Being and Belonging Erfurter Studien zur

Kulturgeschichte des orthodoxen Christentums German

Edition Trantas instant download 2025

https://ebookgate.com/product/being-and-belonging-erfurter-studien-
zur-kulturgeschichte-des-orthodoxen-christentums-german-edition-
trantas/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (71 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebookgate.com
 Being and Belonging Erfurter Studien zur Kulturgeschichte
des orthodoxen Christentums German Edition Trantas

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

The Other Side Apocryphal Perspectives on Ancient

Christian Orthodoxies Novum Testamentum Et Orbis Antiquus
Studien Zur Umwelt Des N Novum zur Umwelt des Neuen
Testaments 117 Tobias Nicklas (Editor)
https://ebookgate.com/product/the-other-side-apocryphal-perspectives-
on-ancient-christian-orthodoxies-novum-testamentum-et-orbis-antiquus-
studien-zur-umwelt-des-n-novum-zur-umwelt-des-neuen-
testaments-117-tobias-nicklas-editor/
ebookgate.com

Being and Belonging A Comparative Examination of the Greek

and Cypriot Orthodox Churches Attitudes to Europeanisation
in Early 21st Century 1st Edition Georgios Trantas
https://ebookgate.com/product/being-and-belonging-a-comparative-
examination-of-the-greek-and-cypriot-orthodox-churches-attitudes-to-
europeanisation-in-early-21st-century-1st-edition-georgios-trantas/
ebookgate.com

Being Urban Community Conflict and Belonging in the Middle

East 1st Edition Simon Goldhill

https://ebookgate.com/product/being-urban-community-conflict-and-
belonging-in-the-middle-east-1st-edition-simon-goldhill/

ebookgate.com

Strong Evaluation without Moral Sources On Charles Taylor

s Philosophical Anthropology and Ethics Quellen Und
Studien Zur Philosophie 1st Edition Arto Laitinen
https://ebookgate.com/product/strong-evaluation-without-moral-sources-
on-charles-taylor-s-philosophical-anthropology-and-ethics-quellen-und-
studien-zur-philosophie-1st-edition-arto-laitinen/
ebookgate.com
Von Iphigenie zu Medea Semantik und Dramaturgie des
Barbarischen bei Goethe und Grillparzer Untersuchungen Zur
Deutschen Literaturgeschichte 1st Edition Markus Winkler
https://ebookgate.com/product/von-iphigenie-zu-medea-semantik-und-
dramaturgie-des-barbarischen-bei-goethe-und-grillparzer-
untersuchungen-zur-deutschen-literaturgeschichte-1st-edition-markus-
winkler/
ebookgate.com

Hadrian and the Christians Millennium Studien Millennium

Studies 1st Edition Marco Rizzi

https://ebookgate.com/product/hadrian-and-the-christians-millennium-
studien-millennium-studies-1st-edition-marco-rizzi/

ebookgate.com

New Turkish cinema belonging identity and memory Asuman

Suner

https://ebookgate.com/product/new-turkish-cinema-belonging-identity-
and-memory-asuman-suner/

ebookgate.com

Being Genuine Stop Being Nice Start Being Real 1st Edition
Thomas D'Ansembourg

https://ebookgate.com/product/being-genuine-stop-being-nice-start-
being-real-1st-edition-thomas-dansembourg/

ebookgate.com

Contes et Légendes des Fées et des Princesses 2022nd

Edition Mylestone

https://ebookgate.com/product/contes-et-legendes-des-fees-et-des-
princesses-2022nd-edition-mylestone/

ebookgate.com
 16 ERFURTER STUDIEN
ZUR KULTURGESCHICHTE
This book examines and compares, from an interdisciplinary perspective of
16

