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This page intentionally left blank
Stauffenberg
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 Stauffenberg
A Family History', 1905–1944

PETER HOFFMANN

Second edition

McGill-Queen's University Press

Montreal & Kingston • London • Ithaca
 McGill-Queen's University Press 2003
ISBN 0-7735-2595-5

Legal deposit second quarter 2003

Bibliothèque nationale du Quebec

First published in German as Claus Scbenk Graf von Stauffenberg

and seine Brüder by Deutsche-Verlags-Anstalat, Stuttgart, 1992.
First published in English as Stauffenberg by Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1995.

English translation © Peter Hoffmann 1995

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper

McGill-Queen's University Press acknowledges the

support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our
publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support
of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing
Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing
activities

National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Hoffmann, Peter
Stauffenberg: a family history, 1905–1944 / Peter Hoffmann. -
2nd ed.

Translation of: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg und seine

Brüder.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7735-2595-5

1. Schenk von Stauffenberg, Klaus Philipp, Graf, 1907–1944.

2. Schenk von Stauffenberg, Klaus Philipp, Graf, 1897–1944 -
family. 3. Anti-Nazi movement — Germany — Biography.
4. Revolutionaries - Germany - Biography. 5. Hitler, Adolf,
1889–1945 – Assassination attempt, 1944 (July 20). I. Title.

DD247.S342H6413 2003 943.086'092 C2003-90I428-2

 CONTENTS

List of illustrations page viii

List of abbreviations x
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Prologue xv
1 Childhood, a World War, and a new beginning 1
2 Secret Germany 30
3 Reichswehr 42
4 Sea change 60
5 In the Third Reich 75
6 Crisis and war 102
7 On the General Staff 130
8 Stauffenberg turns against Hitler 146
9 In the front line 162
10 Conspiracy 181
11 Planning the coup: internal preparations 190
12 Contacts abroad 213
13 Assassination plans 225
14 Launching the insurrection 234
15 Uprising 253
Epilogue 278
Appendices 286

Notes 303
Bibliography 357
Index 413

vii
 ILLUSTRATIONS

1 The Stauffenbergs' mother page 3

2 Lautlingen 4
3 The Stauffenberg brothers, 1908 and 1914 5
4 The Stauffenberg brothers with their mother 1915 8
5 The Stauffenberg brothers, 1913 and 1917 9
6 The Stauffenberg brothers and their parents, 1917 10
7 The Stauffenberg brothers, 1917 12
8 The Stauffenberg brothers with their parents, 1924 23
9 Frank Mehnert at Lautlingen, 1924 28
10 Mika Classen and Berthold Stauffenberg, Scheveningen, ca. 1930 40
11 The Stauffenberg brothers with friends, 1924 43
12 The Stauffenberg brothers, Stefan George, and friends, 1924 44
13 The Stauffenberg brothers with their father, ca. 1925 45
14 Glaus Stauffenberg at Lautlingen, 1926 47
15 Berthold and Claus, 1928, 1926 48
16 Infantry School at Dresden, 1928 50
17 Claus and Berthold with their mother, 1928 53
18 Claus Stauffenberg, ca. 1929 54
19 Claus Stauffenberg, ca. 1930 55
20 Wedding at Berlin-Zehlendorf, 1931 56
21 Claus Stauffenberg at Bamberg, 1932 70
22 Nina and Claus Stauffenberg, 1933 72
23 Stauffenberg and the pioneer statue 76
24 Detail of the pioneer statue (Magdeburg, 1982) 77
25 Stauffenberg taking part in horse trials, 1935 79
26 Postcard by Stauffenberg, 1937 82
27 War Academy staff exercise, East Prussia, 1937 84
28 Frank Mehnert and Rudolf Fahrner with Hindenburg statue 97
29 Berthold Stauffenberg and Frank Mehnert 98
30 At the divisional command post, 1939 113
31 The Ist Light Division in Poland, September 1939 114
32 At the divisional command post, May 1940 119
viii
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 List of illustrations ix

