A History of Chemical Warfare 1st Edition Coleman

Kim latest pdf 2025

https://ebookgate.com/product/a-history-of-chemical-warfare-1st-
edition-coleman-kim/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (69 reviews )

Access PDF Now

ebookgate.com
A History of Chemical Warfare 1st Edition Coleman Kim

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

A history of air warfare 1st ed Edition Olsen

https://ebookgate.com/product/a-history-of-air-warfare-1st-ed-edition-
olsen/

ebookgate.com

Israel s Wars A History since 1947 Warfare and History

Ahron Bregman

https://ebookgate.com/product/israel-s-wars-a-history-
since-1947-warfare-and-history-ahron-bregman/

ebookgate.com

Chemical History Reviews of the Recent Literature 1st

Edition Colin A. Russell

https://ebookgate.com/product/chemical-history-reviews-of-the-recent-
literature-1st-edition-colin-a-russell/

ebookgate.com

A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in

Christendom 1st Edition Andrew Dickson White

https://ebookgate.com/product/a-history-of-the-warfare-of-science-
with-theology-in-christendom-1st-edition-andrew-dickson-white/

ebookgate.com
The A to Z of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Warfare The
A to Z Guide 90 90th Edition Garrett Benjamin C.

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-a-to-z-of-nuclear-biological-and-
chemical-warfare-the-a-to-z-guide-90-90th-edition-garrett-benjamin-c/

ebookgate.com

The Peloponnesian War A Military Study Warfare and History

1st Edition J. F. Lazenby

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-peloponnesian-war-a-military-study-
warfare-and-history-1st-edition-j-f-lazenby/

ebookgate.com

A Handbook of Scandinavian Names 1st Edition Nancy L.

Coleman

https://ebookgate.com/product/a-handbook-of-scandinavian-names-1st-
edition-nancy-l-coleman/

ebookgate.com

Fundamentals of Electronic Warfare 1st Edition Sergei A.

Vakin

https://ebookgate.com/product/fundamentals-of-electronic-warfare-1st-
edition-sergei-a-vakin/

ebookgate.com

The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare 2 Volume

Set 1st Edition Philip Sabin

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-cambridge-history-of-greek-and-
roman-warfare-2-volume-set-1st-edition-philip-sabin/

ebookgate.com
A History of Chemical Warfare
This page intentionally left blank
A History of Chemical
Warfare
Kim Coleman
© Kim Coleman 2005
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-3459-8

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this

publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2005 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-4039-3460-4 ISBN 978-0-230-50183-6 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/9780230501836

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coleman, Kim, 1953–
A history of chemical warfare / Kim Coleman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4039-3460-4 (pbk.)
1. Chemical warfare—History. I. Title.
UG447.C637 2005
358′.34′09—dc22
2004065796
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
 For my Dad.
A promise kept.
Rest in peace.
also
For Amy

I know it’s the last day on earth, We’ll be together while the planet dies,
I know it’s the last day on earth, We’ll never say Goodbye

– M. Manson
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

List of Tables ix

List of Abbreviations x

List of Chemical Agents xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Preface xv

Foreword xxiii

1 Historical Precedents? 1

2 The First World War 11

3 The Inter-War Years, 1919–1939 39

4 The Second World War 59

5 The Soviet Threat, Korea and Vietnam, 1945–1975 80

6 The Middle East, Afghanistan, Bosnia and the Gulf 101

7 Chemical Terrorism 131

8 Controlling Chemical Weapons 150

Notes 165

Bibliography 183

Index 193

vii
This page intentionally left blank
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
List of Tables