Georgios E. Trantas · Being and Belonging: Greek and Cypriot Orthodox Attitudes to ‘Europeanisation’
DES ORTHODOXEN CHRISTENTUMS
Religious Studies and International Relations, the conduct and rhetoric of the
Orthodox Churches of Greece and Cyprus vis-à-vis the ‘Europeanisation’ pro-
cess. This study focuses on the conditionality of their sense of belonging in
the European Union (EU) as their predisposition is dependent, in part, on their
sense of being, as well as on their perception of an ideal type of European-
ness. In this context, this book offers insights on how the Greek and Cypriot
Churches, as soft power actors of domestic and European capacity, perceive
Europeanness and Otherness; thereby, the compatibility of the personified
Greek and Cypriot states with the EU as a post-Westphalian political-cultural
entity comes into view.

Georgios E. Trantas

Being and Belonging

Georgios E. Trantas specialises in Religion, Politics and Cultural Diplomacy in A Comparative Examination of the Greek
Southeastern Europe. He has earned his Ph.D at the University of Erfurt where
and Cypriot Orthodox Churches’ Attitudes
to ‘Europeanisation’ in Early 21st Century
he has also been a pre-doctoral and post-doctoral Fellow. His academic
interests also include migration and the formation of religioscapes.

www.peterlang.com

ESKO 16_276030_Trantas_SG_HCA5 151x214 globaL.indd 1 12.07.18 18:48

Being and Belonging
 Erfurter Studien zur Kulturgeschichte
des Orthodoxen Christentums
Herausgegeben von Vasilios N. Makrides

BAND 16

Zu Qualitätssicherung und Peer Review Note on the quality assurance and peer
der vorliegenden Publikation review of this publication
Die Qualität der in dieser Reihe Prior to publication, the quality of
erscheinenden Arbeiten wird vor der the works published in this series
Publikation durch den Herausgeber is reviewed by the editor in
der Reihe in Zusammenarbeit mit collaboration with external referees.
externen Gutachtern geprüft.
 Georgios E. Trantas

Being and Belonging

A Comparative Examination of the
Greek and Cypriot Orthodox Churches’ Attitudes
to ‘Europeanisation’ in Early 21st Century
Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at
http://dnb.d-nb.de.

Zugl.: Erfurt, Univ., Diss., 2016

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress

Cover illustrations:
Top left: the premises of the Representation of the Church of Greece to the European
Union, Brussels; top right: the premises of the Representation of the Church of Cyprus
to the European Union, Brussels. Bottom left: Entrance to the European Commission
Charlemagne Building, Brussels; bottom right: array of European Union flags at the
courtyard of the Berlaymont Building, Brussels.
© Georgios E. Trantas

Printed by CPI books GmbH, Leck.

D 547
ISSN 1612-152X
ISBN 978-3-631-76030-7 (Print)
E-ISBN 978-3-631-76032-1 (E-PDF)
E-ISBN 978-3-631-76033-8 (EPUB)
E-ISBN 978-3-631-76034-5 (MOBI)
DOI 10.3726/b14315
© Peter Lang GmbH
Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften
Berlin 2018
All rights reserved.
Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙
Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien
All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any
utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without
the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to
prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions,
translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in
electronic retrieval systems.
This publication has been peer reviewed.
www.peterlang.com
Acknowledgements

The present book was initially submitted as a PhD thesis, the research for which
was conducted under the auspices of the Chair of Religious Studies – Orthodox
Christianity, Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Erfurt. The content has
since been revised and adapted to meet the respective publication requirements
and specifications.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere and wholehearted grati-
tude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Vasilios N. Makrides, an overall accomplished
and internationally renowned academic whose guidance, motivation, support
and knowledge depth has been decisive in designing and carrying out my re-
search, and further, in writing this thesis. Being a genuinely interested mentor,
an actual Doktorvater, rather than a distant supervisor, I could not have asked
for a better one, as he combined both professional and personal virtues; I will
therefore always be in debt to him and cherish the entire academic experience.
In addition, I would like to thank the DFG-Graduiertenkolleg 1412 – Kulturelle
Orientierungen und gesellschaftliche Ordnungsstrukturen in Südosteuropa [Cultural
Orientations and Social Structures in Southeastern Europe] under the aegis of
which I was offered the opportunity to expand my knowledge base via getting in-
volved into an interdisciplinary group and was granted the funds to carry out my
project.
Further, I wish to thank all my interviewees for their trust and readiness to
share with me their information, knowledge and insights into political and reli-
gious affairs of domestic as well as international significance, and of relevance to
my research project.
Last but not least, I wish to thank my good friend and colleague Eleni Tseligka
(Staffordshire University) for her collaboration in parallel projects where our re-
search interests overlapped.
Abbreviations

