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Quantitative
Evaluation of
Safety in Drug
Development
Design, Analysis
and Reporting
Edited by
Qi Jiang
H. Amy Xia
Quantitative
Evaluation of
Safety in Drug
Development
Design, Analysis
and Reporting
Editor-in-Chief
Shein-Chung Chow, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics,
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
Series Editors
Byron Jones, Biometrical Fellow, Statistical Methodology, Integrated Information Sciences,
Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
Jen-pei Liu, Professor, Division of Biometry, Department of Agronomy,
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Karl E. Peace, Georgia Cancer Coalition, Distinguished Cancer Scholar, Senior Research Scientist
and Professor of Biostatistics, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
Bruce W. Turnbull, Professor, School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Published Titles
Adaptive Design Methods in Bayesian Methods in Health Economics
Clinical Trials, Second Edition Gianluca Baio
Shein-Chung Chow and Mark Chang Bayesian Missing Data Problems: EM,
Adaptive Design Theory and Data Augmentation and Noniterative
Implementation Using SAS and R, Computation
Second Edition Ming T. Tan, Guo-Liang Tian,
Mark Chang and Kai Wang Ng
Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Bayesian Modeling in Bioinformatics
Test Accuracy Dipak K. Dey, Samiran Ghosh,
Lyle D. Broemeling and Bani K. Mallick
Advances in Clinical Trial Biostatistics Benefit-Risk Assessment in
Nancy L. Geller Pharmaceutical Research and
Applied Meta-Analysis with R Development
Ding-Geng (Din) Chen and Karl E. Peace Andreas Sashegyi, James Felli, and
Rebecca Noel
Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical
Statistical Applications, Second Edition Biosimilars: Design and Analysis of
James E. De Muth Follow-on Biologics
Shein-Chung Chow
Bayesian Adaptive Methods for
Clinical Trials Biostatistics: A Computing Approach
Scott M. Berry, Bradley P. Carlin, Stewart J. Anderson
J. Jack Lee, and Peter Muller Causal Analysis in Biomedicine and
Bayesian Analysis Made Simple: An Excel Epidemiology: Based on Minimal
GUI for WinBUGS Sufficient Causation
Phil Woodward Mikel Aickin
Edited by
Qi Jiang
Amgen Inc
Thousand Oaks, California, USA
H. Amy Xia
Amgen Inc
Thousand Oaks, California, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors.......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors.......................................................................................................... xiii
vii
viii Contents
Drug safety has always been important, but it has undergone increased scru-
tiny in recent years. This book is about quantitative evaluation of the safety
of biopharmaceutical products. The book is meant to be comprehensive, cov-
ering design, monitoring, analysis, and reporting issues for both clinical tri-
als and observational studies. In addition, since statistical methods for drug
safety assessment are still evolving and new methods are under development,
the book will cover developments in state-of-the-art methods for drug safety
assessment. We hope our book will bring the most advanced knowledge and
statistical methodology to the statistical, clinical, and safety community; share
best practices; and stimulate further research and methodology development
in the drug safety area.
The book presents key challenges that impact regulatory agencies, indus-
try, and academia. It elaborates on Bayesian methods, presents approaches to
creating effective safety graphics, and includes consideration for risk-benefit
evaluation. The book is mainly for professionals with a quantitative back-
ground in fields such as statistics or epidemiology working in pharmaceuti-
cal, biotechnology, and device industries; regulatory agencies that govern
these industries; and academic departments involved in activities related to
clinical trials or observational studies in biopharmaceutical product devel-
opment. The book is mainly suitable for research and could also be used as
supplementary material for teaching; for example, for courses on pharma-
ceutical science, biostatistics, applied statistics, statistical computing, clinical
trials, causal inference, and observational studies.
The chapters discuss quantitative approaches to safety evaluation and risk
management in drug development. They cover broad topics such as study
design, safety monitoring, and data evaluation/analysis. First, study design
includes the Bayesian meta-experimental design for evaluating cardiovas-
cular risk, non-inferiority study design and analysis for safety endpoints,
and the program safety analysis plan. Second, safety monitoring is critical,
and on this topic the book includes chapters on why a DMC safety report
differs from a safety report written at the end of the trial, safety surveillance
and signal detection processes, and Bayesian adaptive trials for drug safety.
Finally, the book covers evaluation/analysis topics such as observational
safety study design, analysis, and reporting; the observational medical out-
comes partnership (OMOP); a roadmap for causal inference in safety analy-
sis; safety graphics; Bayesian network meta-analysis for safety evaluation;
regulatory issues in meta-analysis of safety data; Bayesian applications for
drug safety evaluation; risk-benefit assessment approaches; detecting safety
signals in subgroups, and an overview of safety evaluation and quantitative
approaches during preclinical and early phases of drug development.
ix
x Preface
As editors of this book, we are pleased to see that such broad and criti-
cal safety topics have been addressed by well-established and experienced
authors. We trust you will enjoy reading them and find them informative
and useful in your drug safety evaluation as much as we do.
We are very grateful for our family members’ tremendous support and
patience during the completion of the book. We also wish to express our
great appreciation for the terrific support received from David Grubbs,
Laurie Schlags, and the production team at Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Qi Jiang, PhD
H. Amy Xia, PhD
Editors
xi
xii Editors
where she co-leads the safety subteam, and the Biostatistics Workgroup for
CTTI (Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative)’s IND (Investigational New
Drug) Safety Project. Dr. Xia has taught a short course entitled “Bayesian
Methods for Drug Safety Evaluation and Signal Detection” at the DIA/FDA
(Food and Drug Administration) Statistics Forum 2014. She holds an MS
and a PhD in biostatistics from the University of Minnesota, and a medical
degree from Peking University, China.
Contributors
Brenda Crowe
Bradley P. Carlin
Eli Lilly and Company
Division of Biostatistics
Indianapolis, Indiana
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Susan P. Duke
Benefit Risk Evaluation
Aloka G. Chakravarty
Global Clinical Safety and
Division of Biometrics VII
Pharmacovigilance
Office of Biostatistics
GlaxoSmithKline
Office of Translational Sciences
Research Triangle Park, North
Center for Drug Evaluation and
Carolina
Research
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Alan S. Go
Silver Spring, Maryland
Division of Research
Kaiser Permanente
Ming-Hui Chen Oakland, California
Department of Statistics
University of Connecticut Hisham Hamadeh
Storrs, Connecticut Amgen, Inc.
Thousand Oaks, California
Max Cherny
Clinical Programming Violeta Hennessey
GlaxoSmithKline Amgen, Inc.
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Thousand Oaks, California
xiii
xiv Contributors
Karen L. Price
Osamu Komiyama Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer Indianapolis, Indiana
Tokyo, Japan
Hong Qiu
Jürgen Kübler Department of Epidemiology
CSL Behring Janssen Research and Development
Marburg, Germany Titusville, New Jersey
Contributors xv
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