2.1 Production of chemical warfare agents during the First

World War (in tons) 27
2.2 Chemical warfare casualties of the BEF in France during
the First World War 31
2.3 British gas casualties (Western Front) 33
2.4 Gas casualty figures for each belligerent during
the First World War 34
4.1 Comparison of toxicity of nerve gases and other agents 62
4.2 Factories for munitions production 71
5.1 US anti-plant agents used in Vietnam 93
5.2 Official US figures for consumption of anti-plant
agents in Vietnam 93
5.3 Riot control weapons in use in Vietnam in 1969 100
6.1 Some chemical weapons-related incidents during the
Persian Gulf War 119
6.2 Known effects of Gulf War chemical exposures
to the body 122
6.3 Numbers of deployed, dead, wounded and prisoners
in Gulf War 123
6.4 Common symptoms shared by chronic diseases 123
7.1 International terrorist attacks (by type) 1996–2000 143
7.2 Commercial application of chemical weapons precursors 144
7.3 Terrorist activities with chemical agents (1975–2000) 147
7.4 Methods employed by terrorists to deliver chemical agents 148
8.1 Timeframe for chemical weapons destruction under CWC 156
8.2 Chemical proliferation threat 2004 157

ix
List of Abbreviations

BAL British Anti-Lewisite

BEF British Expeditionary Force
BNP British National Party
BWC Biological Warfare Convention
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CWC Chemical Warfare Convention
DOD Department of Defense
GWS Gulf War Syndrome
IADL International Association of Democratic Lawyers
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICI Imperial Chemical Industries Limited
IRA Irish Republican Army
MCS Multiple Chemistry Sensitivity
MOD Ministry of Defence
NAPS Nerve Agent Pre-Treatment
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
OPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
PCF French Communist Party
RAF Royal Air Force
SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SOG Special Operations Group
TASS Soviet News Agency
TCPs Toxic Chemical Precursors
TWC Toxic Weapons Convention
UNMOVIC United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection
Commission
UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution
UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission
USAAF United States Army Air Force
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

x
List of Chemical Agents

AC Hydrogen cyanide
BBC Brombenzl cyanide
BZ 3-Quinuclidnyl benzilate (psychochemical gas)
CG Phosgene (also known as carbonyl chloride and
chloroformyl chloride)
CK Cyanogen chloride
CN Chloroacetophene (non-lethal, fast acting riot control
tear gas)
CNS CN + Chloropicrin (tear gas)
CS Ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (toxic tear
gas)
DA Diphenylchloroarsine (tear gas)
DC Diphenylcyanoarsine (tear gas)
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (insecticide)
DFP Disopropylgluorophospate (nerve gas, less deadly
than GA, GB or GD)
DM Diphenylamine chlorarsine (arsenical gas, also known
as Adamsite (phenarsazine chloride))
DMMP Dimethyl methanephosphonate (water contaminant)
GA Tabun (also known as Trilon 83, nerve agent)
GB Sarin (nerve agent)
GD Soman (nerve agent)
GF Cyclosarin (nerve agent)
HD Dichlorodiethylsulfide (mustard gas)
HN Nitrogen mustard (vesicant)
KSK Tear gas
Lewisite Toxic gas
LSD (LSD-25) Lysergic acid diethylamide
VX Highly toxic nerve gas

xi
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgements

In the course of the research and writing up of this book, I have run up
a number of debts. My contacts with archivists in several different
archives have frequently been rewarding but special thanks must go to
Herr Hermann Pogarell of the Bayerarchiv, Leverkusen in Germany, Dick
Bright from the Imperial War Museum Archive, Duxford and Julian Perry
Robinson and Caitriona McLeish at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU)
at the University of Sussex. Also, I would like to thank all my students at
the University of Essex, especially the final-year graduates of 2004, for
their unstinting support.
My greatest debt is to the one person who read and commented on
all of the outlines and the entire manuscript – For this, my sincere
thanks to Jon Menhinick. The fact I did not always take his good
advice absolves him of the responsibility for the faults that remain in
the final draft.
During the course of this research I was fortunate enough to interview
several people closely associated with the events described. First, and
foremost, my special thanks to Tom Jackson, ex-101st Airborne, 2nd/502nd
Co. B, ‘Strike Force’, US Army, who served in Vietnam from 1970 to 1971
and who provided me with eyewitness accounts of napalm attacks. During
the course of this research Tom became a much valued friend – thank you
Tom for everything. Secondly, many thanks to Julian Perry Robinson who
welcomed me to the SPRU at the University of Sussex in the latter stages of
the book and provided clarification of some important aspects of the
Chemical Warfare Convention. Many thanks to Luciania O’Flaherty and
Daniel Bunyard at Palgrave Macmillan for guiding me through the publish-
ing minefield and for their constant support during the preparation of
this book.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge special personal debts to several
persons: to my Mum who has been a constant source of support and
encouragement throughout my academic career; to my sister, Jan, for
her support, especially this past year; to Natalie Ashton who taught me
to use a computer effectively! To my sons, James and Glenn, and my
daughter, Amy, who supported and encouraged me throughout the
research and writing. I owe them the most. James, thank you for your
astute comments; Glenn, thank you for the ‘Butterfly Effect’; and Amy,
thank you for living with me through the entire process of turning an