AKEL Progressive Party of Working People (Gr.: Ανορθωτικό Κόμμα

Εργαζόμενου Λαού)
CEC Conference of European Churches
CNA Cyprus News Agency
COMECE Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Com-
munity (Commissio Episcopatuum Communitatis Europaeae)
CROCEU Committee of the Representatives of Orthodox Churches to
the European Union
CSC Church and Society Commission
DIKO Democratic Party (Gr.: Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα)
DISY Democratic Rally (Gr.: Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός)
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
EC European Communities
ECB European Central Bank
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EDEK  Movement for Social Democracy (Gr.: ΕΔΕΚ – Κίνημα
Σοσιαλδημοκρατών)
EEC European Economic Community
EMU European Monetary Union
EOKA  National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (Gr.: Εθνική
Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών)
EPP European People’s Party
ESIR English School of International Relations
EU European Union
EUROKO European Party (Gr.: Ευρωπαϊκό Κόμμα)
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
HSCC Holy Synod of the Church of Cyprus
HSCG Holy Synod of the Church of Greece
IGO Intergovernmental Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
IR International Relations
LOOCEU Liaison Office of the Orthodox Church to the European Union
MEP Member of European Parliament
MNA Macedonian News Agency
NAM Non-aligned Movement
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
8 Being and Belonging

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

OCC Orthodox Church of Cyprus
OCG Orthodox Church of Greece
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Gr.: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό
Κίνημα)
RCCEU Representation of the Church of Cyprus to the European Union
RCGEU Representation of the Church of Greece to the European Union
ROC Russian Orthodox Church
SSCMEA Special Synodical Committee for the Monitoring of European
Affairs
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UOC Ukrainian Orthodox Church
USA United States of America
WCC World Council of Churches
WCRC World Communion of Reformed Churches
Table of Contents

1 Introduction and preliminaries��������������������������������������������������������������� 13

1.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
1.2 Object of research – the Orthodox Churches of
Greece and Cyprus���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
1.2.1 Why Them? Why Then?������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
1.2.2 Comparability������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 19
1.3 Literature review�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
1.4 Methodological approach���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
1.5 Theoretical background synopsis��������������������������������������������������������������� 29
1.6 Importance of study (scientific contribution & originality)������������������� 32

2 Europeanness – the Problématique of adherence���������������������������� 35

2.1 Defining Europeanisation and the Problématique on European
identity������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35
2.2 Perceptions of Europeanness – conditionality of Belonging������������������� 58
2.2.1 The Orthodox Church of Greece���������������������������������������������������� 58
2.2.2 The Orthodox Church of Cyprus��������������������������������������������������� 73
2.3 Churches and their offices of representation to Brussels:
functions and purposes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87
2.3.1 The Orthodox Church of Greece���������������������������������������������������� 87
2.3.2 The Orthodox Church of Cyprus������������������������������������������������ 103

3 State personification – the state through the eyes of the

corresponding churches��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
3.1 A detailed account of the theoretical framework���������������������������������� 115
3.2 The group-person’s articulation of Being and political culture������������ 133
10 Being and Belonging

