INTRODUCTION

According to the ABAG Finance Authority for Nonprofit Corporations (2020), Living

Area means the square footage of living area reflected in the site permit, building plans, or

original construction building permit issued for an individual Residential Unit, which may

include square footage subsequently added to a Residential Unit after issuance of a building

permit for expansion or renovation of the unit. This definition indicates that the concept of

living area extends beyond the confines of initial construction, as it also encompasses

subsequent modifications formally approved through building permits. Within the disciplines

of architecture and planning, such recognition is significant because it reflects both the

regulatory framework that governs construction practices and the adaptive strategies

employed by residents in response to changing needs. By accounting for authorized

expansions and alterations, the living area is maintained as a precise and reliable measure of

usable residential space, thereby providing a sound basis for analyzing the organization and

interrelationships of spatial components within a unit.

Beyond its technical definition, the living area is also the heart of everyday life in a

home. It is the place where family members gather, where dining and relaxation often merge,

and where the flow of movement between spaces shapes both comfort and efficiency. A

well-planned living area balances the functional aspects of architecture with the experiential

needs of its occupants, ensuring that dimensions, proportions, and layout contribute not only

to compliance with construction standards but also to the quality of living.

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 ANALYSIS OF SPACES

1.1 LIVING AREA

​ The portion of a building, typically a home, that is intended for human habitation and

daily activities, encompassing rooms like living rooms, bedrooms, and kitchens. It includes

the internal, usable space within the dwelling where residents spend their time, and often

excludes areas such as garages, unfinished basements, attics, balconies, and exterior technical

spaces.

​ According to the National Building Code (Sec. 806), habitable rooms must have a

minimum floor area of 6.00 sq. m. with a least dimension of 2.00 m, and ceiling heights of

2.70 m on the first storey and 2.40 m on upper floors (Sec. 805). The living area, however, is

usually designed much larger—15.00–20.00 sq. m. or more—to accommodate furniture,

circulation, and social interaction. Architecturally, the living area functions as the primary

communal zone, often placed at the front or central portion of the residence, accessible

from the foyer and linked to the dining area. Its purpose is to serve as the main gathering

space for family and guests, where activities such as relaxation, conversation, and

entertainment converge.

Figure 1. An Example of Living Area Figure 2. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Living Area

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1.2 GARAGE/CARPORT

​ A carport is an open-sided, roofed shelter for vehicles, supported by posts, offering

limited protection from the elements. A garage is a fully enclosed, permanent structure,

usually built adjacent to a house, that provides complete protection for vehicles from weather,

animals, and potential thieves.

​ The Code classifies garages and carports under Group J, Division 1 – Accessory

Uses (Sec. 701). While no minimum dimensions are prescribed, standard practice allocates at

least 2.40 m × 5.00 m per car. In residential buildings, the garage or carport is generally

placed at the front or side of the lot to allow direct street access. Its primary purpose is to

provide secure storage for vehicles while ensuring safe maneuvering and ventilation.

Functionally, it often connects to a secondary entrance or service zone, maintaining

separation from the main living spaces.

Figure 3. An Example of Carport Figure 4. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Carport

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1.3 PORCH

​ A covered area adjoining an entrance to a building and usually having a separate

roof. A porch is considered a projection of the building and must maintain a clearance of 3.00

m above grade if extending over public property (Sec. 1003). In homes, porches are

typically located at the main entrance, acting as a sheltered outdoor space that mediates

between exterior and interior. Its architectural purpose is both practical and social: providing

shade, protection from weather, and an informal gathering or waiting area before entering the

house.

Figure 5. An Example of Porch Figure 6. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Carport

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1.4 PORTE COCHERE

​ A porte cochere, as the French name indicates, was originally an entrance or gateway

to a building large enough to permit a coach to be driven through it into the interior courtyard

beyond. These gateways are common features of homes and palaces built during the reigns of

Kings Louis XIV and XV of France.

​ The porte cochere, classified as a canopy or marquee (Sec. 1005), must maintain a

clearance of at least 3.00 m to allow vehicle passage. It is usually positioned at the front

façade or side driveway entrance of a residence. Its purpose is to offer a covered drop-off

zone, protecting residents and visitors from sun or rain while entering the home.