33 The 6th Panzer Division in France, 1940 120-121

34 Stauffenberg and sons, 1940 131
35 Family gathering at Lautlingen, 1940 135
36 Berthold Stauffenberg, ca. 1940 136
37 Stauffenberg with fellow General Staff officers, summer 1942 147
38 Stauffenberg and Mertz von Quirnheim, summer 1942 148
39 Frank Mehnert, February 1943 158
40 The 10th Panzer Division in Tunisia, February–April 1943 166
41 Faid Pass, 1943 167
42 Kasserine Pass, 1943 169
43 At the divisional command post, 19 February 1943 170
44 At the divisional command post, 20 February 1943 172
45 Stauffenberg on convalescent leave, summer 1943 184
46 No. 8 Tristanstrasse, Berlin-Wannsee 191
47 Wedding of Olga, Countess Üxküll, to Fredy von Saucken,
28 October 1943 207
48 Alexander Stauffenberg, 1943 241
49 Stauffenberg's 'Oath', 4 July 1944 244-245
50 Stauffenberg and Hitler, 15 July 1944 257
51 Hitler's East Prussian headquarters,'Wolfschanze' 300–301
52 Remains of Stauffenberg's briefcase, the fuses and pliers he
used, and the discarded parcel of explosives 302

Sources of illustrations
Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte, Berlin: 46
Author's archive: 24, 27, 51
Nl BS: 9, 10, 14, 16, 21, 28, 35
National Archives, Washington D.C.: 41, 42, 50, 51, 52
Private collections: 1–7, 12 (above), 17, 20, 22, 23 (left), 30, 32, 36, 37, 43,
44, 45, 47, 48
StGA: 8, 11, 12 (below), 13, 15, 18, 19, 23 (right), 26, 29, 39, 49
Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin: 25, 34, 38
Maps by Atelier Hollerer, Stuttgart
 ABBREVIATIONS

AA/PA Auswärtiges Amt/Politisches Archiv, Bonn

AB Albrecht von Blumenthal
ADAP Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik
AHA Allgemeines Heeresamt
AK Armee-Korps
AM Anneliese Edle Mertz von Quirnheim
AOK Armee-Oberkommando
AS Alexander Schenk, Count Stauffenberg
AU Alexander, Count Üxküll
BA Bundesarchiv, Coblenz
BA-MA Bundesarchiv-Militararchiv, Freiburg i.Br.
BA-Z Bundesarchiv-Zentralnachweisstelle, Kornelimünster
BDC Berlin Document Center, Berlin
BS Berthold Schenk, Count Stauffenberg
CIS Claus Schenk, Count Stauffenberg
CM Christian Müller, Oberst. i.G. Stauffenberg
CP Castrum Peregrini Foundation, Amsterdam
CS Caroline Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg
CSA Caroline Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg, 'Aufzeichnungen'
CSGA Gedichtalbum aus dem Besitz Caroline Gräfin Stauffenbergs
(Caroline Stauffenberg's poetry album)
CSK Caroline Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg, Kriegstagebuch
(War Diary)
CvdS Charlotte, Countess (von der) Schulenburg
CvT Clarita von Trott zu Solz
DAL Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach a.N.
EK Ernst Kantorowicz
EL Edith Landmann
ELG Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
EM Ernst Morwitz
EW Erika Wolters
X
 List of abbreviations xi