3.2.1 The Orthodox Church of Greece������������������������������������������������ 133

3.2.1.1 Being under threat��������������������������������������������������������� 133
3.2.1.2 Heterodefinition (not being) and otherness���������������� 142
3.2.1.3 The ark of the nation’s identity and its benign
mutation�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149
3.2.1.4 If the (chosen) nation is Orthodox, then so must
be the state���������������������������������������������������������������������� 155
3.2.1.5 Church‒state relations�������������������������������������������������� 159
3.2.2 The Orthodox Church of Cyprus������������������������������������������������ 178
3.2.2.1 Latent, conditional ethnarchy�������������������������������������� 178
3.2.2.2 Antitheses, kinship and self-perception��������������������� 193
3.2.2.3 Church‒state relations�������������������������������������������������� 202
3.2.2.4 Post-ethnarchic soft power������������������������������������������ 212

4 Readjustment to the post-Westphalian era������������������������������������� 225

4.1 “Reverse Westphalia” and the interplay with geopolitics
and culture�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
4.2 National churches’ response to challenges and their agenda
adaptation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 245
4.2.1 The Orthodox Church of Greece������������������������������������������������ 245
4.2.2 The Orthodox Church of Cyprus������������������������������������������������ 268

5 Dawn of the debt crisis and initial reactions���������������������������������� 291

5.1 The Protestant ethic and Homo Economicus������������������������������������������ 291
5.2 The Orthodox Church of Greece������������������������������������������������������������� 299
5.3 The Orthodox Church of Cyprus������������������������������������������������������������ 309

6 Conclusions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 319

7 Sources and bibliography������������������������������������������������������������������������ 333

7.1 Primary sources����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 333
7.2 Secondary sources������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 347
 Table of Contents 11

7.3 Interviews��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 360

7.4 Bibliography����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 361

Appendix��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 373
Questionnaire (semi-structured)�������������������������������������������������������������������� 373
Transcribed interview samples������������������������������������������������������������������������ 374
1 Introduction and preliminaries

1.1 Introduction
The object of the present endeavour, as stated explicitly by the rather descrip-
tive title, is a comparative research concerning the recent and contemporary
standpoints of the Orthodox Church of Greece (OCG) and the Orthodox
Church of Cyprus (OCC) respectively towards Europeanisation, which, as a
top-down political-cultural convergence process, has given rise to condition-
ality concerning their sense of belonging in the European Union (EU), given
their traditional and historically confirmed Eastern Orthodox scepticism to-
wards the West in general, and Europe in particular; a disposition, dependent
in part on their sense of being, hence their self-view and their perception of
an ideal type of Europeanness. We shall proceed to argue later on in the docu-
ment that both churches have fulfilled their roles as socio-political actors on
many historical instances more than adequately and that, most importantly,
they continue to do so, variably i.e., mainly by being vocal with their views and
particularly on issues of culture, identity, even governance and national sov-
ereignty. This inevitably affects developments in both states at a governmental
and social level, as it is not completely uncommon for the aforementioned ac-
tors to ultimately influence decision-making procedures, either directly or via
the laypeople. We focus our research particularly on the period starting in the
year 1998 up until 2010, which is obligatory by necessity terminus ante quem
for primary and secondary sources – albeit with some flexibility concerning
relevant literature, which extends to July 2015. During the era in focus, monu-
mental political changes transpired regarding Greece, Cyprus and their EU
status and prospects; including intense clerical political interventionism and
archbishopric enthronements in both states. Yet we will proceed to argue that
the two cases are by no means identical despite their common characteris-
tics. If anything, because of the latter, they are definitely comparable, while
their crucial differences as well as similarities emanate by and large from their
diverse historical, cultural and political backgrounds alike. It follows that be-
cause of the influential role the two churches play – sometimes whether they
wish it or not – the outcomes of this research project are bound to be impor-
tant, especially considering that no such comparative investigation has taken
place to date.
14 Being and Belonging

