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A timely volume on the US–Australia alliance which provides fresh
thinking on how the United States and Australia can navigate a more
contested Indo-Pacific. This book will be of great value to scholars
and practitioners alike.

Ben Schreer, Professor of Strategic Studies, Macquarie University,

Sydney, Australia

The timing of this volume on the US–Australia alliance relationship is

impeccable. Written by some well-known scholars and practitioners,
it offers an invaluable set of chapters that enhances our
understanding of the new challenges and risks confronting the
alliance and puts forth constructive ideas for Canberra and
Washington to deal with them without compromising their vital
interests and core values. It should be required reading not just for
those interested in the fast-changing triangular Australia–America–
China relationship but all those interested in the future of the Indo-
Pacific regional order.

Mohan Malik, Professor, National Defense College of the UAE and

Visiting Fellow, NESA Center for Strategic Studies, USA
The Future of the United States—
Australia Alliance

The United States–Australia alliance has been an important

component of the US-led system of alliances that has underpinned
regional security in the Indo-Pacific since 1945. However, recent
geostrategic developments, in particular the rise of the People’s
Republic of China, have posed significant challenges to this US-led
regional order. In turn, the growing strategic competition between
these two great powers has generated challenges to the
longstanding US–Australia alliance. Both the US and Australia are
confronting a changing strategic environment, and, as a result, the
alliance needs to respond to the challenges that they face. The US
needs to understand the challenges and risks to this vital
relationship, which is growing in importance, and take steps to
manage it. On its part, Australia must clearly identify its core
common interests with the US and start exploring what more it
needs to do to attain its stated policy preferences.
This book consists of chapters exploring US and Australian
perspectives of the Indo-Pacific, the evolution of Australia-US
strategic and defence cooperation, and the future of the relationship.
Written by a joint US–Australia team, the volume is aimed at
academics, analysts, students, and the security and business
communities.

Scott D. McDonald is a Non-resident Research Fellow at the Asia-

Pacific Center for Security Studies and pursuing a PhD at The
Fletcher School of Tufts University, USA. A retired US Marine Corps
officer, his final active duty position was as a Military Professor at
APCSS, where he taught Chinese philosophy and strategic thought,
East Asia security dynamics, National Security Strategy, and strategic
foresight.

Andrew T. H. Tan is Professor at the Department of Security

Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Australia. He
previously taught at the University of New South Wales, Australia,
and Kings College London, UK, where he was based at the Joint
Services Command and Staff College at Watchfield. Andrew has
published 20 sole-authored, edited and co-edited books, and more
than 60 refereed journal and chapter articles.

Europa Regional Perspectives

Providing in-depth analysis with a global reach, this series from

Europa examines a wide range of contemporary political, economic,
developmental and social issues in regional perspective. Intended to
complement the Europa Regional Surveys of theWorld series, Europa
Regional Perspectives will be a valuable resource for academics,
students, researchers, policymakers, business people and anyone
with an interest in current world affairs with an emphasis on regional
issues.
While the Europa World Year Book and its associated Regional
Surveys inform on and analyse contemporary economic, political and
social developments, the Editors considered the need for more in-
depth volumes written and/or edited by specialists in their field, in
order to delve into particular regional situations. Volumes in the
series are not constrained by any particular template, but may
explore recent political, economic, international relations, social,
defence, or other issues in order to increase knowledge. Regions are
thus not specifically defined, and volumes may focus on small or
large group of countries, regions or blocs.
Youth at the Margins
Perspectives on Arab Mediterranean Youth
Elena Sánchez-Montijano and José Sánchez García

Terrorism and Insurgency in Asia

A contemporary examination of terrorist and separatist movements
Edited by Benjamin Schreer and Andrew T. H. Tan

Russia in the Middle East and North Africa

Continuity and Change
Chiara Lovotti, Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti, Christopher A. Hartwell
and Aleksandra Chmielewska

The Caribbean Blue Economy

Edited by Peter Clegg, Robin Mahon, Patrick McConney and Hazel A.
Oxenford

The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance

Edited by Scott D. McDonald and Andrew T. H. Tan

For more information about this series, please visit:

www.routledge.com/Europa-Regional-Perspectives/book-series/ERP
The Future of the United
States—Australia Alliance
Evolving Security Strategy in the Indo-
Pacific

