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 Claire Le Goues
Shin Yoo (Eds.)
LNCS 8636

Search-Based
Software Engineering
6th International Symposium, SSBSE 2014
Fortaleza, Brazil, August 26–29, 2014
Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8636
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Claire Le Goues Shin Yoo (Eds.)

Search-Based
Software Engineering
6th International Symposium, SSBSE 2014
Fortaleza, Brazil, August 26-29, 2014
Proceedings

13
Volume Editors
Claire Le Goues
Carnegie Mellon University
School of Computer Science
Institute for Software Research
5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
E-mail: [email protected]

Shin Yoo
University College London
Department of Computer Science
Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

ISBN 978-3-319-09939-2 e-ISBN 978-3-319-09940-8
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09940-8
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945224

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 2 – Programming and Software Engineering

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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 Preface

Message from the SSBSE 2014 General Chair

SBSE is growing up! In its sixth edition, the conference left home and expanded
its reach in a process of becoming a truly global forum. Brazil was proudly chosen
to kick off this process, mainly in recognition of its strong and still growing
SBSE community. Besides innovating in its location, SSBSE 2014 implemented
a series of novelties. First, it stood alone once again. As a test of maturity, this
decision sheds light on how independent and solid the SBSE field has become.
Second, it brought an all-inclusive experience, allowing for a much higher level
of integration among participants, in turn strengthening the community and
helping create a much more cooperative environment. Finally, it implemented a
double-blind submission and review process for the first time, providing as fair
and objective an evaluation of the submitted papers as possible.
Obviously, this historical event would not have been possible without the
help of many people, who I would like to recognize and thank. First of all, I
would like to thank our program chairs, Shin Yoo (University College London,
UK) and Claire Le Goues (Carnegie Mellon University, USA). They led the
review process with great competence and dedication and put together a very
rich and high-quality scientific program. I extend this recognition to all members
of our Program Committee, for the dedicated work in the review and selection of
our papers. Next, I thank our Graduate Student Track chair, Nadia Alshahwan
(University College London, UK), and our SBSE Challenge Track chair (Márcio
de Oliveira Barros, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), for
their hard work on organizing those two special tracks. I would also like to give
special thanks to my friend Allysson Araújo (State University of Ceará, Brazil),
our Web chair, for accepting the important challenge of creating and maintaining
our website and operating this task with perfection. Also, I thank our publicity
chair, Sina Shamshiri (University of Sheffield, UK), for the important job of
keeping everybody informed about our event. Finally, I also thank the SSBSE
Steering Committee, chaired by Mark Harman (University College London, UK),
for their vote of confidence in giving us the privilege of organizing SSBSE 2014.
I must also mention and thank our long list of sponsors, who believed in our
proposal and provided confidence in me and in the field of SBSE. Without their
support, SSBSE 2014 would not have been nearly so special.
I hope you enjoy reading these proceedings as much as I enjoyed organizing
the event.