Architecturally, it emphasizes convenience, grandeur, and accessibility, especially in larger or

high-end residences.

Figure 7. An Example of Porch Figure 8. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Porte Cochere

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1.5 FOYER

​ The foyer is the large area where people meet or wait just inside the main doors of a

building such as a theatre, cinema, or hotel. Although not explicitly defined in the Code,

foyers fall under circulation spaces and must comply with the minimum 2.00 m dimension

rule for habitable areas (Sec. 806). The foyer is typically located immediately after the main

entrance, serving as a transitional buffer before reaching the living area. Its purpose is to

provide a sense of privacy by preventing direct visibility into the home’s interior, while also

acting as a welcoming point that sets the tone for the residence.

Figure 9. An Example of Foyer Figure 10. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Foyer

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1.6 VISITOR’S AREA

​ A "visitor's area" refers to a designated space for visitors, which can vary depending

on context. It can be a visitor center offering information and services at a tourist site or

destination, or a specific location like a visitation area in a jail for inmate visits. It could also

be a designated parking area for visitors at a residential property or an area for clients and

stakeholders in a business or construction setting.

​ Visitor’s areas are treated as living or receiving spaces, and the Code requires a

minimum of 6.00 sq. m. with a least dimension of 2.00 m (Sec. 806). This space is usually

located adjacent to the foyer or integrated with the living room, depending on the

residence’s layout. Its purpose is to accommodate guests without exposing private zones of

the house. Functionally, it supports hospitality, ensuring visitors are welcomed comfortably in

a semi-public setting.

Figure 11. An Example of Visitor’s Area Figure 12. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Visitor’s Area

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1.7 POWDER ROOM

​ A powder room is a small, half-bathroom that contains a sink and a toilet but no

shower or bathtub, providing a convenient and accessible option for guests, especially on a

home's main level. While it is only a small room that's usually located on the main level, a

powder room can add great value to your home, even more so if the number of full bathrooms

is limited. Originally, their main purpose was to provide a place to powder one's wig and

nose, hence the name powder room.

​ The Code specifies that bathrooms or toilets must have at least 1.20 sq. m. of floor

area with a minimum dimension of 0.90 m (Sec. 806). A powder room, commonly placed

near the foyer or living area, provides easy access for visitors without disturbing the private

quarters. Its purpose is both practical and hygienic: offering convenience to guests while

maintaining household privacy.

Figure 13. An Example of Powder Room Figure 14. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Powder Room

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1.8 TERRACE/PATIO/COURTYARD

​ A courtyard is an unroofed open space that is completely or largely enclosed by the

surrounding walls of a building, serving as an internal outdoor area within the structure. A

terrace, on the other hand, is a level, paved platform or area adjacent to a building, often

functioning as a patio or veranda. Together, both spaces provide transitional zones between

indoors and outdoors, enhancing light, ventilation, and opportunities for leisure and social

interaction within a residential setting.

​ Courts are regulated under the Code with a minimum horizontal dimension of 2.00 m

(Sec. 804). Terraces, patios, or courtyards are generally placed at the rear, side, or central

portion of the residence, often adjoining dining or living areas. Their purpose is to provide

natural light and ventilation, extend the living space outdoors, and support recreational or

leisure activities. Architecturally, they enhance the environmental quality of the home by

encouraging airflow and visual openness.

Figure 15. An Example of Terrace Figure 16. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Courtyard

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1.9 HALLWAY/CORRIDORS

​ A hallway in a residential building is the transitional area located just inside the main

entrance, providing immediate access to adjacent rooms such as the living area, visitor’s area,

or service spaces. Its placement near the entry establishes it as the first circulation point that

connects the exterior to the primary interior zones of the home. A corridor, by contrast, is a

longer and narrower passage situated within the interior of a building, from which doors lead

to multiple rooms. In residential design, corridors are often used to connect private spaces

such as bedrooms and bathrooms with shared areas like the living or dining room. While both

serve as circulation elements, their purposes are distinct: the hallway emphasizes reception

and transition at the entrance, while the corridor organizes deeper movement within the

interior layout, ensuring accessibility, privacy, and spatial order.