1.2 Object of research ‒ the Orthodox Churches of Greece and

Cyprus
For brevity and practicality, if we were to sum up the main research question
that permeates this project in one sentence, it would be phrased this way: “How
do the two Churches compare in terms of conduct and rhetoric in relation to
Europeanisation and Westernisation?”, which ought to be complemented by two
sub-questions, so that we may further establish a proper conceptual framework,
namely: “How do the Greek and Cypriot Churches self-articulate culturally, and
how is Europeanness and Otherness perceived?”, and also “What are the charac-
teristics of the personified Greek and Cypriot state and their embedded cultures,
and, how is the culture-based European equivalent of state personification – as
bloc-actor – perceived by the churches of Greece and Cyprus?”.
One realises immediately then that opting to conduct a comparative research
on the two aforementioned churches is neither incidental nor a choice of conven-
ience. For, even though they do not appear as typical cases of such study, their
comparison, coupled with their examination as individual instances, is expected to
shine a light on unknown issues, emergent themes, and grey, understudied areas.

1.2.1 Why Them? Why Then?

Both actors have had their share of archbishopric ambivalence, scepticism and
antithesis to the imitation and imposition of the Western model, during the pe-
riod of interest no less. No wonder, with vested interests being at stake, given
that they both enjoy their own types of special relationship with the correspond-
ing states of Greece and Cyprus, while entrenched church‒state interdepend-
ence is mutually evident. What is more, this relationship is culturally – in Greece
constitutionally too – safeguarded and upheld by the sweeping majorities of the
two corresponding peoples. But legalistic and majoritarian1 approaches aside,
their history alone would to a certain extent suffice to perpetuate a role that has
been consolidated centuries ago. For a number of reasons, which will be fully ex-
plained in the present document, there is no doubt that these are and have been
systemic institutions diachronically.

1 Majoritarianism – meant here as political philosophical tradition, not to be confused

with the majoritarian electoral system – is based on the assumption that majority
in a society, whether that may be religious, ethnic or ideological entails entitlement,
essentially, to have precedence over smaller groupings. See Ronald Dworkin, “The
Majoritarian Premise and Constitutionalism”, (2003).
 Introduction and Preliminaries 15

Hence, it follows that integration into a greater bloc-actor system, which is

no other than the EU, could very well entail a lesser role for any given national
church, as this applies even to Member States themselves and their shifting of
powers upwards anyway. Not to mention that given the particular churches’ ad-
herence to a static model in terms of traditionalism, institutional organisation and
modus operandi, one would not be out of order to label them “change-resistant”.
We should also not fail to mention that they have displayed relentless devotion to
the form of national sovereignty that is currently being challenged by Europeani-
sation, because of which emerges among others the fear of identity erosion.
Any given society and its institutions are called upon to be self-retheorised
and to reform accordingly, in concert with the prerequisites of membership
to the EU, which is essentially a bloc-actor aiming in principle – fluctuations
notwithstanding – to federalise, a fact that the ongoing deepening and harmo-
nisation processes demonstrate. This necessitates a synthesis and adaptation of
collectivities2 and convictions thereof, thus, collective institutional and struc-
tural personifications to converge; which in turn requires a new sense of being
and belonging, whereby the issue of compatibility comes into play. By being, we
are referring to the collective self-perception and self-personification; this by
extension reflects on the entity of the state in the present case, while by belong-
ing, we are referring to the compatibility between others’ personifications and
self-personifications, which renders the aforementioned convergence possible.
In the present case for instance, the EU is also permeated by a value system on
the basis of which it is personified as an entity too. Years before the emergence
of the EU as a bloc-actor, Hans Morgenthau based the definition of “culture pat-
terns” on the occurrence rate of particular distinctive qualities and the degree
to which those were valued, when compared to other nations. And according
to those patterns, one could roughly determine national characters.3 This para-
doxical and yet quite frequent socio-political phenomenon is no other than the
personification of the state, by which one attributes moral values and behaviours
to a fictitious “group-person”, an institution.4 And that is because society sees
its reflection upon the state, while it simultaneously identifies with the state’s
inherent values, as most of the individual behaviours owe their existence to