August 2014 Jerffeson Teixeira de Souza

VI Preface

Message from the SSBSE 2014 Program Chairs

On behalf of the SSBSE 2014 Program Committee, we are pleased to present
the proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Search-Based Software
Engineering. This year brought SSBSE to South America for the first time, in the
oceanside paradise of Fortaleza, Brazil! SSBSE 2014 continued to bring together
the international community of SSBSE researchers to exchange and discuss ideas
and celebrate the latest progress in this rapidly advancing field.
We are delighted to report that we had a record-breaking 51 submissions to
our four tracks: 32 Full Research Track submissions, eight Graduate Student
Track submissions, three Fast Abstract submissions, and eight SBSE Challenge
Track submissions. Submissions came from 19 different countries: Argentina,
Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, India,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzer-
land, Tunisia, the UK, and the USA. After each submission was reviewed by at
least three members of the Program Committee, we accepted 14 Full Research
Track papers, one Fast Abstract track paper, three Graduate Student Track
papers, and four SBSE Challenge Track papers.
We would like to thank the members of the SSBSE 2014 Program Commit-
tee. Without their continued support, we would not have been able to further
improve the quality of the submissions and maintain the symposium’s tradi-
tion of a high-quality technical program. The general chair, Jerffeson Teixeira
de Souza, deserves a special mention for leading an excellent team, especially
locally, to make the conference an unforgettable experience for everyone. In ad-
dition, Márcio Barros worked hard to manage the fast-growing SBSE Challenge
Track, while Nadia Alshahwan oversaw the process of handling the Graduate
Student Track. The technical program would not have been the same without
their effort, for which we especially want to thank them.
As an experiment, this year we implemented a double-blind review procedure
for the main research track of the SSBSE program. Our intention was to enable
as fair a review process as possible, and recent evidence suggests that removing
information like institutional affiliation, country of origin, and author name from
submissions under review can contribute to this goal. We want to thank both
the Program Committee and our submitting authors for their patience with a
new and largely unfamiliar system, and for allowing us to experiment with our
review procedure. We encourage those who participated to continue sharing their
perspectives on this and other issues related to review and feedback quality.
Peer review remains a collaborative and work-in-progress system, and we are
interested in the community’s experience to help inform future decisions for
both this conference and others like it.
The symposium has an excellent tradition of hearing and learning from world
experts in both software engineering and meta-heuristic optimization, and we are
glad to report that this year was not an exception. We had the honor of having a
keynote from Prof. Mauro Pezzè, whose research on software redundancy bears
a strong connection to SBSE. Furthermore, we also had a keynote from Dr.
Marc Schoenauer, who brought us up to date with progress in adaptive learning
 Preface VII

research. Finally, the Brazilian SBSE community warmly and enthusiastically

invited Prof. Mark Harman to present a review of the field.
We would like to thank all the authors who submitted papers to SSBSE
2014, regardless of the outcome, and everyone who attended the symposium.
We hope that, with these proceedings, anyone who did not have a chance to be
at Fortaleza will have the opportunity to experience the exuberance of the SBSE
community.

August 2014 Claire Le Goues

Shin Yoo
 Conference Organization

General Chair
Jerffeson Teixeira de Souza Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil

Program Chairs
Claire Le Goues Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Shin Yoo University College London, UK

Graduate Students Track Chair

Nadia Alshahwan University College London, UK

SBSE Challenge Track Chair

Márcio de Oliveira Barros Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil

Organizing Committee
Sina Shamshiri University of Sheffield, UK
Allysson Allex de Paula Araújo Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil

Program Committee
Enrique Alba University of Málaga, Spain
Shaukat Ali Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
Giuliano Antoniol Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
Andrea Arcuri Schlumberger & Simula Research Laboratory,
Norway
Leonardo Bottaci University of Hull, UK
Betty Cheng Michigan State University, USA
Francisco Chicano University of Málaga, Spain
Myra Cohen University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Massimiliano Di Penta University of Sannio, Italy
Arilo Claudio Dias-Neto Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil
X Conference Organization

Robert Feldt Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden

Gordon Fraser University of Sheffield, UK
Mathew Hall University of Sheffield, UK
Mark Harman University College London, UK
Colin Johnson University of Kent, UK
Gregory Kapfhammer Allegheny College, USA
Marouane Kessentini University of Michigan, USA
Dongsun Kim University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Yvan Labiche Carleton University, Canada
Raluca Lefticaru University of Bucharest, Romania
Zheng Li Beijing University of Chemical Technology,
China
Spiros Mancoridis Drexel University, USA
Auri Marcelo Rizzo Vincenzi Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
Tim Menzies North Carolina State University, USA
Fitsum Meshesha Kifetew Fondazione Bruno Kessler - IRST, Italy
Leandro Minku University of Birmingham, UK
Martin Monperrus University of Lille, France
Mel Ó Cinnéide University College Dublin, Ireland
Justyna Petke University College London, UK
Pasqualina Potena University of Alcalá, Spain
Simon Poulding University of York, UK
Xiao Qu ABB Corporate Research, USA
Marc Roper University of Strathclyde, UK
Federica Sarro University College London, UK
Chris Simon University of the West of England, UK
Lee Spector Hampshire College, USA
Angelo Susi Fondazione Bruno Kessler - IRST, Italy
Jerry Swan University of Stirling, UK
Paolo Tonella Fondazione Bruno Kessler - IRST, Italy
Silvia Vergilio Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
Tanja E.J. Vos Universidad Politècnica de València, Spain
David White University of Glasgow, UK
Xin Yao University of Birmingham, UK

