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 Contents vii

Conditions of Probation 96
Revocation of Probation 97
Issues Regarding Probation 98
Effectiveness 98
A Changing Style of Supervision 100
Probation Classification Systems 102
Intermediate Sanctions 106
Defining Intermediate Sanctions 106
Types of Intermediate Sanctions 107
The Effectiveness of Intermediate Sanctions 116
Chapter Review 117
Summary 117
Key Terms 118
Review Questions 118
You Make the Decision… 119

Chapter 5 Prison systems 120

Introduction 121
Current Status of Prisons in the United States 121
The Role and Mission of Prisons 123
Growth of the Prison Population 124
Adult Prison Systems in the United States 128
The Federal Prison System 129
State Prison Systems 134
Other Public Correctional Systems 140
Private Correctional Systems 141
A Question of Policy 146
Chapter Review 146
Summary 146
Key Terms 147
Review Questions 147
You Make the Decision… 147

Chapter 6 Parole and Prisoner reentry 148

Introduction 149
The History of Parole 149
Maconochie and the Mark System 150
Walter Crofton and the Irish System 151
Parole Begins in the United States 151
Parole and the Medical Model 153
Attacks on the Medical Model and Parole 154
Alternatives to Indeterminate Sentencing 156
Problems with Moving Away from Indeterminate Sentences 159
Current Status of Parole in the United States 159
Operations of Parole 160
The Organization of Parole Boards 162
The Parole Hearing 163
Supervision and Conditions of Parole 164
Terminating Parole Supervision 168
Revoking Parole 169
Legal Issues Regarding Revocation 171
Effectiveness of Parole 172
viii Contents

Prisoner Reentry: A Changing Phenomenon 174

Changes Over the Past Two Decades 176
Issues Faced by Offenders Returning to the Community 177
Recent Progress in Prisoner Reentry 178
What Else Can Be Done to Improve Prisoner Reentry? 179
A Systems Approach to Prisoner Reentry 181
Chapter Review 183
Summary 183
Key Terms 184
Review Questions 184
You Make the Decision … 184

part iii Correctional Clients

Chapter 7 the Clients of Adult Correctional Agencies 186
Introduction 187
Overview of Adult Offenders 188
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity 189
Age of Offenders 193
Types of Offenses and Lengths of Confinements 194
Male Offenders 195
Male Offenders and Violence 196
Male Prisoners 197
Female Offenders 198
Women in Prison 200
Special Issues and Needs of Female Inmates 201
Legal Issues Regarding Parity for Female Inmates 210
Chapter Review 211
Summary 211
Key Terms 212
Review Questions 212
You Make the Decision… 213

Chapter 8 the Juvenile Correctional system 214

Introduction 215
The Problem of Juvenile Crime 215
Development of the Juvenile Justice System 218
Waiver of Juvenile Offenders 221
Categories of Juvenile Offenders 221
The Juvenile Justice Process 223
Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process 224
Juvenile Residential Facilities 229
Juvenile Offenders in the Community 233
Legal Issues Affecting the Juvenile Justice System 234
Issues in Juvenile Corrections 236
Juvenile Gangs and Juvenile Crime 236
Juvenile Competency and Mental Health Issues 237
Responding to Juvenile Drug Crime 238
 Contents ix

Chapter Review 241

Summary 241
Key Terms 241
Review Questions 242
You Make the Decision… 242

Chapter 9 special offenders 243

Introduction 244
Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Courts 244
Prisoners with Substance Abuse Needs 247
Mentally Ill Offenders 251
Aging Offenders 254
Violent Offenders 256
Recent Developments with Supermax Prisons 262
Sex Offenders 263
Treatment and Management of Sex Offenders 264
Sex Offender Recidivism 265
Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators 266
Offenders with Infectious Diseases 268
HIV/AIDS 268
Tuberculosis 271
Hepatitis C 272
Chapter Review 273
Summary 273
Key Terms 274
Review Questions 274
You Make the Decision… 275

part iv Prison Life

Chapter 10 the Management of Prisons 276
Introduction 277
The Organization of Prisons 277
State Departments of Corrections 278
Functions of the Office of Director 278
Prison Staff Organization 285
Unit Management 289
Controlling Inmate Behavior 291
Policies and Procedures 292
Inmate Classification 294
Inmate Discipline 297
The Role of Staff in a Prison 302
Recruiting, Hiring, and Retention of Correctional Staff 302
Collective Bargaining within Correctional Agencies 305
Chapter Review 307
Summary 307
Key Terms 308
Review Questions 308
You Make the Decision… 309
x Contents