Edited by
Scott D. M Donald and Andrew T. H.
c

Tan
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa

business

© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Scott D. McDonald and

Andrew T. H. Tan; individual chapters, the contributors

The right of Scott D. McDonald and Andrew T. H. Tan to be identified

as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks

or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-0-367-32251-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-31752-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Taylor & Francis Books
Contents

List of illustrations
List of contributors
Acknowledgements

1 The United States—Australia alliance

SCOTT D. MCDONALD AND ANDREW T. H. TAN

PART I
US and Australian perspectives of the Indo-Pacific

2 The strategic environment of the US—Australia alliance in the

Indo-Pacific era
ALEXANDER L. VUVING

3 The United States’ security perspectives in the Asia-Pacific and

the value of the alliance with Australia
PAUL J. SMITH

4 Security threats and challenges to Australia

ANDREW T. H. TAN

PART II
The evolution of Australia—US strategic and defence
cooperation
5 The common interests that bind the United States and Australia
BATES GILL

6 The evolution of the US—Australia strategic relationship

SHANNON BRANDT FORD

7 Defence cooperation between Australia and the United States

ALAN BLOOMFIELD

8 China—US—Australia: Redefining the strategic triangle

ADAM LOCKYER, SCOTT D. MCDONALD AND YVES-HENG LIM

PART III
The future

9 The US—Australian alliance and its implications for Australian

defence strategy and procurement
FRED SMITH, YVES-HENG LIM AND ADAM LOCKYER

10 The future of Australia—US strategic and defence cooperation:

An Australian perspective
ANDREW O’NEIL

11 The future of Australia—US strategic and defence cooperation: A

US perspective
SCOTT D. MCDONALD

Index
Illustrations

Figure
2.1 Strategy and outcome of great power competition.

Table
9.1 Royal Australian Navy — diversified procurement graph.
Contributors

Alan Bloomfield is currently a Lecturer at Curtin University, and

has also worked at UNSW and UWA in Australia, and at the UK
campus of Queens University (Canada). His main research
expertise is in foreign policy analysis (primarily Australia and
India) and norm dynamics theory (especially regarding
humanitarian intervention norms). He has written India and the
Responsibility to Protect (Ashgate) and co-edited Norm
Antipreneurs (Routledge). He has also published articles in
leading international relations journals, including Review of
International Studies, Pacific Review, Contemporary Security
Policy, India Review, and the Australian Journal of Politics and
History, and has written chapters for numerous edited volumes.
In late-2020 Alan will leave academia to take up an Assistant
Director’s position in the Southeast Asia Division of Australia’s
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Shannon Brandt Ford is Lecturer in International Relations at

Curtin University in Perth, Australia. He is also a Board Member
for the Asia-Pacific International Society of Military Ethics and a
Faculty Affiliate with the Program on Cybersecurity and Internet
Governance at Indiana University. Previously, Shannon completed
a Visiting Fellowship at the University of New South Wales,
Canberra on the political, ethical, and legal dilemmas of emerging
weapon technologies. He has also been a Research Fellow with
 the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics. Before
embarking on an academic career, Shannon worked in Strategic
Policy Division at the Australian Department of Defence where he
coordinated strategy planning work with the US Department of
Defense. Before that, he was an analyst with the Defence
Intelligence Organization specializing in North Asian security
issues. His publications include: ‘The Current State of Intelligence
Studies’ (with Rhys Crawley) in Intelligence and the Function of
Government (2018); ‘Weaponising Social Media’ in Ethics Under
Fire (2017); ‘Military Ethics and Strategy: National Security, Moral
Values and Cultural Perspective’ (2015) in the Routledge
Handbook on Military Ethics; and ‘Jus Ad Vim and the Just Use of
Lethal Force Short-of-War’ (2013) in the Routledge Handbook of
Ethics and War.

