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Ann Genova Matthew M Heaton

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Heaton. 2018.

Historical Dictionary of Nigeria

Second Edition

Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2018 by Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Falola, Toyin, author. | Genova, Ann, author. | Heaton, Matthew M., author.
Title: Historical dictionary of Nigeria / Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton.
Description: Second edition. | Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. | Series:
Historical dictionaries of Africa | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018000813 (print) | LCCN 2018001314 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538113141
(electronic) | ISBN 9781538113134 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Nigeria—History—Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC DT515.15 (ebook) | LCC DT515.15 .F35 2018 (print) | DDC 966.9003—
dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018000813

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
 Editor’s Foreword

The Federal Republic of Nigeria, or quite simply Nigeria, is the largest

country in Africa by population with the largest economy in Africa by GDP
today, thanks in part to abundant oil reserves. But it has not always been
one of the most stable or prosperous African countries. Politically, it has
alternated between democracy of a sort and dictatorship, with democracy
again in the ascendency. Since independence from British colonial rule, the
country has struggled to balance goals of national unity and identity with
its ethnic and religious divisions. It underwent a civil war in the late 1960s,
followed by a proliferation of states since the 1970s. And the oil, as so
often elsewhere, has been both a blessing and a curse, accounting for most
of the government’s foreign exchange revenues that have made Nigeria
one of the largest economies in Africa historically, but also contributing to
official corruption, environmental degradation, and massive income
inequality.
Given its size, location, and wealth, Nigeria is certainly crucial in
considering Africa, and it is good that we now have this new edition, which
brings the story up to date. This is done, as usual, early on through a
chronology, one that reaches far back before independence and then
follows the country’s course as a sovereign state. Given the penchant for
acronyms, the list can be very useful. But the core dictionary section
remains the most important, with numerous entries on significant persons,
places, events, institutions, important features of the country’s history (this
also going back before independence), politics, society, and culture, among
other topics. By the way, many new entries have been added since last
time, while others have been updated and expanded. The bibliography has
also been updated and expanded and can direct readers toward further
sources of information.
This edition is by the same authors as the last but includes a new one
as well. The returning authors are Toyin Falola and Ann Genova. Dr. Falola
is the Jacob and Francis Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities and
professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin and also a fellow of
the Nigerian Academy of Letters. His writing is uncommonly abundant,
including several dozen books on African history and some of them more
specifically on Nigeria, including A History of Nigeria, The Rise and Fall of
Nigeria’s Second Republic, and Wars across Africa. Ann Genova is an
independent scholar who studies and has taught African history and
coauthored Politics of the Global Oil Industry. Matthew H. Heaton, who
joins them for the present edition, is an associate professor in the
Department of History at Virginia Tech with a special interest in health,
migration, and globalization, and who coauthored A History of Nigeria. This
collaboration is most welcome and contributed greatly to our now having
an up-to-date volume on a crucial country.
Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
 Preface

Much has happened in Nigeria since the publication of the previous edition
of this historical dictionary in 2009, and it is our pleasure to have the
opportunity to update its contents to reflect current affairs in the country,
new interpretations of historical actors and events, and new realities
concerning Nigeria’s international political, economic, social, and cultural
relations with the world at large. With its growing population (estimated at
over 180 million now), slowly but surely developing economy, and long
period of relatively stable civilian leadership, Nigeria is increasingly taking a
place as a recognized leader in the world community. No doubt, the
country still has its problems and faces many daunting challenges, but its
importance in continental and global affairs is only likely to grow. The new
edition of this dictionary is designed to bring readers up to date with these
developments.
Since 2009, Nigeria’s Fourth Republic has maintained, even deepened,
its democratic credentials, punctuated by the election of Muhammadu
Buhari to the presidency as an opposition candidate in 2015, marking the
first time in Nigeria’s history that power was transferred between opposing
political parties. Nigeria’s economy has become the largest in Africa in
terms of gross domestic product, even as a majority of Nigerian citizens
continue to live in poverty. The decline in global oil prices since 2014
plunged Nigeria into its worst recession since the 1980s in 2016. New
developments in the Niger Delta crisis have taken place, including an
amnesty deal launched in 2009 and multiple court cases in international
courts surrounding the activities of multinational petroleum companies.
And, of course, most notably and tragically, the emergence of the Islamist
terrorist group Boko Haram in northern Nigeria since 2009 has become a
major security threat, with more than 20,000 killed and two million
displaced as of 2017. All of these issues are incorporated into this new
edition of the dictionary.
Internationally, Nigeria’s relationships with standard allies such as
regional neighbors, the United Kingdom, and the United States have
remained solid, but the growth in diplomatic and economic ties to the
People’s Republic of China have strengthened significantly, meriting the
inclusion of China in this edition as well as a reanalysis of other entries
related to Nigeria’s foreign and trade relations. In addition, this edition has
added many new entries related to long-standing issues in Nigerian society
but which have become significantly more pronounced in the last decade.
Issues related to the environment and resource maintenance, as well as
the increasing role played by a variety of international nongovernmental
organizations in Nigeria, have been included. A variety of new entries
related to the arts, music, dance, and cultural events and activities have
also been added.
We would like to thank the editorial team at Rowman & Littlefield for
providing us the opportunity to update this historical dictionary and for
ushering it through publication. Thanks to Emily Harmon for making the
map of Nigerian states. To all the friends, family, and colleagues who
supported us in the process, you have our sincere gratitude as well.
Toyin Falola
Ann Genova
Matthew M. Heaton
 Reader’s Note