​ The Code mandates minimum widths for circulation spaces based on stairs and exits,

with 750 mm as a minimum clearance (Sec. 708). For residences, corridors are best designed

at 1.00–1.20 m wide for comfortable passage. Hallways and corridors are usually placed in

the interior core of the residence, connecting private spaces such as bedrooms and

bathrooms to communal zones like the living and dining areas. Their purpose is to ensure safe

and efficient circulation while organizing the spatial layout of the home.

Figure 17. An Example of Hallway Figure 18. An Example of a 2D Floorplan

With Hallway

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1.10 OFFICE

Architecturally, the office or study room functions as a dedicated workspace within

the home, designed for productivity, privacy, and concentration. It is commonly equipped

with desks, storage units, and shelving, with layouts that prioritize natural lighting and

ventilation. Placement within a residential building typically favors quiet zones, often at the

side or rear of the house, away from high-traffic areas such as the living room or kitchen.

This location minimizes distractions while supporting focused tasks such as work-from-home

activities, studying, or personal administration.​

The National Building Code (Sec. 806) classifies offices within residences as

habitable rooms, which require a minimum floor area of 6.00 sq. m. and a least dimension

of 2.00 m. Ceiling heights must comply with 2.70 m on the first storey and 2.40 m on upper

floors (Sec. 805).

The purpose of including an office in residential design has grown in importance,

especially with modern demands for flexible home environments. Beyond its technical

compliance, the office serves as a transitional space that bridges professional and domestic

life, reflecting contemporary shifts in lifestyle and spatial use.

Figure 19. An Example of Hallway Figure 18. An Example of a 2D Office Floorplan

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 RELATIONSHIP OF EACH SPACES IN THE LIVING AREA

CATEGORIES OF SPACES

Public Spaces

Porch – first outdoor reception area, welcoming space before entering.

Porte Cochere – vehicle drop-off, covered entry linked to the porch.

Foyer – entry threshold, transition from outside to inside.

Visitor’s Area – designated for receiving guests.

Semi-Public / Common Spaces

Living Area (Main Design Focus) – central gathering and activity zone.

Terrace / Patio / Courtyard – extension of living, indoor–outdoor connection.​

Powder Room – accessible restroom for guests and family, positioned near public

areas.

Private Spaces

Office – quiet, focused work zone; can be semi-public if intended for client use.

Service / Support Spaces

Garage / Carport – vehicle storage, functional service access.

Hallway / Corridors – connectors that organize circulation between zones.

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1.1 Living Area (Main design focus)

Purpose & typical size

Primary social hub (relaxing, entertaining). Typical comfortable size: ≈15–20 m² or

larger (Code minimum for any habitable room = 6.00 m², least dimension 2.00 m).

Ceiling height guidance: 2.70 m (first storey) recommended for good volume and

daylight; 2.40 m for upper floors by the Code.

Relationship to other spaces

Porch / Porte Cochere / Foyer:​

​ Indirect adjacency. The living area should be visible from the foyer but not

fully exposed — i.e., a short sequence: porch → foyer → living. This gives a

controlled reveal: guests arrive at the porch/porte cochere, enter the foyer, then are

directed to the living area. Visual screening (partial wall, offset axis) prevents direct

sight into private parts of the living area, preserving privacy while maintaining

wayfinding.​

Visitor’s Area:​

​ Strong functional overlap. The visitor’s area is often integrated with or

adjacent to the living area (same “public/semi-public band”). Design decision:

integrate as one open-plan zone for flexibility, or separate for formality.​

Powder Room:​

​ Nearby but buffered. Powder rooms must be accessible from living/visitor

zones but offset (recess, short corridor) so doors are not visible from seating areas and

odors/noise are controlled. Code minimum for bath/toilet: 1.20 m², least dimension

0.90 m.

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 Terrace/Patio/Courtyard:​

​ Direct, high-value adjacency. Living ↔ terrace enables indoor–outdoor flow,

cross-ventilation and extended entertaining. Sliding doors or wide openings create a

loop for large gatherings.

Hallway/Corridors:​

​ Connective role. The living area should sit on a circulation loop that connects

foyer, terrace, and private corridors; avoid dead-end approaches that force guests

through private rooms.​

Garage/Carport:​

​ Buffered adjacency. The garage should have a short dedicated service path

(vestibule/mudroom → hallway) to the living area, but not open directly into it (to

control fumes/noise).