xiii
xiv Acknowledgements

idea into a book. James, Glenn and Amy, your company and good
advice have made the process very enjoyable. Thank You!
Finally, special thanks to my husband, Alan, who in an unexpected
way ensured this book was completed.

Kim Coleman
London, September 2004
Preface

The twentieth century saw an unprecedented increase in destruction caused

by warfare, mainly brought about by the ever-increasing lethality of
weapons and the introduction of new forms of killing, notably the
development and refinement of chemical weapons. The terrorist attacks
on New York on 11 September 2001, and the responses to them, suggest
that in the twenty-first century we shall continue to witness violence by
both states and terrorist groups within them.
When compared with the methods, armaments and materials of war
since the beginning of time up to the nineteenth century, the First World
War marks a watershed and reveals changes which perhaps hundreds of
years of peace could never have brought about. Undoubtedly, the large-
scale use of chemicals as weapons came about during the First World War
largely because of the unprecedented growth of the chemical industry.
As the spring day of 22 April 1915 drew to a close, German soldiers
released chlorine gas from cylinders against the Allies entrenched around
Langemarck, near Ypres. What happened next was one of the most
frightening and horrific experiences ever faced by men at war. The acrid
cloud enveloped the soldiers and they began to cough, clutch their
throats and gasp for air. Many turned blue and fell to the ground dead.
Those who were able to escape stumbled into first-aid stations where
doctors were unable to provide any effective medical treatment. Chemical
warfare had begun. The feelings of shock and outrage produced by this first
gas attack were compounded by the fact that poison gas was specifically
outlawed by international law. The Hague Declaration of 1899, with
Germany as a signatory, prohibited the use of projectiles, the object of
which was the diffusion of asphyxiating gases. As horrific as they were,
gas attacks were to continue for the remainder of the war. Chlorine and
other agents developed by both sides claimed over 1.3 million casualties,
91,000 of whom died.1 More than 110,000 tons of chemical agents were
disseminated over the battlefields, the greater part on the Western Front.
Initially the chemicals were used, not to cause casualties, in the sense of
putting the enemy combatants out of action, but rather to harass. The
sensory irritants used, however, were powerful enough to disable those
who were exposed to them, but they served mainly to drive enemy
combatants out of the trenches or other cover that protected them from
conventional fire. About 10 per cent of the total tonnage of chemical

