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Oxford Specialist
Handbook of
Paediatric
Palliative
Medicine
Second Edition
1
1
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Second Edition published 2016
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v
Preface to the
Second Edition
It has been more than 5 years since the first edition of the Oxford Handbook
of Paediatric Palliative Medicine. Reading back over the preface to that edi-
tion, it is striking both how much has changed and how much remains the
same. The distinctiveness of paediatric palliative care, both from other
areas of paediatrics and from our elder sister specialty in adults, is now
almost universally acknowledged and now manifests in specialist teams
based in hospitals and hospices, not only in the UK but increasingly across
the whole world.
It is still true, however, that, for many of those who find themselves hav-
ing to care for a dying child, it will be a rare event. The aim of this edition
of the book, as before, is to equip professionals (and perhaps even some
parents) to provide good basic palliative medicine, whether or not they
have had formal training or experience with dying children. Its main use will
be amongst teams based in hospitals, community paediatric teams, and pri-
mary care teams, particularly those who are linked to a children’s hospice.
Children’s palliative medicine encompasses symptom control but is not
limited to it. The book also considers the philosophy and models that sup-
port delivery of palliative medicine to children and also the communication
and coping skills needed by palliative care professionals. We have revised
many of the chapters, rewritten others, and even discarded some. We have
added a new chapter on intensive care and significantly expanded the clos-
ing formulary section, so that it now includes not only the drugs most used
in paediatric palliative care, but also guidelines for using them in symptom
control.
As before, if we have succeeded in our aim in writing it, the special use-
fulness of this handbook in paediatric palliative care, like other specialty
handbooks in the OUP series, is a combination of comprehensiveness and
portability. Our hope is that it will be an immediate and accessible resource
that will help facilitate the practical bedside delivery of effective palliative
medicine to children.
Contents
Index 333
ix
7 approximately
± plus or minus
≥ equal to or greater than
≤ equal to or less than
> greater than
< less than
≡ equivalent to
% per cent
®
registered trademark
™
trademark
β beta
M website
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACh acetylcholine
ACT Association for Children with Life-threatening or Terminal
Conditions and their Families
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ALT alanine aminotransferase
APLS advanced paediatric life support
APPM Association for Paediatric Palliative Medicine
AST aspartate aminotransferase
bd twice daily
BiPAP bi-level positive airways pressure
BNF British National Formulary
BNFC British National Formulary for Children
BP blood pressure
CaF Contact a Family
CD controlled drug
CDOP Child Death Overview Panel
cf. compare with
CIVI continuous intravenous infusion
CNIV chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
CNS central nervous system
COX-2 cyclo-oxygenase-2 CH26
x SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
min minute
mL millilitre
mmol millimole
MPS mucopolysaccharide
NaCl sodium chloride
NB nota bene (take note)
NCA nurse-controlled analgesia
NCL neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
NG nasogastric
NHS National Health Service
NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NICU neonatal intensive care unit
NIPPV non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation
NMDA N-methyl D-aspartate
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
od once daily
OME oral morphine equivalent
PaCO2 arterial carbon dioxide tension
PCA patient-controlled analgesia
PDE principle of double effect
PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PICU paediatric intensive care unit
PKU phenylketonuria
po orally, by mouth (per os)
PPI proton pump inhibitor
PPM paediatric palliative medicine
PONV post-operative nausea and vomiting
pr rectally (per rectum)
PRAC Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee
prn pro re nata (as required)
PRP personal resuscitation plan
qds four times daily
RCPCH Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
s second
SaO2 oxygen saturation
sc subcutaneous
SMA spinal muscular atrophy
SSRI selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
SVC superior vena cava
xii SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Paediatric palliative
medicine: philosophy
and practice
Introduction 2
History 3
Definition 4
Practical applications 5
Balance of harm and benefit 6
A rational approach: reforming the ‘medical model’ 7
Multidimensionality (‘holism’) 9
Summary of paediatric palliative medicine 11
2 Chapter 1 Philosophy and practice
Introduction
This chapter will consider:
• a brief history of palliative care in children;
• a definition of palliative care in children;
• how that might need to be worked out in the practical care of children
with life-limiting conditions.
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