Chapter 11 Prison Life for inmates 310

Introduction 311
Prison Life for Male Offenders 311
Prison Culture and the Inmate Code 313
Violence in Prisons 316
Gangs in Prisons 318
Homosexual Behavior in Male Prisons 323
Drugs in Prisons 326
The Function of Humor in Prison 328
Prison Life for Female Offenders 328
The History of Women’s Prisons 331
Culture in Women’s Prisons 333
Chapter Review 335
Summary 335
Key Terms 336
Review Questions 336
You Make the Decision… 337

Chapter 12 the World of Prison staff 338

Introduction 339
The Jobs of Prison Staff 340
The Organization of Prisons 341
Prison Chain of Command 342
The Warden 342
The Role of Modern Wardens 343
Life for a Correctional Officer 346
The Daily Grind 347
Stress and Danger 349
Correctional Officer Careers 350
Recruiting and Retaining Correctional Officers 354
The Roles of Other Prison Staff 355
Other Security Personnel 355
Treatment and Program Staff 355
Services Staff 356
The Prison Culture for Staff 357
Female Correctional Officers in Men’s Prisons 360
Chapter Review 364
Summary 364
Key Terms 365
Review Questions 365
You Make the Decision… 365

Chapter 13 Custody within a Prison 366

Introduction 367
Security and Custody within a Prison 367
Security and Custody Functions 369
Staff and Setting the Tone 370
Inmate Accountability 373
Control of Contraband 378
Special Housing Units 381
 Contents xi

Inmate Riots and Disturbances 382

Planning for Emergency Situations 385
Emergency Response Teams 385
Chapter Review 389
Summary 389
Key Terms 389
Review Questions 389
You Make the Decision… 390

Chapter 14 treatment and Programs within a Prison 391

Introduction 392
Treatment and Programs within a Prison 392
Identifying Inmate Treatment Needs 394
Types of Prison Programs 395
Academic and Vocational Programs 395
Mental Health Programs 401
Substance Abuse Programs 404
Prison Work Programs 406
Religious Programs 409
Recreation Programs 409
Chapter Review 411
Summary 411
Key Terms 413
Review Questions 413
You Make the Decision… 413

part v Issues in Corrections

Chapter 15 Legal issues and the Death Penalty 414
Introduction 415
Legal Issues Regarding Inmates 415
The Development of Inmate Legal Rights 415
The Bill of Rights and Congressional Actions Providing Inmate Rights 417
Specific Rights of Prisoners 419
Conditions of Confinement 419
Religious Freedom 421
Medical Care 423
First Amendment Rights 424
Access to the Courts 425
Fourth Amendment Rights 426
Inmate Discipline 427
Limiting Litigation by Inmates 428
Capital Punishment 430
The History of Capital Punishment in the United States 430
Legal and Statutory Provisions for the Death Penalty 431
Current Statistics Regarding Capital Punishment 435
Death Row Prisoners 435
Executions 436
Operational Problems 439
xii Contents

Reasons for Capital Punishment 439

Deterrence 439
Retribution 442
Incapacitation 443
Cost 443
Public Opinion Regarding the Death Penalty 444
The Potential for Error 444
Chapter Review 445
Summary 445
Key Terms 446
Review Questions 447
You Make the Decision… 447

Chapter 16 Current and Future issues in Corrections 448

Introduction 449
Prison and Jail Populations 450
Politics and Policy 453
The Impact of Budgets on Correctional Policy 456
Private Prisons 461
How Private Prisons Function 462
Issues in Prison Privatization 462
The Future of Private Corrections 465
Importance of Staff Diversity 466
Effectiveness of Treatment Programs 468
The Impact of Technology on Corrections 471
Issues for the Future 473
Corrections as a Career 475
Chapter Review 477
Summary 477
Key Terms 478
Review Questions 478
You Make the Decision… 479

Endnotes 481
Glossary 509
Index 519
PrEFACE

As an author, I am very excited about this introductory textbook on corrections.

