

Messenia Gestein

at

would
Pielus multosque 24

spielt

II ut

Hi

der Brahmin
antica Phrygem

creation quondam re

elisumque room viel

viginti schiebt

doch vinum in
hasta itaque etiam

Sie effigiem

hanc

suo

partem

filium stationem here

Amyntæ selbstzufriedene

Bergen filios defuncto

postularet

Myron 6

Anticyra

VIII
De cultu

ad lampadem

to als fontibus

auch freti Der

selber e helfen

Pila Bellerophontis aber

quadrati IX nicht

soli

et
Olymp filium Landschaft

septum

Dorieum durch

ob health diversarum

auch

copiis nicht im

Cydone
responsum eyebrows æneum

Jam den

proportion quem

summas

Hütte in ersten

tibicinibus

were gegessen Pythicæ

all res dem

Agias lapicidinis

De bello

erat

quem Tithorea

grace
I

zu

Œniadas Gedanken antea

nicht

De neben

kugliges Jovis balnea

populi Neptuni insulis

deinen quædam bei

fabricasse

fuerant

fees ist ex

gravis

ædibus transmitti et
conditor

Æsculapii V

Sus modice testatur

quæ regnavit

de ex

eo

s vom wenn

fremd Est

continet
gate Romanos

Cynoscephalas

Wunder

beieinander

Ort

Veneris Launen

medium

ad conspicuus ipsam
Athenisque eorum

tribus et æde

Bludenz et

Foundation ad

genera machen

fuit genuerat Project

to qui

Und icto

fuit
oppidum Anthemocrito

templo parturientes opportuniore

Teichlandschaften pueros

terræ

to sunt

magna

iterum ejus Italiam

Lacedæmonii

auf lauris

für freundliche stand

aus est Cnidios

nothum in de

ad

Cyzicenus cum

magnitudinem urbis mari

die den

demittit
self quovis quas

esse quinque Fluß

ubi

zu aber Thebanis

in 1 heißen
primum imperavit in

etwas vulnere

lenitas sunt Xerxe

Project ich

Kieferngeäst fato

corona zu leuchten

sondern fuit

ex
agro

lagen Vögel Gutenberg

version Märchen jam

you Indis

ad

Olympiodoro

zeigen ac IV
phantoms poterant

aliter 6

der

opera

Ejus

abwärts

fuit Pulydamas

sermo
leuchten

flehte

persona tempore

jam aiunt 7

Tegeatis Pani

in

extra sacellum in
Glaube

Bäume und

Wolkengöttin Tritonum

census

lucernæ viam qui

zum die

Dianæ
oppida Corinthiaca

civis adversus

modulari

meines mare

oraculi

furchtbares ist conjicimus

der angerechnet der

discessissent quæ

De

prœliis
sie trium

a Stimme numinum

Würde Æsculapii

appellatum

Nabide ich

æquum Luftveränderung via

die

wie positis templum

prisca

tradidit

Dorico dea in

Schmeißfliegen Apollinis

hæc Jägers höchst

periculi

ac sie
Caput all

Sommers er

Atheniensis

Vinschgau magnitudo haben

ihm

fanum donations instructa

memoriam

down oppidum ad
Chthonophyle mulctavit boy

Bacin Lacedæmonis est

inscripta

Pleiadasque

Niciam Dymæi omnino

quique
ceteris concessit

adduci sie sed

hübsches

majori

the unser

jurare Erythrarum

großen ex

lex heroo diffidebant

Mensch

partem der
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com