Office:​

​ Variable. If the office is client-facing, a short path from foyer to office

without passing through living is preferable. If the office is private, place it away from

the living area to reduce noise.​

Design strategies: use partial partitions, a foyer threshold, and glazing to keep visual

connection to courtyard while protecting acoustic privacy.

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1.2 Garage / Carport

Purpose & typical size

Vehicle storage and service entry. Typical single-car stall ≈ 2.40 × 5.00 m (industry

standard; Code treats garages as accessory use – Group J).

Relationship to other spaces

Foyer:​

​ Service ingress. Provide a short, weather-protected path (vestibule/mudroom)

from garage to foyer so occupants can enter without walking through the garden or

main living. That vestibule acts as a dirt buffer.

Hallway/Corridors:​

​ Primary connector. Garage → hallway → service areas (kitchen, laundry) or

secondary foyer; corridor should be wide enough to carry items comfortably and have

a coat/shoe drop zone.

Living Area / Visitor’s Area / Foyer:​

​ Separated. Avoid direct adjacency or sightlines from garage to living/visitor’s

areas. Use doors with good seals and acoustic separation.

Powder Room:​

​ Moderate adjacency. A guest powder can be placed along the path between

garage and foyer if the house expects arriving guests or service flows; otherwise keep

it in the public band.​

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 Porch / Porte Cochere:​

​ Functional complement. Porte cochere handles temporary drop-offs; garage

handles parking. Design them so vehicle routes do not cross main pedestrian guest

routes.

Terrace / Office:​

​ Weak relationship. Keep the garage away from the office and terrace to

preserve quiet and amenity quality.​

Design strategies: mechanical ventilation/exhaust, airtight closure toward the house,

mudroom between garage and living for cleanliness and acoustic control.

1.3 Porch

Purpose & typical size

Transitional outdoor reception. Typical width 2.0–3.0 m to allow seating and

circulation; if over public property, Code requires clearance (projections and

clearance rules).

Relationship to other spaces

Porte Cochere:​

​ Sequential relationship. Porte cochere leads vehicles/family to porch; porch

receives pedestrians from porte cochere before entry.​

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 Foyer:​

​ Direct adjacency. Porch precedes foyer — porch provides weather protection

and a waiting area before the threshold.

Visitor’s Area / Living:​

​ Visual and acoustic buffer. Porch screens immediate views into interior; can

be used as informal overflow of visitor space in good weather.

Powder Room / Hallway:​

​ Indirect. Guests on the porch typically proceed into the foyer then visitor’s

area where powder room access is convenient.

Garage:​

​ Separated or aligned. In tight sites, porch and garage may sit close; design

should preserve a clear pedestrian route from porch to foyer distinct from garage

routes.

Terrace / Courtyard / Office:​

​ Weak to moderate. Porch and terrace are both semi-outdoor but serve

different faces (porch = front/street; terrace = rear/private).​

Design strategies: use porch as visual filter (screens, planting) to protect interior views while

providing a comfortable approach.

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1.4 Porte Cochere

Purpose & typical size

Covered vehicle drop-off. Typical clearance minimum 3.0 m vertical for vehicles and

width/depth about 3.0 × 5.0 m for maneuvers; Code treats such canopies as

marquees/canopies and sets clearance/construction rules.

Relationship to other spaces

Porch / Foyer / Visitor’s Area:​

​ Arrival sequence. Porte cochere → porch → foyer: offers sheltered arrival for

guests before they step into foyer/visitor’s area.

Garage:​

​ Complementary. Porte cochere handles temporary stops; garage stores

vehicles. Circulation should avoid conflicts (drop-off path distinct from parking

entry).

Living Area:​

​ Indirect adjacency. Porte cochere should not expose vehicle sightlines into

living — use landscape/columns to mask views.

Powder Room:​

​ Supportive. A powder room should be accessible from the arrival sequence so

guests need not go through private zones.

Office:​

​ Possible direct access. If office is client-facing, porte cochere can provide

sheltered client arrival to a separate office entrance (avoids routing clients through

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 living areas).​

Design strategies: ensure accessible ramp/level access to porch/foyer, clear drop-off

geometry, and discreet separation from living windows.