External Reviewers
Kenyo Faria Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
Eduardo Freitas Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
Damiano Torre Carleton University, Canada
Shuai Wang Simula Research Laboratory, Norway
Zhihong Xu University of Nebraska Lincoln, USA
 Conference Organization XI

Steering Committee
Mark Harman (Chair) University College London, UK
Andrea Arcuri Schlumberger & Simula Research Laboratory,
Norway
Massimiliano Di Penta University of Sannio, Italy
Gordon Fraser University of Sheffield, UK
Mel Ó Cinnéide University College Dublin, Ireland
Jerffeson Teixeira de Souza Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
Joachim Wegener Berner and Mattner, Germany
David White University of Glasgow, UK
Yuanyuan Zhang University College London, UK
XII Conference Organization

Sponsors
Keynote Addresses
 Intrinsic Software Redundancy:
Applications and Challenges
(Extended Abstract)

Mauro Pezzè

University of Lugano, Switzerland and University of Milano Bicocca, Italy

[email protected]

Abstract. Search-based software engineering has many important ap-

plications. Here, we identify a novel use of search-based techniques to
identify redundant components. Modern software systems are intrinsi-
cally redundant, and such redundancy finds many applications. In this
paper we introduce the concept of intrinsic redundancy, and we present
some important applications to develop self-healing systems and auto-
matically generate semantically relevant oracles. We then illustrate how
search-based software engineering can be used to automatically identify
redundant methods in software systems, thus paving the road to an ef-
ficient exploitation of intrinsic redundancy, and opening new research
frontiers for search-based software engineering.

Reliability is becoming a necessity for many software systems and redundancy

is its cornerstone. Well defined processes, efficient design approaches, careful
coding and pervasive testing and analysis can build excellent software products,
but cannot completely eliminate failures in the field, and the software products
may not meet a sufficient reliability level.
The classic way of improving the reliability of systems of different kinds ex-
ploits some form of redundancy. RAID disks (Redundant Array of Independent
Disks) are a successful example of the use of redundancy for improving hard-
ware reliability [1], the HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) is a popular
example of the use of redundancy for improving data reliability [2], N-version
programming is a classic approach that exploits redundancy for improving soft-
ware reliability [3].
In these different approaches, redundancy is deliberately added to the system
to improve reliability, and comes with additional costs that depend on the goals.
In hardware systems, redundancy aims to reduce the impact of production de-
fects, and is added at the production level, thus impacts mostly on production
costs. In database systems, redundancy is added at the server level and impacts
mostly on infrastructure costs. N-version programming targets design errors and
is added at the design level, where the impact on costs is relevant.
We point to a different kind of software redundancy that is intrinsically
present in software systems, and is thus available without additional design or
production costs. Our empirical investigation indicates that such form of re-
dundancy is widely spread in modern software systems and is a consequence
XVI M. Pezzè