Having spent most of my life working in the correctional field, I have had the op-
portunity to work in many different situations and with many dedicated people.
I am pleased to be able to pass on some of the experiences and information gath-
ered over thirty years to students studying corrections and perhaps considering
corrections as a career.
As such, the goal of this textbook is to provide students with a practical un-
derstanding of today’s operations of corrections. The text includes correctional
history and theory; however, the text concentrates on what we do in corrections,
why we do it, and what challenges face contemporary correctional staff and ad-
ministrators. The text also presents case studies, information on careers, and real
examples of situations to provide students with an understanding of the practical
aspects of working in corrections.
The fifth edition of Corrections: An Introduction has been updated to provide
faculty and students with state-of-the-art information on the operations of the
various elements of corrections and the issues faced by correctional policymakers
and practitioners. These updates include the most recent data regarding correc-
tional populations and costs, as well as new research and findings that have had
an impact on correctional policy. The following are sections that are either new
or substantially expanded and updated for the fifth edition.

new to this Edition

Coverage of Sentencing
Policy Reforms
Over the past few years, there have
been several reforms of sentencing
policy. This edition contains new
material that examines state-by-state
incarceration rates and addresses
these policy decisions. Included as
well is the efforts to reduce costs and
the resultant impact on correctional
budgets.
Courtesy of Corrections Corporation of America.

 Summarize the security and custody functions within a  Describe the two categories of inmate assignments in a
correctional facility. special housing unit.
 Define inmate accountability and describe the activities  Discuss the environmental factors and precipitating
by which prison officials ensure that inmates are events that can combine to cause an inmate riot.
accounted for.  Describe how prison riots begin, their stages, and how
 Identify the three types of counts and how they are they can be prevented and controlled.
carried out in a prison.  Outline the functions and operations of the three types

Courtesy of the Corrections Corporation of America.

 Define rehabilitation and describe its evolution  Identify the level of substance abuse among the inmate
throughout the history of prisons in the United States. population and the level of program opportunities
 Summarize various treatment programs within a prison. provided in prisons.
 Explain how inmate needs are identified.  Trace the history of prison industry programs in terms
of the way inmate labor was used and the markets that
 Describe the various types of education and vocational
were available.
programs provided in prisons.
 Describe the importance of prison religious programs
 Explain the scope of mental health needs of inmates and

xiii
xiv Preface

Updated Information
The fifth edition of Corrections: An Introduction has been updated to provide
faculty and students with state-of-the-art information on the operations of the
various elements of corrections and the issues faced by correctional policy-
makers and practitioners. These updates include the most recent data regard-
ing correctional populations, costs, and new research and findings that impact
correctional policy. For example, updates have been made to the following
material:

• References to federal court decisions that affect current practices. Although

references to court cases have been updated throughout the text, the updates
are most significant in Chapter 15 in significant decisions impacting inmate
rights and the death penalty.
• The impact of budgets on correctional policy. Because budget issues continue
to have a major impact on correctional policy, further updates, activities, and
implications have been added.
• Coverage of the challenge of getting and using drugs required in the protocols
for administering the death penalty.
• Updates on the use of supermax prisons and administrative segregation.
• Recent issues and controversies in the operation of private prisons.
• Treatment program effectiveness and their impact on reducing recidivism.

Expanded Coverage of Current and New Topics

In Chapter 8, there is a new section describing the re-direction of policy and
resources to move juvenile offenders from residential placement to commu-
nity supervision. Chapter 10 includes new issues and information regarding
the challenges of recruitment and retention of correctional staff. Chapter 13
includes a new section regarding improving prison security through staff
communications and interactions with inmates. Chapter 16 includes updated
information on the state of correctional budgets, changes in prison and jail
populations, as well as a softening of the role of politics and the “tough on
crime” emphasis.