Bates Gill has a 30-year global career as a scholar, policy advisor,

and institution-builder, focusing on Asian and Chinese affairs. He
is Professor of Asia-Pacific Security Studies at Macquarie
University and Senior Associate Fellow with the Royal United
Services Institute (RUSI) in London. Previous positions include:
CEO, United States Studies Centre at the Uni-versity of Sydney
(2012–2015); Director, Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute (2007–2012); Freeman Chair in China Studies, Center for
Strategic and International Studies (2002–2007); and Senior
Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and inaugural Director of the
Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Brookings Institution
(1998–2002). He is author, co-author, or co-editor of eight books
including China Matters: Getting it Right for Australia (Latrobe
University Press/Black Inc., 2017), Governing the Bomb: Civilian
Control and Democratic Accountability of Nuclear Weapons
(Oxford University Press, 2010), Asia’s New Multilateralism
(Columbia University Press, 2009), and Rising Star: China’s New
Security Diplomacy (Brookings, 2007). Among his international
honours, Dr Gill holds the Royal Order of the Commander of the
Polar Star, the highest award bestowed upon foreigners by the
Swedish monarch. He received his PhD in Foreign Affairs from the
 Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs,
University of Virginia.

Yves-Heng Lim is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Security

Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University. He is the author of
China’s Naval Power: An Offensive Realist Approach. His research
has been published in the Journal of Strategic Studies, the Journal
of Contemporary China, Asian Security as well as in several edited
volumes.

Adam Lockyer is an Associate Professor in Strategic Studies at

Macquarie University. He held the 2015 Fulbright Scholarship in
US—Australian Alliance Studies at Georgetown University. Before
joining the Department of Security Studies and Criminology,
A/Prof. Lockyer was a Research Fellow in Defence Studies at the
University of New South Wales. He has also held positions at the
United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney, at the
Center for Strategic and International Studies, in Washington, DC,
and was the Lowy Institute’s 2008 Thawley Scholarship in
International Security winner. He also spent four years serving in
the Australian Army. A/Prof. Lockyer has published widely on
issues relating to Australian defence strategy, US defence and
foreign policy, post-conflict reconstruction, governance, and
insurgency. His article titled ‘The Logic of Interoperability:
Australia’s Acquisition of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter’ won the
SAGE Award for the best international contribution to a Canadian
academic journal in 2013. His article entitled ‘Evaluating Civil
Development in Counterinsurgency Operations’ won the
prestigious Boyer Prize for best original article published in the
Australian Journal of Inter-national Affairs in 2012. His most
recent book is titled: Australian Defence Strategy: Evaluating
Alternatives for a Contested Asia (Melbourne University Press,
2017).

Scott D. McDonald is a Non-resident Research Fellow at the Asia-

Pacific Center for Security Studies and pursuing a PhD at The
 Fletcher School of Tufts University. A retired US Marine Corps
officer, his final active duty position was as a Military Professor at
APCSS, where he taught Chinese philosophy and strategic
thought, East Asia security dynamics, National Security Strategy,
and strategic foresight. He also led APCSS’s first multilateral
workshop in Taiwan. A China Foreign Area Officer (FAO), he has
studied in Beijing, served as an attaché in Canberra, Australia,
was the first Marine Corps Affairs Officer at the American Institute
in Taiwan, established the Regional Engagement Branch at III
Marine Expeditionary Force, and served as a Strategic Analyst in
the Commandant’s Strategic Initiatives Group. Among his
publications are the co-edited China’s Global Influence:
Perspectives and Recommendations (APCSS, 2019) and co-written
‘Phase Zero: How China Exploits It, Why the US Does Not’ (Naval
War College Review, 2012). Mr McDonald earned a BA in
International Relations from The George Washington University,
an MA in National Security Affairs from the Naval Postgraduate
School, and completed the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology’s Seminar XXI Program for national security leaders.

Andrew O’Neil is Professor of Political Science at Griffith University

and Research Dean in the Business School. He has published
widely on international security issues, including alliances. Before
entering academia, Andrew worked as a strategic analyst in the
Australian government.