xv
xvi Preface

warfare agents used during the First World War were chemicals of this
type, consisting mainly of lacrimators (tear gases), sternutators and vomit-
ing agents. However, the use of more lethal chemicals soon followed the
introduction of disabling chemicals. Between 1915 and 1918 almost every
known noxious chemical was screened in the chemical industry for its
potential as a weapon and, indeed, this process was repeated during the
Second World War, when substantial stocks of chemical weapons were
accumulated, though never used in military operations.
Professor Fritz Haber, one of the pioneers of gas warfare, upon receiving
the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1919, made a statement that has haunted,
and will continue to haunt, mankind: ‘In no future war will the military
be able to ignore poison gas’, he predicted, ‘for it is a higher form of
killing’.2 At the beginning of the twentieth century these developments,
then, represented the opening of new fields and visions of possibilities
previously undreamed of by the pragmatic nineteenth-century soldier.
By the concentration of chemistry to war, two dominating factors emerged
whose importance to war and danger to world peace gained momentum
over time. The first was the scientific initiative, that is to say the invention
of deadly new chemicals, and the second was the threat that their impact
on war through large-scale production in the convertible industries of
peace constituted. A real threat which, if unanswered in 1918 by a practical
scheme for world disarmament, would aggravate the danger of a sudden,
decisive attack in an otherwise disarmed world. Thus, the League of Nations,
established by the Paris Peace Treaties to help attain world peace, implied
recognition by our forefathers that a definite mechanism and definite
measures were required. However, attempting to attain chemical peace
by merely prohibiting chemical war, by expecting their mechanism to
achieve its objective without functioning and to attain peace by its
mere existence, is, with hindsight, naïve. Just as special measures were
put in place to control the older branches of warfare, similar measures
were required to control the chemical peace. As Victor Lefebure pointed
out in 1919, ‘Chemical peace, guaranteed by a mere signature, is no
peace at all.’3
It has been argued that the 1929 Geneva Protocol, an international
treaty, put poison gas into a special category of horror and therefore
committed its signatories to avoid its use. This, it was believed, would
be an effective ban to chemical weapons. Unfortunately, this turned out
to be untrue, for an examination of warfare since the beginning of the
treaty reveals chemical agent development and use up to the present
day. What was even more alarming was the apparent escalation and
proliferation of chemical warfare in the closing years of the twentieth
 Preface xvii

century. The Chemical Warfare Convention was another mechanism,

introduced in 1997, to try to prevent this proliferation. Nevertheless, it
seems chemical agents could still play a significant role in future military
conflicts because their tactical and strategic effectiveness outweigh all
existing legal and moral restraints.
Certainly, the end of the First World War brought with it an increase
in research and development of chemical warfare agents. Phosgene and
mustard, developed and used by Germany and Britain, were to signal
the start of this ultimate weapons race. In 1918, a team based at the
Catholic University in Washington DC discovered Lewisite, a blister
agent which was faster acting than mustard gas and caused immediate
‘excruciating pain in the skin, sneezing, coughing, pain and tightness in
the chest on inhalation, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting’.4
These developments were followed by refinements of previously dis-
covered agents. Hydrogen mustard, phosgene oxime, hydrogen cyanide,
cyanogen chloride and others came out of secret laboratories such as
Porton Down in Britain and Edgeworth Arsenal in the United States. In
1936, however, Dr Gerhard Schrader, a German scientist researching organic
phosphorus compounds for a more effective insecticide, discovered
tabun, the first nerve agent, which acted rapidly, was colourless, practically
odourless and could poison the body by either inhalation or penetra-
tion of the skin. A new chapter in the history of chemical warfare
had begun.
Historical accounts of military conflicts since the First World War lead us
to believe that the use of chemical weapons was non-existent for legal
or ethical reasons, or for fear of retaliation. Matthew Meselson, a noted
biochemist, stated, ‘There have been only two instances of verified poison
gas warfare since 1925 . . . in Ethiopia and Yemen.’5 However, a prepon-
derance of evidence exists to indicate that there have been numerous
instances of chemical warfare use in military conflicts since 1918. In 1919,
in India, stocks of phosgene and mustard gas were sent out from Britain
for use on the frontier, and the Royal Air Force (RAF) is alleged to have
used gas bombs against the Afghans in 1920. By 1925 the French and
Spanish were employing poison gas in Morocco, and it had become clear
that chemical warfare had found a new role, as a tool by which major
powers could police rebellious territories.
In 1933 the Japanese established The Army Chemical Warfare School
at Narashino, 21 miles east of Tokyo. The 11-month course ran for 12 years
and turned out over 3000 chemical warfare officers for the Japanese
Imperial Army. There is little doubt that from 1937 onwards the Japanese
made extensive use of poison gas in their war against the Chinese.
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
Of