of good design practice. Our work shows that this form of redundancy can be
automatically synthetized by means of search-based techniques [4], and can be
successfully exploited in many ways, including the automatic generation of self-
healing mechanisms [5] and of semantic oracles [6].
Redundancy is present at many abstraction levels, here we discuss it refer-
ring to redundancy at method call level. We say that two methods are redundant
when their execution is both different and produces equivalent results. Results
are equivalent when both the output and the final state are indistinguishable
from an external observer viewpoint, as formalised with the concept of obser-
vational equivalence [7]. Executions are different when they involve different
statements or the same statements but in different order.
Redundancy is intrinsically present in software systems due to modern design
practice. Design for reusability often leads to the same functionality implemented
in different methods to improve compatibility with different uses, as it happened
in containers that provide different methods to add one or more elements to the
container. Performance optimisation frequently results in different methods im-
plementing the same functionality, albeit with different, optimised code, like the
trove4J library that duplicates many of the functionalities offered by the stan-
dard Java containers. Backward compatibility is obtained by keeping the old
versions of the reimplemented functionalities thus offering redundant methods.
Redundancy is massively present in modern software systems: Our manual in-
spection of several popular libraries including Apache Ant, Google Guava, Joda
Time, Eclipse SWT, graphstream and Lucene identified over 4,700 redundant
methods, with an average of 5 redundant methods per class.
Intrinsic redundancy can be exploited to build self-healing mechanisms. Once
identified a set of redundant methods, we can automatically deploy a mechanism
that substitutes a failing method with a redundant one to avoid the failure. We
call such approach automatic workaround. The design of automatic workarounds
requires a mechanism to reveal failures, we rely on assertions embedded in the
code, a method to roll back to a correct state, we rely on an optimised rollback
mechanism, and a method to execute a redundant method, we rely on a source
to source code transformation [8, 5].
Another interesting application of intrinsic redundancy is the automatic syn-
thesis of semantically relevant test oracles. The increasing availability of au-
tomated test cases exacerbates the need of automated oracles, and the cost
pressure of software development calls for automatically generated oracles. Or-
acles that can be easily generated automatically, such as implicit oracles, can
only reveal simple failures, like unhandled exceptions, while oracles derived from
formal specifications can reveal failures that depend on the program semantics,
but require formal specifications that are expensive to produce. We exploit the
intrinsic redundancy of software systems to automatically generate test oracles
that can reveal failures related to the program semantics by cloning the program
state before executing a method call, executing the original call on the original
state and the corresponding redundant call on the cloned state, and comparing
the results. In this way we can reveal discrepancies between the executions of
 Intrinsic Software Redundancy: Applications and Challenges XVII

methods that should produce equivalent results and reveal failures related to the
program semantics. We call such oracles cross-checking oracles [6].
The automatic synthesis of both self-healing mechanisms and automated or-
acles requires a set of redundant program elements as input. We can automati-
cally synthetize redundant methods without expensive formal specifications by
exploiting search-based techniques. We use a genetic algorithm for synthetizing
a method call equivalent to a given method for an initial scenario (usually one
or few test cases). We then look for a counterexample that, if found, gives us
a new scenario to search for a redundant method, and, if not found, confirms
the redundancy of the original and the identified method. We can automatically
synthetize a large amount of redundant methods by applying the approach to
all methods in the target software system.

Acknowledgement. We would like to acknowledge the Swiss National

Foundation (SNF) for supporting this work through the projects Perseos (SNF
200021 116287), Wash (SNF 200020 124918) and Shade (SNF 200021 138006),
and the many people who contributed to the work, Antonio Carzaniga, Alberto
Goffi, Alessandra Gorla, Andrea Mattavelli, Nicolò Perino and Paolo Tonella.

References
1. Patterson, D., Gibson, G., Katz, R.: A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive
disks (RAID). SIGMOD Record 17(3), 109–116 (1988)
2. Shvachko, K., Kuang, H., Radia, S., Chansler, R.: The hadoop distributed file sys-
tem. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 26th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and
Technologies (MSST), pp. 1–10. IEEE Computer Society (2010)
3. Avizienis, A.: The N-version approach to fault-tolerant software. IEEE Transactions
on Software Engineering 11(12), 1491–1501 (1985)
4. Goffi, A., Gorla, A., Mattavelli, A., Pezzè, M., Tonella, P.: Search-based synthesis of
equivalent method sequences. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Sigsoft Conference
on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ACM FSE). ACM (2014)
5. Carzaniga, A., Gorla, A., Mattavelli, A., Perino, N., Pezzè, M.: Automatic recov-
ery from runtime failures. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on
Software Engineering (ICSE), pp. 782–791. IEEE Press (2013)
6. Carzaniga, A., Goffi, A., Gorla, A., Mattavelli, A., Pezzè, M.: Cross-checking ora-
cles from intrinsic software redundancy. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International
Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). IEEE Press (2014)
7. Hennessy, M., Milner, R.: On observing nondeterminism and concurrency. In: de
Bakker, J., van Leeuwen, J. (eds.) ICALP 1980. LNCS, vol. 85, pp. 299–309.
Springer, Heidelberg (1980)
8. Carzaniga, A., Gorla, A., Perino, N., Pezzè, M.: Automatic workarounds for web ap-
plications. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Sigsoft Conference on the Foundations
of Software Engineering (ACM FSE), pp. 237–246. ACM (2010)
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