Fred Smith is Lecturer at the Department of Security Studies and

Criminology, Macquarie University, Australia since 2013. He
previously served in the United States Navy for 30 years, retiring
as a Captain in 2012. During his career as a military intelligence
officer, he had extensive experience in the Pacific and Middle East
with tours in Europe, the Mediterranean, and with the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). He also served multiple tours
in Australia (seconded to the Royal Australian Navy), Japan, and
in London, UK. He has deployed to Bahrain on multiple occasions
and conducted four at-sea deployments to the Pacific, Indian
 Ocean, Northern Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf and Mediterranean
Sea. He served multiple tours in the US, including ten years in
Hawaii, postings on both coasts of the US and in the Pentagon,
Washington, DC. His educational profile includes: Master of Arts
(National Security & Strategic Studies), Naval War College,
Newport, RI; Juris Doctor (Law Degree), Loyola School of Law,
New Orleans, LA; Bachelor of Arts (Political Science), Auburn
University, Auburn, AL. Fred has co-published (with Dalbir
Ahlawat), ‘Indo-Pacific Region: Evolving Strategic Contours’, in D.
Gopal and Dalbir Ahlawat (eds), Indo-Pacific: Emerging Powers,
Evolving Regions and Global Governance (Aakar, 2016).

Paul J. Smith is Professor of National Security Affairs at the US

Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Prior to his current
position, he was an associate professor and research fellow with
the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Hawaii (1997–
2006). He has published over 45 journal articles and chapters on
subjects related to transnational security and the international
politics of East Asia (with particular emphasis on the People’s
Republic of China, Japan, and Taiwan). His edited books include
Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and the Challenge
to America’s Immigration Tradition (Center for Strategic and
International Studies, 1997) and Terrorism and Violence in South-
East Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional
Stability (M. E. Sharpe/Routledge, 2004). He is author of The
Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the
Twenty-first Century (M. E. Sharpe/Routledge, 2007). He earned
his Bachelor of Arts from Washington and Lee University, Master
of Arts from the University of London (School of Oriental and
African Studies-SOAS) and his JD and PhD degrees (political
science) from the University of Hawai‘i (Ma-noa).

Andrew T. H. Tan is Professor at the Department of Security

Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Australia. He
previously taught at the University of New South Wales, Australia,
and Kings College London, UK, where he was based at the Joint
 Services Command and Staff College at Watchfield. Andrew has
published 20 sole-authored, edited and co-edited books, and over
60 refereed journal and chapter articles. Some of his latest books
include: The United States in Asia (Edward Elgar, 2018), US–China
Relations (Edward Elgar, 2016), Security and Conflict in East Asia
(Routledge, 2015), East and South-East Asia: International
Relations and Security Perspectives (Routledge, 2013), Security
Strategies in the Asia-Pacific (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) and US
Strategy Against Global Terrorism: How it Evolved, Why it Failed
and Where it is Headed (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). His latest
work (his 21st book) is an edited volume with some of the world’s
leading arms trade experts, entitled The Arms Trade (Edward
Elgar, forthcoming). In 2013, Andrew was Chair of Global Security
Asia, Asia’s largest homeland security conference. He is also the
co-commissioning editor of Edward Elgar’s New Horizons in East
Asian Politics series.

Dr Alexander L. Vuving is a Professor at the Asia-Pacific Center

for Security Studies. His main areas of research include great
power competition, Chinese strategy, Vietnamese politics and
foreign relations, the South China Sea dispute, and the history of
human power. He has published in major scholarly journals and
policy magazines in addition to presenting at leading universities
and think tanks around the world. Numerous newspapers and
news agencies, including the New York Times, the Financial
Times, the Associated Press, Bloomberg, and other media outlets,
have featured and quoted his views. Prior to APCSS, Dr Vuving
was an Assistant Professor at Tulane University and a Post-doc
Fellow and Associate of Harvard University’s Belfer Center for
Science and International Affairs. He is an Editorial Board member
of the journals Asian Politics and Policy and Global Discourse. His
most recent publications include two book chapters entitled
‘China’s Strategic Messaging: What It Is, How It Works, and How
to Respond to It’ and ‘Great Power Competition: Lessons from the
Past, Implications for the Future’, as well as an article titled ‘Will
China Set Up an ADIZ in the South China Sea?’
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