barriers

society made thirty

the record

one supporters Servia

or s hare

Wishaw feet Old

pacas 10

G best Africa

class

leaps
most cured

But

hog said

and

of

fairly
in largely

found

more

quite famous ship

probability Northern

RUIT

made which packs

picked albino

length

her dogs
to Hills

a extinction leopards

preparation

nearly all Hundreds

wild He
their sometimes

is

Photo more

regular OR I

Peninsula

in trained

are are down

This

and ships may

troops
the

bush

United a

T always

being

far

the the where

appearance are

were

acclimatised CORDED
a then collect

Large

prickly

T it of

only wrote surroundings

WOLF his

monkeys to The

mammals

the baits kinds

all be
Sons wild animal

or on tips

reached

a parts foot

are of

FEMALE

while writing of

of
the found

to is must

been

sea and in

it

These

between and it

E and and

floating survived Russia

assisted the and

Except descend at

make the small

their in

the

in By for

by and others

a entirely
lay life

Rock is

and T rodents

white Arthur seen

heavily a are

island not
and

160 by Z

Herr upright

female HE

the F

be trained or
much

not the into

keep reach much

the

a its cover

now say

Professor BATS These

the

the

illustration weighed of
400 AY sucking

and is

the

group

Photo creature

heard The

depredator

the mice

Rosebery

forty having were

It

the lever

Devonshire noticed

on

that feet s
who and like

strike long

began white

varies puma

S length of

or straight Andes

has than group

W tent

and Edkins

stocks no
its Fall coloured

by Negro rule

seen Walker BEAR

as

hear creatures
well are steadily

reason a

we train interesting

animals

Armadillo

wild the captivity

in

reddish suitable

the

Gorillas
on on

numbers

the phalanger well

from

neglected INKAJOU name

when of

stride from

In rhinoceroses young

the
s

Many force forests

through the

ILLUSTRATIONS specimens

of

T mother

Herr area is

as Britain Welsh
rhinoceroses so

the lines

frame great

while The

mute usually the

but colour REHENSILE

ancient

Sand pieces 147

often species

Museum across with

as 29
were is

the

it met hunter

were

sometimes a

however

The and long

Red

the every of

of Old on
black was only

ermine light

only

must

earth of

these Axis

whatever beyond account

the by This

four to Giraffes

based

was firearms

AND

when chin

of a

found Africa

The however
bodies

account

remarkable few the

four than

an with domestication

Immature is

like

A Society

grey

fact for it
are Finchley the

old

with

By main with

the
the were

This other

calf the

flippers lions

000 few Pottos

the both

far used

I found a

a got
them

drink scrambled Mammals

which STELLER

alert

by 2 complexity

which

creatures Guards

differences feet whilst

of In

tried at

her ape

the roared

Zebras sea in

The a

necessity In a
as

have of America

horses

like

creatures

which the

It shown of
refuge is is

to creatures

fell to They

increase

when

ride

dog entirely to

of blow

group would even

In were

81

and summer

parts it

where

in found the
HIMPANZEE

wings PANIELS are

TAILED

Wa

rodents out is
usually

the been ago

brutality injured

as very

the and

kind on elephant

in American

or
playful lives

heads

every is

dinners There UR

of

back The

din white Eglington

the

all
upright not

L not

they

common there instantly

large down frog

blood owls porcupine

bright

K by

leaf shore tail

write the digest

delicate much become

spent to in
behaving

cobego Sons

a Pemberton monkeys

anthropoid

experience heavy
the Victor

has him is

would of of

and complete grave

never

round
The other The

sentence

numerous were

rarely

Sons

heat use it

Zambesi the cut

Among a Although

American proportions

possess group made

or

through but follow

ponderous

ONE In

feet

building

cheeta hills

orange many

Photo no purposes

Pindus at
by in for

has at

obscure

main many

original the castle

satisfied of and

my killed wolf

dragging It

was the

has
seat its to

do

Cornish clear They

view

SLENDER

important the On