Features of this text

To give students a realistic and practical understanding of modern corrections,
this textbook includes several features and approaches that are designed to
heighten the learning process and make it interesting for students. Chapters in-
clude realistic experiences and insights into the real world of today’s correctional
operations. Key features include the following:

Practical Focus
Each chapter includes a brief segment on history and theory, but focuses on the
actual operations of prisons, community corrections, and jails. Students are able to
experience the challenges that correctional workers face and the practical applica-
tions they use to meet these challenges.
 Preface xv

A Look Into . . . A Look Into…

Several chapters include boxed case studies about
Prison Reforms through the Twentieth Century
real issues that have confronted staff members T. Don Hutto is a legend in busy redefining our charges as “convicts,” “prisoners,”
who try to manage today’s correctional popula- prison administration and re-
form from the 1960s through
“inmates,” “offenders,” “detainees,” “residents,” “patients,”
and even “students.”
tions. These examples provide insight into the the 1990s. He started as a
correctional officer in Texas
And, oh yes! We were at various times in the busi-
ness of “reform,” “rehabilitation,” “punishment,” “incar-

world of prisons, jails, and community correc- in 1964, and three years later
was the warden of the Ramsey
ceration,” “treatment,” and of course, “reintegration.”
“Reform” has been a buzzword regarding prisons and

tions. Some of these describe how certain people Unit, one of the largest Texas
prisons. At the age of thirty
corrections for as long as I, and probably any of you,
can remember. The New Oxford American Dictionary

look at their jobs or issues facing them, and others six, he became director of
the Arkansas Department of
says that reform means to “make changes in order to
improve something.” “Reform” is a useful catchword,

are a brief interview with someone working in the

Corrections, just after the in- as, according to someone or some group, just about
cidents around its operation every societal or cultural institution, needs to be “re-
T. Don Hutto. led to the movie Brubaker. formed.” Today, the word “change” is more in vogue
field described in the chapter. Hutto moved to reform both
the Ramsey Unit and the Arkansas prison system, ending racial
but “change” means making something different, not
necessarily better. The term “change” is neutral and
segregation and the use of building tenders (inmates who acted can be either positive or negative. Transform, on the
as armed guards over other inmates). He also dealt with reforms other hand, means to make a thorough or dramatic
needed to move Arkansas from the unconstitutional system it change, and the radical changes which have taken
was found to be in Holt v. Sarver. The following is a segment of a place in Southern corrections in the last fifty years sug-
speech Hutto recently delivered to the North American Wardens gest that “transformed” is the word that applies, but for
and Superintendents Association Mr Hutto’s comments put convenience sake I will talk about “positive change ”

Your Career in Corrections Your Career in Corrections

Policy Analysts Every chapter includes descriptions of jobs
It may seem odd to start out the “Your Career in Corrections” receive grants to conduct correctional research and employ that students may carry out as a specific cor-
boxes by describing the job of a policy analyst. Students sel- researchers and analysts to examine an issue and write reports
dom have heard of this job, and few think about it as a way to
begin their career track. However, it is very important to good
as requested by the funding agencies.
There are no reports regarding how many people work
rectional application. For instance, in a dis-
government that correctional policy be thoughtfully considered
with full information regarding cost, effectiveness, and impact.
in these areas. However, at any one time, easily more than
a thousand people are doing the work we have described.
cussion of halfway houses, there is a career
In 2011, American taxpayers contributed over $80 billion to
operate our correctional system, while much of what we do
Depending on the sophistication of the issue, some will have
a doctorate and be experts in research methodology, possi-
box that notes the types of jobs available to
is not based on a thorough analysis of cost and impact.2 This
textbook emphasizes the policy choices that must be made
bly with some educational emphasis in corrections or criminal
justice research. Many others have a master’s degree in soci-
staff entering this field, what they do, the re-
as we reform, modify, and update correctional practices, and
policy analysts can play a key role in this process.
ology, criminal justice, business, or public administration and
have skills to develop research and policy analysis criteria to be quirements of the job, and the possible pay
and work conditions they will face.
A policy analyst who works on correctional issues can able to provide answers to questions regarding effectiveness
work for a variety of agencies. Most state (and some large or budget impact.
county) correctional departments have a policy and research These jobs are not highly visible, yet can have a tremen-
bureau. Its job is to conduct research and gather statistics dous impact on the development of good public policy and save
that can assist the agency in making policy decisions, provide taxpayers millions of dollars. A key criterion for someone de-

You Make the Decision . . .

