SPRINGDALES SCHOOL, DHAULA KUAN, NEW DELHI

STD. VIII

MATHS E LEARNING MATERIAL

Squares and Square Roots

The square of a number is : that number raised to a power of 2.
In other word when we multiply a number by itself ,we get the square of
the number.
Example 2 * 2 = 4

The square root of a number x is the value which when multiplied by itself
gives the number x.
In the above example 2 is the square root of 4.

Learn about squares and square roots and different ways to calculate
them.
Check the unit digit of each square number
 PROPERTIES OF SQUARE NUMBERS

1. Square numbers do not end with 2,3,7,and 8.

2. Square of an even number is even and square of an odd number is odd.

3. Square numbers always end with even number of zeros.

4. Square numbers can be expressed as sum of consecutive odd numbers.

OR Sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2
5. There are 2n non perfect square numbers between the squares of the numbers n and n+1.

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLETS

A collection of 3 numbers such that the sum of the square of the smaller
2 numbers is equal to the square of the third number. According to
the Pythagorean Theorem, in a right angled triangle, the square of
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the perpendicular and
the base.
Plato's formula for Pythagorean Triples:

Plato, a Greek Philosopher, came up with a great formula for finding

Pythagorean triples.
Triplets are: 2m , m2-1 and m2+1 ,m is any positive integer >1

(2m)2 + (m2 - 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2

To get a triple, just let m be any positive integer and do the math.

Let m = 2 for instance, we get:

(2m)2 + (m2 - 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2

(2× 2)2 + (22 - 1)2 = (22 + 1)2

(4)2 + (4 - 1)2 = (4 + 1)2

(4)2 + (3)2 = (5)2

Thus, the Pythagorean triple is (3, 4, 5)

Let m = 5 for instance, we get:

(2m)2 + (m2 - 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2

(2× 5)2 + (52 - 1)2 = (52 + 1)2

(10)2 + (25 - 1)2 = (25 + 1)2

(10)2 + (24)2 = (26)2

Thus, the triple is (10, 24, 26)

Indeed (10)2 + (24)2 = 100 + 576 = 676 and 262 = 26 × 26 = 676

What is the square root of a number x?

The square root of a number x is that number which when multiplied by

itself gives x as the product. We denote the square root of a number x by
√x.

For example:

(i) 1² = 1

Therefore, square root of 1 is 1. Symbolically √1 = 1.

(ii) 2² = 4

Therefore, square root of 4 is 2. Symbolically √4 = 2.

(iii) ²/₃ is the square root of ⁴/₉. Since 2²/3² = ⁴/₉

Or we can write it as √(⁴/₉) = ²/₃ (Square root of ⁴/₉ is ²/₃)

(iv) 0.2 is the square root of 0.04. Since 0.2² = 0.04

Or we can write it as √0.04 = 0.2 (Square root of 0.04 is 0.2)

In general; if n = m², then m is the square root of n, i.e., m = √n

HOW TO FIND SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER

 Repeated Subtraction Method

 Prime Factorisation Method
 Long Division Method

Repeated Subtraction Method

Consider 81 . Then,
81 – 1 = 80
80 – 3 = 77
77 – 5 = 72
72 – 7 = 65
65 – 9 = 56
56 – 11 = 45
45 – 13 = 32
32 – 15 = 17
17 – 17 = 0 .
From 81 we have subtracted successive odd numbers starting from 1 and
obtained 0 at 9th step. Therefore √81 = 9.
Prime Factorisation Method

To find the square root of a perfect square by using the prime

factorization method when a given number is a perfect square:

Step I: Resolve the given number into prime factors.

Step II: Make pairs of similar factors.

Step III: Take the product of prime factors, choosing one factor out of
every pair.
SOME MORE EXAMPLES
Long Division Method

Square root of a number by long division method

1. Taking 484 as the number whose square root is to be found. Place a

bar over the pair of numbers starting from the unit’s digit. In case
of an odd number the leftmost digit will also have a bar, 4 84 .

2. Take the largest number as the divisor whose square is less than or
equal to the number on the extreme left. The number on the
extreme left is the dividend. Divide and write the quotient. Here the
quotient is 2 and the remainder is 0
 .

3. We then bring down the number which is under the next bar to the
right side of the remainder, in this case, we bring down 84. Now, 84
is our new dividend .

4. Now double the value of the quotient and enter it with a blank on
the right side.

5. Now we have to select the largest digit for the unit place of the
divisor (4_) such that the new number, when multiplied by the new
digit at unit’s place, is equal to or less than the dividend (84).

In this case, 42 × 2 = 84. So the new digit is 2.

The remainder is 0 and we have no number left for multiplication,

Therefore, √484 = 22
 WORKSHEET 1

1. Using the prime factorization method, find which of the following numbers are
perfect squares:

(i) 225

(ii) 189

(iii) 441

(iv) 729

(v) 1575

(iv) 900

2. Show that none of the following is a perfect square: Give reason in each case.

(i) 62

(ii)143

(iii) 217

(iv) 168

(v) 90

(vi) 4000

3. Which of the following are the squares of even numbers?

(i) 196

(ii) 441

(iii) 400

(iv) 324

(v) 625

(vi) 169
4. Which of the following are the squares of odd numbers?

(i) 121

(ii) 225

(iii) 196

(iv) 484

(v) 529

5. Evaluate:

(i) (38)² - (37)²

(ii) (75)² - (74)²

(iii) (141)² - (140)²

(iv) (218)² - (217)²

Answer:

1. (i), (iii), (iv), (vi)

3. (i), (iii), (iv)

4. (i), (ii), (v)

5. (i) 75

(ii) 149

(iii) 281

(iv) 435
 WORKSHEET 2

1. Find the smallest number by which 1008 must be multiplied to get a

perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.

2. 1225 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each row
contains as many plants as the number of rows. Find the number of rows and
the number of plants in each row.

3. The students of a class arranged a picnic. Each student contributed as

many rupees as the number of students in the class. If the total contribution
is Rs 1156, find the strength of the class.

4. Find the smallest number by which 768 must be multiplied to get the
perfect square number.

5. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 8105 to make it a
perfect square.

6. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 7060 to obtain a
perfect square.

7. Find the least number which must be added to 306455 to obtain a perfect
square.

8. Find the least number which must be added to 8400 to obtain a perfect
square. Find this perfect square and its square root.

9. Find the least number of four digits (4 digits) which is a perfect square.
Also find the square root of the number so obtained.

10. Find the greatest number of five digits (5 digits) which is a perfect
square. Also find the square root of the number so obtained.

Answers

1. 7, 84 7. 461

2. 35, 35 8. 64, 8464, 92

3. 34 9. 1024, 32

4. 3 10. 99856, 316

5. 5

6. 4
WORKSHEET 3
ANSWERS :