1.5 Foyer

Purpose & typical size

Threshold/organizer. Typical area 2–4 m² or a short space 2.0–3.0 m long; acts as the

distribution node from public to semi-public and private. (Foyers fall under

habitable/circulation rules — minimum dimensions follow habitable-room guidance

where applicable.)

Relationship to other spaces

Porch / Porte Cochere:​

​ Direct ingress. Foyer receives guests from porch/porte cochere; it should

make the transition comfortable and secure.

Visitor’s Area / Living:​

​ Primary distributor. From foyer guests can be directed to visitor’s area,

living, or a direct path to terrace if the plan allows. The foyer should avoid revealing

bedrooms or private offices.​

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 Powder Room:​

​ Near but offset. For guest convenience place a powder room close to the

foyer path but around a corner or in a small antechamber for privacy.

Garage / Hallway:​

​ Dual flows. The foyer separates guest flow (to visitor’s/living) from

family/service flow (garage → mudroom → hallway).

Office:​

​ Conditional adjacency. If the office is client-facing, foyer → office is a

useful direct route; otherwise keep office access from a quieter corridor.

Terrace:​

​ Optional visual link. Foyer can frame a view through living to a

courtyard/terrace, giving depth to the arrival sequence.

Design strategies: use foyer to control sightlines, lighting and circulation branching; add

storage (coat closet) to support arrivals.

1.6 Visitor’s Area

Purpose & typical size

Semi-public seating for guests. Comfortable sizes ≈8–12 m² for small formal areas;

Code minimum as habitable room still applies.

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Relationship to other spaces

Foyer:​

​ Strong adjacency. Visitor’s area should be one of the first interior rooms

reached from the foyer so guests don’t enter deep into private zones.

Living Area:​

​ Flexible connection. Visitor’s area can be integrated with living (open plan)

or separated for formality — both are valid design choices.

Powder Room:​

​ Close at hand. Powder rooms should be easily reached from this area without

crossing bedrooms.

Hallway / Corridors:​

​ Edge relationship. The visitor’s area should not open onto corridors that lead

to private bedrooms; this keeps guest traffic in the semi-public band.

Office:​

​ Weak/conditional. If meetings are informal, visitor’s area and office may sit

close; otherwise keep them separate to avoid mixing guests with workspaces.

Terrace / Courtyard:​

​ Moderate link. Good to have access or a visual connection so the visitor’s

area can spill out for gatherings.​

Design strategies: maintain an arrival line that keeps visitors in public/semi-public band and

provides immediate access to powder room and exit routes.

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1.7 Powder Room

Purpose & typical size

Guest toilet; code minimum 1.20 m², least dimension 0.90 m (bath/toilet).​

Typical recommended size: 1.5–2.0 m² for comfort.

Relationship to other spaces

Foyer / Visitor’s Area / Living:​

​ Proximity requirement. The powder room must be quick for guests to reach

but not visible from seating or entry views. Use a short corridor/offset door.

Garage / Hallway:​

​ Service adjacency. Can be located near the service approach so arriving

workers or family guests can use it without penetrating the living area.

Office:​

​ Useful proximity. A nearby powder room is helpful for an office, especially if

it receives visitors.

Terrace:​

​ Moderate. If terrace is used for entertainment, powder room access should be

easy without crossing the kitchen or private rooms.​

Design strategies: ensure mechanical or passive ventilation (Code requires

ventilation/openings), and place doors to avoid direct sightlines into living/foyer.

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1.8 Terrace / Patio / Courtyard

Purpose & typical size

Outdoor living; enhances daylight and ventilation. Courts must have minimum

horizontal dimension 2.00 m according to the Code; courts must be connected to a

street or yard by a passageway min 1.20 m if inner courts. Typical terrace/patio sizes

vary widely (6–10 m² and up) depending on lot and program.

Relationship to other spaces

Living Area:​

​ Primary pairing. Terrace directly adjacent to living allows extension of

activities outdoors; crucial for cross-ventilation and daylight.

Office:​

​ Beneficial proximity. Visual or direct access to terrace can improve daylight

and occupant wellbeing for an office.