You Make the Decision…
At the end of every chapter, this feature presents
real situations that someone working in the field Rating the Importance of Correctional Goals

may encounter. For instance, in a discussion of No jurisdiction has to formally rate the importance of the five
goals of corrections; however, the following exercise asks
discussing the list for each goal, go about the difficult task
of rating the importance of each goal. There are no guide-

probation, students have to struggle with the deci-

students to do just that. It can be done individually, but will lines as to what “importance” means, and this should be a
be more fun and a better learning exercise in a small group. very individual decision. Does one person believe that the
Your instructions are to consider each of the five goals most important purpose of a criminal sanction is to punish
sion as whether to revoke a probationer for failing of sentencing and create a list of the favorable and unfavor-
able consequences of focusing on each one. For instance,
an offender, whereas another believes it should first focus
on rehabilitation? Each person should create his or her list,
to follow all conditions of supervision. The chap- someone might suggest that focusing on punishment can
slowly undermine society’s emphasis on fair and just treat-
and then the group should discuss the lists and come to a
group conclusion about the rating of goals by importance to

ter regarding parole presents several scenarios for ment. Or, emphasizing incapacitation may result in posi-
tively affecting the crime rate, as incapacitated offenders
society. The discussions, debates, and even arguments that
result from this exercise should be both fun and a valuable

prisoners appearing before the parole board, and cannot commit crimes in the community. After creating and learning opportunity.

students must make a decision whether to recom-

mend parole or not.

Quality Assurance of Policy A Question of Policy

Two activities used to ensure consistent implementation of prison policies are moni-
toring policy compliance and ACA accreditation. The method most commonly used
to monitor policy compliance by staff is an active auditing program to determine
A valuable learning approach of the book
the extent to which policy is effectively carried out and contributes to the mission is to focus on the policy implications of dif-
of the prison. Prisons use a variety of auditing procedures to monitor compliance
with operational policies. One of these, a policy audit, determines whether broad policy audit ferent theories and perspectives regarding
agency policy is in place at the prison. Policy audits match agency-required policy a review to ascertain whether
with local prison implementation procedures to ensure that procedures are in place broad agency policy is in
place at the prison
corrections. All chapters address the prac-
at each prison to address each agency policy. In most states, the central headquar-
ters dictates broad policy with which each prison in the state must comply. An ex- tical issues of modern correctional policy
ample of a statewide policy regarding keeping contraband from entering the prison
is that “all vehicles, carts, and boxes or packages must be thoroughly inspected development, and some chapters include a
before being allowed to enter or exit a prison.” Each prison is required to develop
and implement operational procedures to affect the required statewide policy. In box entitled “A Question of Policy.” By ad-
this example, the prison describes how it will inspect the vehicles, carts, and boxes
or packages, including where it will be done, who will do it, and what equipment dressing policy, students receive insight into
will be necessary. A policy audit is valuable to begin an overall review of security
operations, but only identifies whether the required scope of written, authorized, the critical policy challenges that result from
and mandated policies at the prison exists. It does not determine compliance with
implementation, consistency in practice, or thoroughness of procedures. today’s practice of corrections. This box
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xvi Preface