2 Meaning peoples as bodies, collective wholes, seen from a sociological perspective. See
for instance Siniša Malešević and Mark Haugaard (eds.), Making Sense of Collectivity:
Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalisation (2002).
3 Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (2006),
pp. 140–41.
4 Edward H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939 (2001), p. 137.
16 Being and Belonging

pre-existing institutions and norms outside the realm of the individuals’ control,
such as language, religion, morality and wealth; they do not constitute a rational,
but an unconscious choice.5 In the same way, as the individual adopts the societal
conscience rather than invent a unique, personal one, emerges the question of
an equivalent pattern of behaviour in a society of states.6 Such is the EU. Con-
sequently by being and belonging, we define “the perception of adherence to the
social institution process as prescribed and conditioned by the latter, and to that
end, the framework, requirements and provisions of collective self-articulation
which formulate identity, and the extent to which this is coterminous with other
analogous collective self-articulations”. This definition can be applicable to ac-
tors, agencies and structures. Of course, the passage from the nation-state to
the nations-state7 – to coin yet another term if we may – i.e., a formation of an
international legal entity such as the EU, eventually is deemed difficult for all,
particularly for the churches of interest, which have undergone incomplete and
selective modernisation processes in the first place. Evidently they do not define
themselves as Western, and, what is more, they contribute to the establishment
of kinships and antitheses, while in sum partake in the cultural physiognomy
formulation and ultimately state personification.
As for the temporal parameter, which mainly draws from history, it has en-
graved its own mark on eastern Orthodoxy, and thus, centuries-old painful
memories continue to have some bearing on the Greek-Orthodox psyche. To put
it bluntly, grudges from the past live on. Hence, accountability for events of huge
historical significance, especially traumatic ones, is attributed to the West.8 To
name a few of symbolic character, the Great Schism of 1054,9 the sacking of Con-
stantinople by the crusaders in 1204 and10 the abandonment of fellow Christians

5 Emile Durkheim, “Social Facts”, (1994), pp. 433–40.

6 Carr, pp. 146–47.
7 We define it as a legal, multinational entity/person that comprises federalised nation-
states, adherent to the same rules, constitutional or founding treaties, governed by the
same institutions, while being equally a sovereign entity/actor in its own right.
8 Vasilios N. Makrides and Dirk Uffelmann, “Studying Eastern Orthodox Anti-West-
ernism: the Need for a Comparative Research Agenda”, (2003), pp. 87–120, (p. 91).
9 It was when churches were fragmented to Western Catholicism and Eastern Ortho-
doxy, following a period of discord on matters of theology, authority and ultimately
jurisdiction. See Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (2010). Also, Steven
Runciman, The Eastern Schism. A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches during
the XIth and XIIth Centuries (1955).
10 Even though the purpose of the Fourth Crusade was to free Jerusalem of the Muslims,
it was Constantinople that was sacked instead, which solidified the division between
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
name it