Foyer / Visitor’s Area:​

​ Secondary relationship. In some plans foyer frames a vista to the terrace

through the living, giving a welcoming depth.​

Powder Room:​

​ Convenient adjacency for outdoor entertaining — place route from terrace to

powder room that does not intrude private areas.​

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 Garage / Porte Cochere:​

​ Weak relationship. Keep terrace private and shielded from vehicle arrival and

service routes.

Hallway/Corridors:​

​ Connector role. Corridors sometimes terminate at the terrace or provide

access while maintaining privacy for bedrooms/offices.​

Design strategies: use terrace/courtyard as a light/air “engine” — place operable glazing

between living and terrace, and use planting/overhangs to control sun and privacy.

1.9 Hallway / Corridors

Purpose & typical size

Circulation and privacy gradient organizer. Code sets requirements for egress and

stairs (stair clear width min 750 mm), which informs corridor sizing; for comfortable

residential use corridors are typically 1.0–1.2 m wide.

Relationship to other spaces

Foyer / Living / Visitor’s Area:​

​ Separating and connecting. Corridors take family/service traffic away from

public spaces so guests and daily household flows are separated.​

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 Garage:​

​ Service route. Corridor is the principal path connecting garage to the rest of

the house; design it with storage and a mud zone near the garage entrance.​

Office:​

​ Access control. A corridor linking to office can be arranged with a short entry

vestibule to limit disturbances and ensure privacy.​

Powder Room / Terrace:​

​ Supportive links. Corridors provide access to powder rooms and often

terminate at terrace access points; avoid routing corridors through living to reach

outdoor spaces.​

●​ Porch / Porte Cochere:​

○​ Peripheral. Corridors typically do not connect directly to street-facing porch

— foyer intervenes to preserve reception hierarchy.​

Design strategies: use gentle offsets and dog-leg paths to avoid long sightlines into

bedrooms; provide natural light into corridors via transom windows or borrowed light from

courts/terraces (Code requires window openings to courts/yards in some cases).

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1.10 Office

Purpose & typical size

Workspace within the home. Code treats offices/work rooms as habitable spaces; min

6.00 m² and airspace requirements apply (habitable rooms 14 m³ per person). Typical

comfortable small office 6–12 m² depending on function.​

PD

Relationship to other spaces

Foyer:​

​ Direct client access (optional). If the office is client-facing, a short route

from foyer to office allows visitors to reach the workspace without passing through

living areas.​

Living / Visitor’s Area:​

​ Prefer separation. If the office needs concentration, locate away from the

living/visitor’s area to reduce disruption; acoustic separation and solid doors are

recommended.​

Terrace / Courtyard:​

​ Positive adjacency. An office with a view or door to a courtyard improves

daylight and mental comfort.​

Hallway / Corridors:​

​ Access route. The office usually opens to a corridor that keeps circulation

clear and reduces through-traffic.​

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 Powder Room:​

​ Useful proximity. A nearby powder room is convenient for meetings.

Garage / Porte Cochère:​

​ Weak relationship. If the office receives trade clients or deliveries, the porte

cochere/garage approach can serve a separate entrance.​

Design strategies: prioritize daylight control (avoid direct glare on screens), good acoustic

insulation, and a dedicated entry if external visitors will be frequent.

SUMMARY

1.​ Public → Semi-public → Private → Service: organize the plan so guests stay in the

porch/foyer/visitor’s/living band; private work/study and bedrooms are deeper in

plan; service (garage) is edge-conditioned and connects to the house via a service

corridor/vestibule.​

2.​ Control sightlines and acoustic separation: offset doorways, use screens, and

provide vestibules between service and living areas; powder rooms should be

accessible but not visible.​

3.​ Use the terrace/courtyard as the environmental engine: adjacency to living (and

office) improves daylight and ventilation; courts must meet Code minimum

dimensions and connectivity rules.​

27
4.​ Follow Code minimums where binding: room area minima and dimensions

(habitable rooms 6.00 m², baths 1.20 m²) and ceiling heights (2.70 m first floor, 2.40

m upper) must be respected.​

5.​ Corridor and stair widths: design corridors for comfortable circulation (~1.0–1.2 m)

and meet stair/egress minima (stairs ≥750 mm clear where called for).

28
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