FBB Führer-Begleit-Bataillon
F.D.R. Library Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York
FDS Fritz-Dietlof, Count (von der) Schulenberg
F Frank Mehnert
FFA Führer-Flak-Abteihing
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States
GA Gesamt-Ausgabe
GenQuM Generalquartiermeister
GenStdH Generalstab des Heeres
GS General Staff
HCSt Hans Christoph Schenk, Baron von Stauffenberg
HGr Herrersgruppe (Army Group)
HPA Herrespersonalamt
IfMLbZKdSED, ZPA Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus beim
Zentralkomitee der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei, Zentrales
Parteiarchiv
IfZ Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, Munich
JA Johann Anton
KTB Kriegstagebuch (War Diary)
LD Light Division
LT Ludwig Thormaehlen
MaS Marlene Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg
MF Maria Fehling
MFA Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Freiburg i.Br.
MK Max Kommerell
MS Maria Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg
MSt Michael Stettler
NA National Archives, Washington D.C.
NL Nachlass (personal papers)
Nl AS Nachlass Alexander Schenk, Count Stauffenberg
Nl F Nachlass Frank Mehnert
Nl MK Nachlass Max Kommerell
Nl MS Nachlass Maria Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg
NS Nina Schenk, Countess Stauffenberg
NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(German National Socialist Workers' Party)
OKH Oberkommando des Heeres
OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
OSS Archive Office of Strategic Services Archive, Langley, Virginia
PM Papers of Freya von Moltke
PPa Papers of Karl Josef Partsch
PP Papers of Theodor Pfizer
P.R.O. Public Record Office, London
xii List of abbreviations

RB Robert Boehringer
RF Rudolf Fahrner
RGBl. Reicbsgesetzblatt
RO Rudolf Obermller
RSD Reichs-Sicherheits-Dienst
RSHA Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Slg Sammlung (collection)
SS Schutz-Staffel
StG Stefan George
StGA Stefan George Archiv, Stuttgart
TP Theodor Pfizer
UAT Universitätsarchiv Tübingen
VB Völkiscber Beobacbter
WFSt Wehrmachtführungsstab
WK Walter Kempner

German military ranks from Generalmajor up are transposed to British

usage; a German Generalmajor will be referred to as a Brigadier, etc.
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Claus, Count von Stauffenberg, continues to attract the attention of readers

and writers, historians, philosophers, journalists, and film makers. Readers
interested in military history find a wealth of material in Stauffenberg's
biography. Students of European literature are intrigued by Stauffenberg's
and his brothers' association with the poet Stefan George, whose works
include elements of the symbolism of Stéphane Mallarmé, neoclassicism,
and the völkisch ideology. A recently published biography of Stefan George
describes the esoteric yet virulent force in George's work.1 This force was
a factor in the attraction that some of the National Socialist ideas initially
held for Stauffenberg. But when Stauffenberg saw what the German dicta-
tor, Adolf Hitler, was doing under the pretext of these ideas, George's
teaching became a factor in Stauffenberg's decision in 1942 to kill the dic-
tator because he had deceived the German nation and abused the völkiscb
ideology to draw the nation into complicity in unspeakable crimes and
atrocities.
The publications dealing with Stauffenberg in the last seven years have
not produced new information of any weight. New evidence from the
archives of the Russian Federation, however, has recently come to light: a
close friend of Stauffenberg, Major Joachim Kuhn, was captured by Soviet
forces in July 1944. In an interrogation on 2 September 1944 he told his
captors that Stauffenberg had explained to him at the General Staff Head-
quarters in Vynnitsa during a night in August 1942 that the treatment of the
population of the Soviet Union, particularly of the Jews, proved that
Hitler's war was monstrous, that Hitler had lied about the necessity and just
cause of the war, and that Hitler must be removed.2
In August 1942, also in Vynnitsa, Stauffenberg said suddenly to a major
who worked with him: "They are shooting Jews in masses. These crimes
must not be allowed to continue."3 By then Stauffenberg was convinced that
Hitler's leadership was treason against the Army; but he still singled out the
murder of the Jews as a reason for his decision to bring down the regime.4
In consequence of his knowledge and conclusions, in the summer and
autumn of 1942, well before the Stalingrad catastrophe, and well before he
xiv Preface to the Second Edition

considered the war lost, Stauffenberg acted, and acted alone. He

approached half a dozen senior commanders in the field to try to persuade
them to help to overthrow Hitler. In September 1942 Stauffenberg
approached Lieutenant-Colonel Georg von Sodenstern, Chief of the Gen-
eral Staff in Army Group B Command at Starobielsk, and Lieutenant-
General Leo Baron Geyr von Schweppenburg, Commander of XXXXth
Panzer Corps in the Ist Panzer Army, on the Terek; on 26 January 1943 he
spoke with Fieldmarshal Erich von Manstein in his headquarters at
Saporoshe.5 Manstein threatened to have Stauffenberg arrested. Stauffen-
berg, however, took his fight against the regime underground and became
the most active leader in the conspiracy against Hitler.
Stauffenberg's struggle against Hitler, and his and several hundred co-
conspirators' sacrifice, will remain a beacon of light in the twelve dark
years of Hitler's Third Reich.
P.H.
McGill University, Montreal, January 2003