The dictionary includes standard transliteration of terms and names,

without diacriticals. Personal names, particularly Muslim ones, have been
placed in the dictionary as they are commonly used. Most Muslim, Hausa,
and Fulani names do not conform to the Western structure of given–
middle–family. That said, some individuals have used their names in the
Western style. “Usman dan Fodio,” for example, appears as it is written,
while General Alhaji Abdulsalami Abubakar appears as “Abubakar, General
Alhaji Abdulsalami.” The name Muhammad appears in the spelling used by
the individual who bears the name. All personal names appear in full as
entries, with the person’s preference mentioned within an entry. For
example, the popular musician Fela Kuti appears in full as “Anikulapo-Kuti,
Olufela” and the artist dele jegede as “Jegede, Omodele.”
Readers will notice that the titles chief and king appear regularly. They
represent European attempts starting in the 16th century to categorize the
political systems and roles of leaders within them. A chief held political
and, possibly, religious power within his village or town prior to the early
20th century. The title of chief during colonial rule became largely
ceremonial. Today, it is given by a community to an outstanding individual
as a way to honor their achievements. It is not uncommon for Nigeria’s
political and cultural leaders, then, to be chiefs of several different
locations simultaneously. Like chief, king applies to Nigerian rulers prior to
the early 20th century who held political and, perhaps, religious power. It
differs from the title of chief in that it is no longer used. The title of alhaji
for men, and sometimes alhaja for women, is for those Muslim men and
women who completed the hajj (spiritual pilgrimage) to Mecca. In some
instances, an individual’s place of origin or title has become part of his or
her name, which is reflected in the entries. King Jaja of Opobo and Queen
Amina of Zaria appear as “Jaja of Opobo, King” and “Amina of Zaria,
Queen.”
The dictionary lists entries alphabetically in the language most used in
the secondary literature on Nigeria. Thus, jangali appears rather than
“cattle tax,” and hajj rather than “pilgrimage” when discussing Islam. Cross
references to relevant dictionary entries are indicated in bold within an
entry. Entry titles not mentioned in that entry but that are closely related
might appear in the See also. In addition, entries with alternate spellings or
related terms direct readers to the relevant entry.
 Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABN Association for a Better Nigeria

ACN Action Congress of Nigeria

AD Alliance for Democracy

AG Action Group

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ANPP All Nigeria People’s Party

ANTUF All-Nigeria Trade Union Federation

AP African Petroleum Company

APC All Progressives Congress

APGA All Progressives Grand Alliance

APP All People’s Party

AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb

AU African Union

BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

BDPP Benin Delta Peoples Party

BP British Petroleum

Brig. Brigadier

BYM Borno Youth Movement

CBN Central Bank of Nigeria

CMS Church Missionary Society

Col. Colonel

Com. Commodore
CPC Congress for Progressive Change

ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

EFCC Economic and Financial Crimes Commission

EUG Egba United Government

FCT Federal Capital Territory

FESTAC ’77 World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture

FGM female genital mutilation

FMG Federal Military Government

GDP gross domestic product

Gen. General

GNI gross national income

GNPP Great Nigerian People’s Party

HDI Human Development Index

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

ICJ International Court of Justice

IMF International Monetary Fund

INEC Independent National Electoral Commission

ING Interim National Government

Insp. Gen. Inspector General

IYC Ijaw Youth Council

JAC Joint Action Committee

JAMB Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board

JNI Jama’atu Nasril Islam

KNC Kamerun National Congress

KPP Kano People’s Party

LGBTQ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer

Lt. Col. Lieutenant Colonel

LYM Lagos Youth Movement

Maj. Gen. Major General

MAMSER Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice, and Economic Recovery

MASSOB Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

MBPP Middle Belt People’s Party

MDF Mid-West Democratic Front

MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

MPC Mid-West People’s Congress

MSF Médecins Sans Frontières

NAC National Africa Company

NADECO National Democratic Coalition

NAFDAC National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control

NAP Nigeria Advance Party

NBA National Basketball Association

NCNC National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

NCNC National Council of Nigerian Citizens

NCTUN National Council of Trade Unions of Nigeria

NDA Niger Delta Avengers

NDC National Democratic Coalition

NDC Niger Delta Congress

NEC National Economic Council

NEC National Electoral Commission

NEPA National Electric Power Authority

NEPA Northern Elements Progressive Association

NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NEPU Northern Elements Progressive Union

NGO nongovernmental organization

NIIA Nigerian Institute of International Affairs

NIP National Independence Party

NISER Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research

NLC Nigeria Labour Congress

NNA Nigerian National Alliance

NNDP Nigerian National Democratic Party

NNFL Nigerian National Federation of Labour

NNOC Nigerian National Oil Corporation

NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

NPC Northern People’s Congress

NPF Northern Progressive Front

NPN National Party of Nigeria

NPP Nigerian People’s Party

NRC National Republican Convention

NSEC Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission

NSM National Solidarity Movement

NTUC Nigerian Trade Union Congress

NUT Nigerian Union of Teachers

NYM Nigerian Youth Movement

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