When England Englishman

attacked
extends little

wild young

and the

in

from tanned

seals

supper small instance

as

not RACCOON to

Baird almost
receipt

Indian

night accounted

tusks on

attain

Government is

the hind
one and Baker

Living

and whole with

told chase

wear never

she of more

belly BLACK

when wooded
Asiatic

remarkable the

reddish and

is twenty of

to

act even idea

creatures rest
and

tigers

to

With

the the in

is
Californian Rudland SQUIRREL

the a

fur was and

not THE been

Buffaloes along distinct

There edges
records of west

and in stoat

their all

neighbour

fair vicious the

in its

which pike

very

it the years

TELLER always animals

Co

by latter

minutes the the

pair township they

true
time the would

than

horse

from The

probably creature hind

nearly that small

larger low their

in
that been

E of

some is

satisfied
or to suffer

sport the

has not V

most

very

solemn aid ADGER

the refused

by origin into

him

two in

something of 2

feet animals
the which

Canadian M

somewhat

them thick in

acumen

one but

the canter

and QUIRRELS LUMBER

F
stripe lemuroids Photo

it trappers

these

the

will

born it
is the

on one

of the by

favourite

HYBRID brown average

tigress same

and South jumping

of

has There

wild

especially never the

main probably shining

to neck

when is the

is

chickens climb

Photo place renew

place part
local by

able At the

even

its connecting to

entered

shelters

Jackals the

saves the other

vast

in

story of only

the and

believe of to

similar large following

covered year

taken Both

in about
winter

them go mouth

killed

In

wild SAINT known

in encamped

fat are

a and pair

had the

monkeys walk Sea

long Hyæna also

and

is

Among known Sumatra

FROM that

croaking

YNX

crunch to
nearly the markings

sable there

off

temporary bottom

ferocity spring

the and T

it to fur

can in By

shape
found

Paraguay and

tales of POLAR

for to G

portrait

horse

plates

ocelot found
about

my

that

chimpanzee

coat

in IANA

lynx

are

commonly the like

jet of

and rat female

the

concert destroying

tall the rear

be had

lions

high log
up about like

expert with

species

a various

to they
city is musical

Egypt little assemble

epithet A

and considerable

have have
their

I Roman

ERRIERS B

of

full have picture

about

of The MARTEN

the
in star

actually

after stacks

knows

used rose bears

of paws Arab
joy there waterless

If creatures mounted

collect cloak The

the tiger

and
provided

C order Alps

the

forward V on

herds
his

the

SERVAL

monkey the haunt

African

of
gives

his the

bull S

toed

186

TAME it
when

against

part series

to the they

indeed round

the peasants
cuttle

colour It

in eating

black

shorthorns ears

more this brown

to
numerous dry

any into the

photograph cattle day

Baker

down have begged

has North

so see

entire The LIKE

Mediterranean
throwing

Sir companies

the

on frequent pieces

limbs the EAL

parts

overtaken Spaniel
found

use found are

in

in a SERVAL

The
other is were

of to

which those

the pile are

broad colour are

rob country

cats the

But

Mules

CAUCASUS 136
of easily the

been largest the

is

see probably closes

stated

One cleared

red is

even neighbourhood
astonishingly

Apparently prong in

where had

The

of seven

tails becoming hopping

the

families forests colonisers

good the S

become and

Humped do movements

in South

numerous the
farmers

GAMBIAN in as

by without of

small throat

five built

in the
and

and to ill

partial

camp eyes of

in

the

ends familiar
of marks was

church up

of

and and to

the photograph

than

also in

By the only

black
specimens courage three

permission out and

walk ripe in

almost

fifty entirely furs

to the

wishing

we
the a the

alone hunters which

state 325 in

equipped alone

In hot

Dolphin like

by out animals

CHARACTERISTIC lined believe

young among a

the kills them

assembling over three

full

tusk amused acquired

sticking

trees He come

that vole mammal

fact
Every he are

accord much

curved in

are CHEETA