1 Robert E. Norton, Secret Germany: Stefan George and His Circle (Ithaca and
London: Cornell University Press, 2002).
2 Transcript of the interrogation of Major Joacchim Kuhn on 2 Sept. 1944, Cen-
tral Archives of the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation,
Moscow.
3 Oskar-Alfred Berger to the author, 7 May and 12 July 1984.
4 See p. 152 below.
5 See chapter 8 below, esp. pp. 152-153, 158-162.
 PROLOGUE

The Stauffenberg brothers were all born in the first decade of the twentieth
century. As children and adolescents they were strongly influenced by three
distinct elements in their background. First there was the family, with its
traditional forms and values, its estates in Swabia and Franconia, its
connections with the royal court of Wiirttemberg in Stuttgart, its tradition
of service to the state. Second, the spirit and teaching of their school, with
its emphasis on the classics; third, the world of poetry and poets. Before all
else came the service of the fatherland: as Bismarck once remarked, with the
brevity that was sufficient to convey his meaning to like-minded contempo-
raries, there was no reason why the sons of Prussian farmers should be shot
in a cause that was not Prussia's, but 'I am not speaking of the nobleman, he
was born for that.'1 However, under the National Socialist dictatorship,
between 1933 and 1945, the Stauffenberg brothers, faced with crimes
unparalleled in the history of mankind, were forced by their profession and
their external circumstances to adopt a far more questioning attitude
towards the past and present of their own nation.
What road brought Claus, Count von Stauffenberg, to the sandpile in the
courtyard of the Berlin War Ministry where he was shot, and his brother,
Berthold, to the hook on which he was strangled in the execution hut of
Plötzensee Prison? What is the meaning of these sacrifices, and of the
anguish of the survivors — the surviving brother, the mother, widows and
children?
A number of difficulties lie in wait for those who seek to become familiar
with the Stauffenberg brothers. They were extraordinarily unlike their
contemporaries - in their own families, in the nobility, within the Catholic
community, in their school, in their professions. This fact emerges strongly
from the primary sources. The more closely a witness was acquainted with
the Stauffenbergs, the more cautious he was in describing them, in uttering
judgements beyond respect, admiration, and acknowledgement of the extra-
ordinary in them. This was particularly true for Claus and his whole,
harmonious personality. The less well a witness knew the Stauffenbergs, the
more his evidence reflects his own limitations. There is an almost complete
xv
xvi Prologue

