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 FRENCH POLITICS, SOCIETY AND CULTURE

THE 2017 FRENCH

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
A Political Reformation?

Jocelyn Evans & Gilles Ivaldi

 French Politics, Society and Culture

Series Editor
Jocelyn Evans
University of Leeds
Leeds, United Kingdom

“This book provides a fascinating analysis of the 2017 French elections. The
extraordinary electoral sequence that led Emmanuel Macron to the Presidency of
the French Republic, with its many singular events, but also its underlying trends,
is set out here with the help of political and empirical analyses based on an ample
set of data. This book is both an academic work, underpinned by concepts and
recent methods in political science, and at the same time a book for a wider,
informed readership. The recent electoral history of France and more generally of
political studies into the transformation of party systems and voters in Europe are
at the very heart of this book.”
—Professor Bruno Cautrès, Sciences Po/Cevipof, Paris, France
This series examines all aspects of French politics, society and culture. In
so doing it focuses on the changing nature of the French system as well as
the established patterns of political, social and cultural life. Contributors
to the series are encouraged to present new and innovative arguments so
that the informed reader can learn and understand more about one of the
most beguiling and compelling of European countries.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14991
 Jocelyn Evans • Gilles Ivaldi

The 2017 French

Presidential Elections
A Political Reformation?
Jocelyn Evans Gilles Ivaldi
University of Leeds University of Nice Sophia Antipolis
Leeds, United Kingdom Nice, France

French Politics, Society and Culture

ISBN 978-3-319-68326-3    ISBN 978-3-319-68327-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68327-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956109

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Paulo Amorim / VWPics / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 To Sandrine
To Jeanne and Andrew
 Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the French Agence

Nationale de la Recherche in funding the large-scale Internet survey used
in Chaps. 7 and 8 as part of the Open Research Area ‘Subnational Context
and Radical Right Support in Europe’ (SCoRE) programme. We would
also like to thank Pete Cape of Survey Sampling International (SSI) for
allowing us to include a series of questions on a French electoral panel
survey, which we used in Chap. 1. Thanks too to the University of Leeds
for the period of study leave granted to work on the book. We are indebted
to Marie-Pierre Evans for her superb compilation of the index. We would
lastly like to thank Ambra Finotello and Imogen Gordon Clark at Palgrave
Macmillan for their help and support throughout the writing of this book.

vii
 Technical Notes

Two primary datasets have been used for analysis in this book. The first, in
Chap. 1, is a quota-sampled Internet survey run by SSI, in the field
between 5 and 12 January, with a total sample size of 1738 respondents.
The second, in Chaps. 7 and 8, is a quota-sampled Internet survey run by
BVA, in the field between 11 May and 25 June 2017, with a total sample
size of 19,454 respondents. Quotas were based on age, gender, level of
education, region and size of town.
All weblinks cited in the book were accessed and valid on 30 August
2017.
All figures in the book were generated in Stata using the ‘plotplain’
scheme from the blindschemes package by Daniel Bischof (2017).

Reference

Bischof, D. (2017). New graphic schemes for Stata: plotplain and plottig.
Stata Journal, 17(3), 748–759.

ix
 Contents

1 Introduction   1

2 The 2017 Presidential Election: Continuity and Change  17

3 The Presidential Primaries and Polarization of

Mainstream Party Politics  45

4 Party Strategy and Cooperation  71

5 Campaign Events and Political Change  97

6 Forecasting and Polling 123

7 Parties and Voters in the Policy Space: The Presidential

First Round 149

8 Challenges to the Blocked Polity: The Macron/Le Pen

Presidential Run-Off 177

9 The 2017 Legislative Elections: Manufacturing a Majority 205

xi
xii Contents

10 Conclusion 231

Appendix 241

Index 247
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 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Presidential candidate contenders and voters’ views of their

link to political renewal (January 2017) 13
Fig. 1.2 Trends in first-round presidential and legislative turnout
(1958–2017) and in trust in political parties (2000–2017) 14
Fig. 2.1 Comparative pre-election presidential popularities (2012–2017) 20
Fig. 2.2 Public opinion trust of the left and the right (2009–2016) 22
Fig. 2.3 Dissatisfaction with democracy in France (2009–2016) 23
Fig. 2.4 Polarization as the total size of the radical vote in presidential
elections (1965–2017) 36
Fig. 2.5 Effective number of candidates in presidential elections
since 1965 38
Fig. 2.6 Voter turnout and fragmentation of candidate supply in French
presidential elections since 1965 40
Fig. 3.1 Post-primary popularity bounce for Fillon (LR) and
Hamon (PS) 58
Fig. 4.1 Emmanuel Macron’s popularity scores (2014–2017) 80
Fig. 5.1 Voter support for France’s membership of the EU,
by presidential vote 101
Fig. 5.2 Voter support for France leaving the EU and leaving the
euro, by presidential vote 103
Fig. 5.3 Trends in presidential voting intentions for François Fillon
(November 2016—April 2017) 108
Fig. 5.4 François Hollande popularity ratings around the time of the
Paris attacks 114
Fig. 6.1 Vote intention polling for the primaires citoyennes
(Left) primaries 132

