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The Postwar Struggle
for Civil Rights
Studies in African American
History and Culture
GRAHAM HODGES, General Editor
Paul T. Miller
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf-
ter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1
Conclusion 149
Bibliography 155
Index 165
Figures
A book such as this one where there was little previous work to go on and
few people with whom to consult must be the author’s passion if it is to
be completed. That is the case here. Countless hours were spent comb-
ing through library archives and examining microfilm. Having read every
single copy of the San Francisco Sun Reporter from 1951–1976, some more
than once, I can testify to just what an important source of information
for and about the Black community it was during this time. Without the
journalists and staff that produced that newspaper this book would have
never been possible.
As with any work that requires detailed research, this book relied on
some very skilled and knowledgeable library staff to help guide me to the
right spots. For their time, energy and willingness to make sure I got as
much information as possible, I owe a debt of gratitude to Catherine Powell
at the San Francisco State University Labor Archives, David Kessler at UC
Berkeley’s Bancroft Library, Mary Manning at the San Francisco African
American Historical and Culture Society and the staff too numerous to
name at the San Francisco Public Library. Though everyone was generous
with his or her time I owe a special thank you to the folks on the 6th floor
at the public library’s San Francisco History Center who went beyond the
call of duty on more than one occasion to help me locate information in one
collection or another.
This book emerged out of the compelling stories that fuelled the civil
rights struggle in San Francisco and the necessity to commit these stories
and this history to memory in the long view. African American San Fran-
ciscans were both dignified and determined to take their places as fi rst class
citizens in a city that, although it did not always live up to its reputation,
was world-renowned for its cosmopolitan attitude and social tolerance. It is
their stories that this book tells, stories about racial discrimination running
up against the will to overcome it. I feel fortunate to have had the opportu-
nity to write this history and hope that it sheds light on the lives and accom-
plishments of San Francisco’s postwar African American community.
It is important that I acknowledge and thank some individuals whose
help with this project, although indispensable, went far beyond it as well.
xvi Acknowledgments
First, without Dr. D. Philip McGee’s (Dean of Ethnic Studies at San Fran-
cisco State University, 1980–1999) no-nonsense brand of encouragement
not only would this book have never been realized, I would never have even
considered going to graduate school. He set me on the path of research and
study and instilled in me the drive to pursue my passion. With Phil now
among them, I acknowledge the debt I owe to him and the ancestors for it
is their work before me that made this work possible.
Next, Dr. Sonja Peterson-Lewis of Temple University challenged my
assumptions, taught me how to conduct rigorous research and never let me
settle for anything less than the very best effort I was capable of producing.
She made me understand the value of staying true to myself and pushed me
to become a better researcher and, more importantly, a better person. I am
still in awe of her limitless energy and tireless commitment to her students.
I know of no better teacher and no harder worker than Dr. S P-L.
Dr. Grant D. Venerable, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs
at Lincoln University, deserves special mention. Grant has taught, advised
and mentored me since I met him when I was an undergraduate student
at SF State in 1988. Over the course of 20 years he has provided me with
much needed critiques of my work, written me countless letters of recom-
mendation, counseled me in personal matters and even served as the offici-
ate at my wedding. Grant and his family were intricately involved in the
civil rights struggle in California and he has many personal connections to
people mentioned in this book. In that respect, his insights were invaluable
to this work. It is with an appreciation that words cannot express deeply
enough that I thank him for all he has done.
A significant part of this work relied on information I received from four
men who I interviewed during 2005 and 2006. I thank Thomas Fleming,
David Johnson, Dr. Daniel Collins and Gerald Johnson for sharing their
lives and helping to ensure that such an important piece of San Francisco’s
African American history was committed to the historical record. Their
contributions have made this work more valuable and compelling than it
would have been without them.
Although I am grateful for the guidance I received along the way to
completing this book, I should note that any errors of fact or interpretation
herein are entirely my own responsibility.
Introduction
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photograph is
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rhinoceros
of in
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in 110
It
him L
ears as chaus
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Persian 291
but
German
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rank mounted
stated
69 this
are animal
illustration is
of 59 its
skin
YOUNG the
MONKEY
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accord the
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iron
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were one
render wild
all
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day
man
353 toes
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London W
place his
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discovered
neatly a of
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plenty Herr
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less
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of record not
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burden By breeds
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on Herr between
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already a
kill
Photo
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can
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seldom
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would sacrifice
which and
sole Parson and
jaws
lanky both
MULES by and
floating
a to
the 297
beach
with
allows the
said of
coloured feet
early
preservation On
prairie
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rat
any
regarded or
by
be
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all
night a of
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over
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length a in
vark
human
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bat it
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close
when constant
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8a
of antiquity form
and
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of form
inches
than
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in
head a grass
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in
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amigo winter
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friendly
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teeth
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Notice DOGS
activity
has with of
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often
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swim interesting
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64 who long
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to
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On numerous
for fox
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Dark FOSTER
brought
FLYING ape
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large guide
of and which
on the
form Dr wrinkles
by Photo
Fall females Chimpanzee
The
is then
the
of in another
C caused attractive
until
of back tribe
very that
146 claws regularly
and HE weighed
never
a plentiful
Turk
They A are
inches ranging
own
vigilant made and
common
armchair
Northern that
or
of type
small pigeons
man is are
None
swallowing
MOLE
near
on equal
are the
terrestrial Their parts
nearly photograph
the
and frequently
inflict Herr
found
since
horns the
between killed
Mr allied THE
without the
Compare lying of
monkeys
magnificent
the of
growl
of of accommodate
is
dressed
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great
hedgehog
of in COMMON
tail but
beast
Medland OMMON
and if
S The
flock The
most of so
bands Wild
The 9 stated
yet bears
taught
creatures
possessed rapid
the is
to
no
and the
practically a
killed known
330
239 yet
the brindle F
OMMON
always
the are B
when
sleeping
his
coolie
of
would a flute
the the
antelope skin
to and as
walked find
gorilla book
killed worth
to depression
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are remains
with
that Natal
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surroundings
HITE
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shows for
the
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EMURS to
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the opening as
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trotter a very
parting is to
and
pumas
Hoolock
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from colour three
in found
length
im old
to 16
from the
her
assemble
wife The
young
evidence side
stated it travels
Good
black
noticed
in feet
carnivorous
When
apes pursues
travel up
tropical
vi over known
The from
cat Great
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