lack of negative information on Claus Stauffenberg which a sceptical

researcher might well attribute to piety. But closer scrutiny reveals such
scepticism to be misguided. Indeed, a very great number of the Stauffen-
bergs' contemporaries stressed above all their extraordinariness, both intel-
lectual and physical.
The Stauffenbergs themselves were aware of being unlike other people,
partly because of their strong family and aristocratic traditions. This may
put off some present-day observers or confirm their own prejudices.
Taboos against differences in natural endowments and class differences,
the assumption of the equality of all human beings, can make it difficult
to understand a culture which rejected comprehensive levelling. But the
current hankering after a fictitious equality cannot, of course, make it
any the less fictitious. Individuals have different social and cultural ori-
gins, genetic inheritances, education, positions, achievements and even
privileges.
In a larger context, however, there were negative aspects in the Stauffen-
bergs' lives, which Claus Stauffenberg himself addressed: 'As General Staff
officers we must all share the responsibility.'2 Claus Stauffenberg's cousin
and friend, Peter, Count Yorck von Wartenburg, who was condemned to
death for his own part in the attempted uprising, wrote two days before his
execution that he had been driven to act 'by the feeling of the guilt which lay
so heavy on us all'. Both Stauffenberg and Yorck were deeply afflicted by
the number and enormity of crimes committed in the name of Germany.3
Under interrogation by the Secret State Police Yorck singled out for his con-
demnation the 'extermination measures' against Jews, and to the 'People's
Court' which condemned him to death by hanging he confirmed his own and
his cousin Stauffenberg's loathing at the persecution which the presiding
judge, Roland Freisler, referred to as 'the extermination of the Jews'.4 Axel
von dem Bussche, referring to the mass shooting of Jews he had witnessed at
Dubno on 5 October 1942, declared that 'essentially, what happened on 20
July would not have happened without that'.5 The guilt that Yorck, and also
his cousin Stauffenberg, accepted was that they been too slow to oppose the
evil, and that they had been inactive in helpless outrage too long after they
had seen it. But it would be unhistorical to demand that an individual
should always have been what he ultimately became.
The admission of shared responsibility sprang from ethical principles
which raised the Stauffenbergs and their friends high above the mass of
people in all classes of society. After three months of investigation follow-
ing the failed uprising of 20 July 1944, the head of the Secret State Police
investigating commission, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Walter von Kielpinski,
summarised the results: 'The complete inner alienation from the ideas of
National Socialism which characterised the men of the reactionary con-
spiratorial circle expresses itself above all in their position on the Jewish
 Prologue xvii

Question. [. . .] they cling to the liberal position of granting to the Jews in

principle the same status as to every German.'6 Claus Stauffenberg's own
utterances from April 1942 onwards, and the testimony of Berthold
Stauffenberg, Alexander Stauffenberg and Peter Yorck to the Secret State
Police and the 'People's Court', confirm that general finding in their
individual cases.
The Stauffenbergs were not governed by a 'world view', but rather by the
rejection of thought systems. Claus Stauffenberg never inclined towards any
political party. A close friend said that if Claus had ever thought in earnest
about political parties he would have formed one himself.7 But at the end of
his life he insisted that a document be drawn up containing the fundamental
tenets of what it meant to be German, as he saw them.8
The principal motives of the Stauffenberg brothers were rooted in their
awareness of belonging to a noble family with a tradition of service to the
state, and in the intellectual and political history of their country. These
motives were family honour, adherence to the ideals Stefan George had
taught them, and the military code. All three led to the recognition of the
criminal nature of Hitler's war. All three can be discerned again and again
from their early youth. From about April 1942 they emerged and dominated
all else.
The sources present considerable difficulties. The family's custom of
maintaining a certain reticence vis-a-vis the vulgar outside world, and the
secrecy which surrounded the closed circle of the friends of the poet Stefan
George, both tended to keep information off the record, or to encode it.
From the moment when the Stauffenberg brothers were welcomed and
initiated by the 'Master', there stood between them and the rest of the world
an invisible wall which could be crossed only by those who were familiar
with, and sympathetic towards, the ideas of Stefan George. Those who now
make the effort to penetrate this invisible wall will be surprised at the
strength with which the ideas of Stefan George's circle persisted down to
the Stauffenbergs' last days.
Claus Stauffenberg's decision to become a soldier had a further effect of
encoding biographical information. A soldier's very readiness to die for his
country sets him apart from it in his daily life and his mentality.
A third level of mystification, as far as the rest of the world was
concerned, was represented by involvement with the Army General Staff.
General Franz Haider, Chief of the General Staff 1938–1942, wrote to an
early Stauffenberg biographer that 'because the work of the General Staff is
sealed off from the public', it was effectively impossible to write its history.9
Joachim Kramarz wrote, in the foreword of the Stauffenberg biography
he published in 1965 that, after 20 July 1944 the Secret State Police had
confiscated even the smallest scrap of paper in Stauffenberg's Berlin flat and
at his family home in Bamberg, so that only a very few items had survived: a
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
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