xiii
xiv List of Figures

Fig. 6.2 Vote intention polling fir the centre/right primaries 133
Fig. 6.3 Vote intention polling for the presidential first round 135
Fig. 6.4 Vote intention polling for the presidential second round 136
Fig. 6.5 Trends in polling accuracy for first-round presidential
election polls  138
Fig. 6.6 Vote intention polling for the legislative first round 140
Fig. 7.1 Candidate competence and capacity to embody change in the
first round of the 2017 presidential election 153
Fig. 7.2 Distribution of left–right positions for Fillon and Le Pen voters 171
Fig. 8.1 Distribution of left–right position for Le Pen and Macron
voters194
Fig. 8.2 Fitted probability of Macron vote by position on EU
dimension195
Fig. 8.3 Mean positions of second-round vote choices for Fillon and
Mélenchon first-round voters on attitudinal items 199
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 2017 Presidential election first- and second-round results 3

Table 2.1 Parameters of the 2012 and 2017 electoral cycles compared 19
Table 2.2 FN national electoral results since 1973 31
Table 2.3 Electoral results of centrist candidates in national elections
(1974–2017)35
Table 2.4 Balance of power between mainstream and radical presidential
candidates by bloc (2002–2017) 39
Table 2.5 A diagnostic summary of the three main challenges to the
French party system since 2002 41
Table 3.1 Presidential candidate selection procedures in 2017 48
Table 3.2 Socio-demographic and political composition of LR primary
electorates62
Table 3.3 Candidate traits and valence attributes in the 2017 socialist
primary64
Table 4.1 Summary of party positions and intersections in 2017 72
Table 6.1 Certainty of vote choice for main candidates in the first round
of presidential election (February and April 2017) 130
Table 7.1 Top voting issues in the first round of the 2017 presidential
election154
Table 7.2 Summary of attitudinal predictors in voting models 165
Table 7.3 Demographic and attitudinal differentiators of presidential
candidate support (in contrast to Emmanuel Macron’s
support)168
Table 7.4 AIC fit scores for different specifications of the full first-round
voting model 172
Table 8.1 Summary of Macron and Le Pen’s ideology, strategy,
organizational strength and party system location in 2017 179

xv
xvi List of Tables

Table 8.2 First- to second-round vote transfers from the main

losing first-round presidential candidates 190
Table 8.3 Binary logit model of second-round presidential vote (2017) 192
Table 8.4 AIC fit scores for different specifications of the full first-
and second-­round voting models 196
Table 9.1 Summary indicators for competitive and confirmatory
legislative elections (1978–2012) 208
Table 9.2 2017 Legislative election first- and second-round results 218
Table 9.3 Average age of legislative candidates by party (2017) 224
Table A1 Results of the EELV primary elections of
October/November 2016 241
Table A2 Results of the Republican primary elections of 20 and
27 November 2016 242
Table A3 Results of the PS primary elections of 22 and 29
January 2017 242
Table A4 Multinomial logit model of first-round presidential vote
(2017)243
Table A5 Multinomial logit model of second-round vote destinations
of Fillon first-round voters 245
Table A6 Multinomial logit model of second-round vote destinations
of Mélenchon first-round voters 246
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The 2017 French presidential election did not follow its expected course.
As the next data point in a study of French electoral history under the
Fifth Republic, its outcome—the election of Emmanuel Macron as its
eighth president since 1959—did not match the dynamics which, until
2012, had predominantly shaped the outcome of presidential elections,
that is, the alternation in power between left and right since the early
1980s. Moreover, the expectation had been, until mid-2016, that the
2017 election would precisely follow the pattern of those dynamics very
closely. Indeed, one could go further and state that the expected outcome
of the election should have been the accession of the candidate from the
Les Républicains (LR), as a straight alternation with the socialist incum-
bent, François Hollande. Even in that regard, however, the eventual LR
candidate was not the individual that most commentators would have
expected: Alain Juppé, not François Fillon, was probably the favoured
moderate right notable expected to occupy the Elysée Palace on 7 May
2017. The evidence of public opinion, both on the presidential race only
a year out and in party primaries, and the purported party system dynamics
shaping French electoral competition, all pointed clearly to the former
prime minister and mayor of Bordeaux comfortably winning the run-off,
against Marine Le Pen, the Front National (FN) candidate.
The presence of Marine Le Pen in the second round was itself not a
standard feature of the Fifth Republic’s bipolar competition traditionally

© The Author(s) 2018 1

J. Evans, G. Ivaldi, The 2017 French Presidential Elections,
French Politics, Society and Culture,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68327-0_1
2 J. EVANS AND G. IVALDI

conditioning presidential dynamics across the left and right blocs.