An Interview With… presents dilemmas that face elected officials and

correctional administrators in creating a policy
that is most effective and efficient and that con-
Maricopa County (Arizona)
Sheriff Joe Arpaio touts him-
and saved $100,000 per year. I did not allow inmates to watch
R-rated movies and did not allow Playboy or Hustler maga- tributes significantly to the accomplishment of cor-
rectional goals.
self as the “toughest sher- zines. The pink underwear idea was not to embarrass inmates,
iff in America.” He was first but because they were stealing socks and underwear. By
elected and assumed the dying it pink, they did not steal it. When people heard about it,
office of Sheriff in 1993 and everyone wanted to buy pink underwear, so we started making
has managed his jail to earn pink underwear with my badge and name and raised money
his reputation. He believes
that inmates’ jail experiences
for our volunteer posse and to fight crime. We started a chain
gang to make inmates work and do public service.
An Interview With . . .
should not be something they
enjoy, but something un-
pleasant enough that they do
What do you do next? To provide a variety to perspectives from other
Sheriff Joe Arpaio.
not want to come back.
Some of what he does is
I am running out of ideas. Our jail population
is growing. We now have 10,700 inmates and are the second key players in the correctional system, a feature
extremely controversial, such
as housing inmates in tents even during hot Arizona summers,
largest jail system in the country. We opened our Tent City in
1993 and have since expanded. We have more than 2,500 entitled “An Interview With” provides personal
accounts of correctional administrators, correc-
serving only one hot meal a day, and requiring them to wear inmates living in tents now. We do many of the things we do
pink underwear. There have been lawsuits, concern from the for cost efficiency. We went to two meals per day, a brunch
and an evening dinner. We serve cold baloney sandwiches for
U.S. Department of Justice, and settlements with inmates and
advocacy groups. Although prisoner support groups complain some meals. Our meal costs are only 14 or 15 cents per meal.
We did recently take all radios away from inmates. We
tional officers, and inmates. These interviews are
about his tactics, many conservatives cite his methods as right
on target The sheriff believes this is the right way to run a jail don’t want them listening to certain music or radio shows but very valuable, as they add real and practical in-
sights into the issues and operations of corrections.
supplements
The fifth edition of Corrections: An Introduction is supported by a complete
package of instructor and student resources.

instructor supplements
Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes content outlines for classroom dis-
cussion, teaching suggestions, and answers to selected end-of-chapter questions
from the text. This also contains a Word document version of the test bank.
TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives you maximum
flexibility in creating and administering tests on paper, electronically, or online.
It provides state-of-the-art features for viewing and editing test bank questions,
dragging a selected question into a test you are creating, and printing sleek,
formatted tests in a variety of layouts. Select test items from test banks included
with TestGen for quick test creation, or write your own questions from scratch.
TestGen’s random generator provides the option to display different text or cal-
culated number values each time questions are used.
PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations offer clear, straightforward outlines
and notes to use for class lectures or study materials. Photos, illustrations, charts,
and tables from the book are included in the presentations when applicable.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an in-
structor access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register
for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a
confirming email, including an instructor access code. Once you have received your
code, go to the site and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials
you wish to use.

Alternate Versions
eBooks. This text is also available in multiple eBook formats. These are an excit-
ing new choice for students looking to save money. As an alternative to purchas-
ing the printed textbook, students can purchase an electronic version of the same
content. With an eTextbook, students can search the text, make notes online,
print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark
important passages for later review. For more information, visit your favorite
online eBook reseller or visit www.mypearsonstore.com.
 Preface xvii

• REVEL™ is Pearson’s newest way of delivering our respected content. Fully

digital and highly engaging, REVEL replaces the textbook and gives students
everything they need for the course. Seamlessly blending text narrative, media,
and assessment, REVEL enables students to read, practice, and study in one
continuous experience—for less than the cost of a traditional textbook. Learn
more at pearsonhighered.com/revel.

It is the author’s hope that students enjoy this textbook and find it easy to read
and study, and that the practical perspectives motivate students to consider a career
in corrections. Even if students decide that corrections is not a career opportunity
for them, corrections is such an important component in today’s criminal justice
system that an understanding of how programs operate and how much they cost is
important to taxpayers who must support their operation.
Richard P. Seiter, Ph.D.
This page intentionally left blank
ACknoWLEDgMEnts