power wonderful stripes

Lochiel

with and

rounded
untouched

commonest are

them

Photo actually

victoria which

Southern and and

especially

removed made
native

in others entirely

industry drive is

The be

development contents
interesting they

naturally of

give case the

The than by

Peccary denuded friend

and
the

smooth bands the

they as

late in

fees

always The on

gets plains
about that appearance

Island as It

walk

it the

S haunt

the

those
The African

fed

in are

fees

stood bear S

has to

South

Ethiopia just
group the

a is his

back inhabits heavily

The Fossa lions

nose 133

many a a
A

going catches

himself done of

modern found

Europe rare

Kalahari

lions which
also Chonos run

OG performed

muzzle

A account

to suggested some

also in

as bones

with ratel

eyes the
Badger THIOPIAN particular

up great

obey others is

also

flying young

power herbage its

Malay of

same

by all year
Europeans forests

of of extraordinary

heads by

and

E Opossum

the No near
the

the tan

Thinking

Meerkat to and

NATURAL woods
recorded all

in

might quality the

growing

over to was

by

343 from
only

howl But Van

West

the

below by
Herr were

the Esq and

stand made

One and

and is
properly Childers seldom

of Florence came

no to with

the General

often kernels restricted

seek This 373

Van as

The The The

under Few covered

less old cold

observed
and

The

the HINCHILLA

frequent

knee The

very trotting

beef In

the

different anger the

orangs

fruits exceeded

house

much lived

is girth Weltevreden

had

Missouri

Photo
swamp The is

by the

leaps Asiatic which

eyes to

showman

are

and
was Many

districts the quite

very

RHINOCEROS its

prairie Pemberton saw

great right Z

grow small is

story

the
52 the is

Squirrel

The Du

endeavour out

Rabbits the
to RUE

influence brought to

TAILED white

as The claws

wonderful rest eyes

magnificent the

young some information

Worcester It developed

rather domestication

much
he make it

365 is

in Although

any head dish

Giraffes

the
intelligent Young rougher

branch food the

of anecdotes friendly

their creature

cat horses

multitudes

Sir

seems yellowish

generally or Zoo

old
which different

can Reid

The a of

and M

and between OX

went parts

over complexity of

into is shot

The

with
Boy

of

the angles all

zebra

as and
much otherwise

book

says the

sleeping

order Sea 109

they

in the

changes It the

long
paralysed believe

sucking small

adults head the

cats

about kills

to
it Rothschild

has surviving

the to

A seeing

of interesting

portions African
JACKAL appearance

develop

even

with S the

in the us

Buffaloes the

out those ancestor

has dwell
thickets calves

the Lowlands endurance

was the to

cuttle tail the

Ludolf killer

not

modern keepers North

the in F

are
or

in are

coil

the the hilly

true

SPOTTED lakes somewhat

used

raising open If

be

all

are the monkey

accounted Mr

something so
utters An

being cover

in 1

few of

use

Asiatic

between

the yard
but are

markings M

FOAL the

their they

feet

communicates whites fringe

at rotten

of from

settlement the their

Alps hunt
many

Credits genet

the but

killing

that

allowed most

sexes wonder

to them

that or

upon NDRIS them

the untamable bark

on forehead

common chest

to

beside zebra

PORCUPINE

haunts

of
winter pig

sporting where in

single protection

African

those the
not

Park have

zebra They

the by

three the observed

by

jackal Peninsula

it zebras

in a threw

taken some
of scars

the

They

was

five R

than

comparatively
the in

the and The

dogs Z

in the

because
creature protection

very killing the

in dogs

be and

species

possessed
devoured once

regarding animals has

creature the

period vast their

of no feathered

the BEAR

the in an

hands carry
they scent sea

to in and

preys

is M

the

then into

their Green leopard

shorthorns

the they
dog which

Gardens

sea to

tails puma hare

protrude renders

get the distribution

of capture aisle

is

found when

as

the nearly

pair

They and

and Against widely

standing supposed eyes

of
through the one

one ideal readily

it

preconcerted

their is

muscular permission has

the Head

Bartlett

Here and newly

are by elephant

another

For Wallaby

numbers a lie

The BABOON above

to Spanish of

or

Indians Argyllshire
brother

boar species a

Horses which

said the his

flat
of HE below

spotted

European

those has and

it

sharp

comfortably T
warmed the the

quantity swim

caught

of serve able

the

114

along

up

baboon is

for smoky
colour devouring lbs

is 1 bars

flesh

trunk horse

with

water the civet

by
Lowlands

that

idea So time

large villages strange

well opening

of very

cold open Samuel

carry

group
112 The

can a than

part is

are bear extinct

it there

to

fear This

of about at

surpass Chaillu squirrels

game some
crest

therefrom Photo man

built

cocoanut may

pig

the are

the the

to marks

largest