However, whatever the academic conventions on how left and right blocs
should confront each other in the second round, the FN candidate’s con-
sistent polling ahead of any candidate other than Alain Juppé, and never
below 20 per cent since 2013, illustrated her solid position to move into
the ballottage. Her eventual score of 33.9 per cent in that second round
also confirmed the presence of a majority of French voters as solidly against
Le Pen and her party, from all sections of the political spectrum, as for the
eventual winner. The so-called front républicain—the willingness of left
and right to support each other’s candidates to face down the FN—put
paid to any fears of a radical right-wing head of state rising to power in
France, where other European countries such as Austria or the Netherlands
(premier rather than president) had avoided this outcome.
What is striking about the front républicain phenomenon is that both
the Parti Socialiste (PS) and LR were forced to ask their voters to support
the moderate candidate against Le Pen. For the first time under the Fifth
Republic, neither of the main parties was present in the run-off. For this
book on the presidential elections, then, the primary goal has to be to
explain how this situation occurred and whether this can be interpreted as
a dynamic step in the evolution of the French party and political system,
rather than a one-election aberration.
The results in Table 1.1 make it clear that the landslide that Macron
won in the second round, and which his party, La République en Marche!
(LRM) replicated in the subsequent legislative elections in June, which we
cover in Chap. 9, was not based upon an affective outpouring of electoral
support in the first round, with 24 per cent of the vote. In 2012, Hollande
had won the first round with 28.6 per cent, while Nicolas Sarkozy’s vote
share in 2007 was as high as 31.2 per cent. Indeed, in 2017, Macron
barely did any better than Lionel Jospin in 1995, at a time when the
Socialist Party was in tatters following its 1993 legislative debacle.
No presidential election in France has seen four candidates this equally
placed: in 2017, the average margin between the four top candidates was
as low as 1.5 percentage points compared with 5.8 and 6.9 in 2012 and
2007, respectively, and one has to go back to the 2002 ‘earthquake’ elec-
tion to find such a close first-round race. That Mélenchon’s fourth place
at 19.6 per cent of the vote reflects a ‘too little, too late’ surge in support
for the populist radical left candidate in the latter part of the campaign, or
that Fillon’s third place (20 per cent) and elimination seems appropriate,
given the spectre of the Penelopegate scandal which effectively hobbled
 INTRODUCTION 3

Table 1.1 2017 Presidential election first- and second-round results

Candidate First round Second round

Votes % registered % valid Votes % registered % valid

Emmanuel 8,656,346 18.19 24.01 20,743,128 43.61 66.10

MACRON
Marine LE PEN 7,678,491 16.14 21.30 10,638,475 22.36 33.90
François FILLON 7,212,995 15.16 20.01
Jean-Luc 7,059,951 14.84 19.58
MÉLENCHON
Benoît HAMON 2,291,288 4.82 6.36
Nicolas 1,695,000 3.56 4.70
DUPONT-
AIGNAN
Jean LASSALLE 435,301 0.91 1.21
Philippe 394,505 0.83 1.09
POUTOU
François 332,547 0.70 0.92
ASSELINEAU
Nathalie 232,384 0.49 0.64
ARTHAUD
Registered 47,582,183 47,568,693
Abstention 10,578,455 22.23 12,101,366 25.44
Voted 37,003,728 77.77 35,467,327 74.56
Blank 659,997 1.39 1.78 3,021,499 6.35 8.52
Spoiled 289,337 0.61 0.78 1,064,225 2.24 3.00
Valid 36,054,394 75.77 97.43 31,381,603 65.97 88.48

Source: Ministry of the Interior official results

his campaign, is coincidental—the four shares of the vote to all intents and
purposes reflect four very different, but equally weighted, social and atti-
tudinal groups in French society supporting candidates with very different
policy positions and visions of France in the world.
The other surprising absence from the second round, and shocking
absence from the top four in the first round, is the socialist candidate.
Benoît Hamon’s election in the socialist primary in January 2017 may
have been a surprise to those expecting this preliminary race to be between
the two heavyweights of the opposing governmental and frondeur cou-
rants, former Prime Minister Manuel Valls and former Economics Minister
Arnaud Montebourg, but as the candidate of one of the two duopolistic
parties of government, Hamon’s position could have been expected to be
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 8: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Experimental procedures and results
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 14: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 17: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Practice Problem 21: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 29: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Note: Research findings and conclusions
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Case studies and real-world applications
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Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Note: Important consideration
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Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
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Important: Historical development and evolution
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[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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Example 41: Current trends and future directions
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 42: Research findings and conclusions
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 43: Case studies and real-world applications
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Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Critical analysis and evaluation
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- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 55: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 68: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 69: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 8: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 80: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 81: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 85: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 89: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 10: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 91: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 94: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 11: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 102: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 108: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 12: Literature review and discussion
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 113: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 114: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 118: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Review 13: Research findings and conclusions
Example 120: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 121: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 122: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 128: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 129: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 14: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 132: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 133: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 133: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 15: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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