Writing and updating a book is a tremendous undertaking that could not be

accomplished without the help of many people. I would first like to thank the
many correctional colleagues who assisted me by granting me interviews, pro-
viding me advice, and giving me information that was used both for the general
book information and to make the book come to life for students through their
personal stories and situations. It is not easy to recall some memories of unpleas-
ant situations, but through their candor and openness, readers will get a true
understanding of what corrections is really like.
I thank the criminal justice and marketing group at Pearson Education. I also
thank the following reviewers selected by Pearson whose feedback guided this
edition of the book: Jennifer Bradford, Metropolitan State University of Denver;
Scott Chenault, University of Central Missouri; Cherly Furdge, North Central
Texas College; Carly Hilinski-Rosick, Grand Valley State University; Lorraine
Samuels, Huston Tillotson University; John Sieminski, Manchester Community
College; William Southern, Jr., Carteret Community College; and Quando
Stevenson, Athens State University of Alabama. Their comments and suggestions
were the foundation of this revision, are incorporated throughout the fifth edition
of Corrections: An Introduction, and have made it a more informative and useful
book for faculty and students of corrections.
I also thank the correctional agencies that were so helpful in giving me the op-
portunity to take pictures of their programs and facilities. Of greatest assistance
was the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections. Several individuals
helped arrange the taking of photos and cooperated by providing information.
The Missouri Department of Corrections was also helpful in providing material
and information. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) provided several pictures
for that agency. And staff members at Facility Support Center and many facilities
of the Correctional Corporation of America were extremely helpful and coopera-
tive. I also appreciate the assistance of the St. Louis County Justice Center and the
St. Louis City Jail for allowing pictures to be taken of their facilities.
Finally, I thank my family and friends who encouraged and supported me
throughout the process. My wife, Riffi O’Brien, has been an important part of
this book development and progress, and I thank her for her love, support, and
encouragement. My son, Matt, has been through this process with me before and
continues to provide his commonsense advice and humor, and his personal work
ethic is a constant motivation to me.
I also prepare and dedicate this edition to the memory of my parents, Paul and
Rosemary Seiter, who blessed me with a work ethic and encouraged my continued
education and learning.
Thanks to all of you. You made the fifth edition of Corrections: An Introduction
a reality.
Richard P. Seiter, Ph.D.

xix
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ABout tHE AutHor

Richard P. Seiter is a career correctional

professional, having worked in prisons and
for correctional agencies for more than
thirty years. Following receipt of his Ph.D. in
Public Administration from the Ohio State
University (OSU), he was a research associ-
ate and Assistant Director of the Crime and
Delinquency Center at OSU. In 1976, he
began a career with the BOP and worked in
two federal prisons (the Federal Correctional
Institution in Dublin, California, and the U.S.
Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas). He was
Director of the BOP Staff Training Center in
Denver, Colorado, and became the first Chief
of the NIC National Academy of Corrections
in Boulder, Colorado. He served as warden of
two federal prisons (the Federal Prison Camp in
Allenwood, Pennsylvania, and the Federal Correctional Institution in Greenville,
Illinois). He also served as both Assistant Director for Industries, Education, and
Training and Chief Operating Officer of Federal Prison Industries, with sales of
over $400 million per year of prison-made products.
Dr. Seiter was Director of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction for almost six years. In this position, he was responsible for all Ohio
prisons, the parole board and parole supervision, and many community correc-
tional programs. He managed an annual budget of $400 million and a staff of
8,000, and he oversaw the construction of more than 10,000 prison beds at a cost
of $500 million.
After retiring from the BOP, he became Professor and Director of Criminal
Justice at Saint Louis University (SLU). During this time, he wrote two textbooks,
published several articles, and expanded the program and course offerings at SLU.
From 2005 until 2011, he was Executive Vice President of Corrections
Corporation of America, the largest private prison company in the United States.
In this position, Dr. Seiter oversaw the operation of the sixth largest prison system
in the country, with 63 prisons, 17,000 staff members, and 75,000 inmates.

xxi
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Random documents with unrelated
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 Economics - Exercise Book
Winter 2021 - University

Prepared by: Prof. Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Appendix 1: Current trends and future directions

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 6: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 20: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 23: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 30: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 37: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 41: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 49: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 52: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 7: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 63: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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