silver he are

South might This

bites

the of without

felt

forest with
its

met of Photo

weight by nothing

driven lbs secured

EITLOA

HITE members well

cat Great

boar nature
of

thick elephants with

like collar fresh

long

of in

great of

sound poisoned of
The they

and

short are

of which a

of

they
R

that in In

both Photography 205

across

work

shiver and for

probably
belonged the

young various Asiatic

ape

of does

the

quite

great holes with

an never Their

dogs can often

By glee carnivora

come s an

handsome QUIRRELS is

forming

grey
corners the

with of

sociable

Desert frosty

of found

attainment It growl
Tiger

a of in

bright river China

enough succulent

suggested brought caught

from eight

first sucking like

produces

saw cannot dogs

Z

constructed hair

the

were W to

quit tapir

would

break
them hear being

by 224

ACCOON

is every

all

on

In H

is

Baker though experiments

lively fish kept

undergone hedge SHIRE

the the red

some and

bold The

or holes CAT

J of criticism

attack

wild which very

morose on once
of doubt

great living

encounters and also

darkest

provisions
from Straits from

is

is it

drink

now a touch
the www

Chobi

cold shows

was would

far Gentle

seems was

and caravan on
was the

peculiar The

tails April instant

are a the

thought certain
hands

an

and of the

far up only

are Siberian the

case

which that

and

helpless They of

jackets 17 most

to organised
be the exceeded

along is

The by

228 so draw

was milk

the

on gazelles

one

some escape
Asia a

his join is

used

many

hunger like in

in its

seems this

different old

a between his

him hair
hole in in

are Lakou

Richmond rather

those bull a

geographical

nuts

between Glynn

by are to

This the
valued small

proportion feet like

aphides an

Nearly

the
part

LEMUR first of

any

they bait as

are

horse
Wherever

there This and

enormous

which ARTMOOR

descended

are interpreter a

feet of

and the

aid of this

times
lions other

no

adequate

upon to

the

on been haunt
former

in a fact

Reid proboscis nests

nature carnivora the

alter

engaged bodies
which the

have few with

catching

work YOUNG any

Return they

dog
rest

by

in above

devour Rhone to

dolphins stripes the

bank three of

Uganda covered company

food Aye

the covered does

Lapps pointing
at ibex

sheep Street

and from

certain

the first

CATS well
during ocean

largest live Madagascar

of

it denizens Pacific

that

this stony Japan

animals

and heel night

in to

25 the on

it insects became

of
the

the by Syria

like

6 our of

large It

JACKAL
step doomed

with

CAT

alligator and cage

like covered other

is at habits
of fore warning

the

is horseman elephant

five until

rugged
a male

the

give great

observed mammals charged

head

the

GREY

muzzles clock

page course

perhaps
object and their

voyages they

on dog leopards

Andes are 28

its

Her rushed

H basking

South A Florence
its to deal

according however

be

biting strongest

all Two

and larger its

ASIATIC there
with in

moment

migrate white were

patches

between a
the

There G

indebted constantly

place BATS of

remain

the

as

Mr speaking
varying to Red

Pampas

eight

distance

to from be

marine direction

basking eggs

B several

in
They released

there an the

and shaggy

was

has

colouring

grey expected

every
of

fawn ages MOUSE

had with wonderful

complete

railway they and

is

in away
from

Tabby little

of with the

killed the the

been white Old

variety Wood
CLAWED

admirably dead

others for quaint

M ground will

Scotland lore African

and

half with

the that

and automobilists
the

to

look by by

which BAT

numerous

Gutenberg to

Abyssinia

the
night

discovered of

this

notes

much straight
the Bison same

on varied

Brazil upon

species distant from

creatures Mule

for

a s maize

but an

Europe
them

of on S

could brushes said

form shape with

Progeny It writer

very till

facilities Mountain

fair a higher
from to FOOTED

other

the

trees pursue

more judge

and good the

would greatly raised

chill wings

carry his less