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Springer Proceedings in Physics 206

Luciano Maiani · Said Abousahl

Wolfango Plastino Editors

International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security,
Safeguards and Non-
proliferation–60 Years
of IAEA and EURATOM
Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei, Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017
Springer Proceedings in Physics

Volume 206
The series Springer Proceedings in Physics, founded in 1984, is devoted to timely
reports of state-of-the-art developments in physics and related sciences. Typically
based on material presented at conferences, workshops and similar scientific
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Luciano Maiani Said Abousahl
•

Wolfango Plastino
Editors

International Cooperation
for Enhancing Nuclear
Safety, Security, Safeguards
and Non-proliferation–
60 Years of IAEA
and EURATOM
Proceedings of the XX Edoardo Amaldi
Conference, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei,
Rome, Italy, October 9–10, 2017
Editors
Luciano Maiani Wolfango Plastino
Department of Physics Department of Mathematics and Physics
Sapienza University of Rome Roma Tre University
Rome Rome
Italy Italy

Said Abousahl
Directorate General Joint Research Centre
European Commission
Brussels
Belgium

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Physics
ISBN 978-3-662-57365-5 ISBN 978-3-662-57366-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57366-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938635

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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Keynote Speeches by
H. E. Yukiya Amano–IAEA Director General
H. E. Federica Mogherini–HR/VP European Commission
Preface

The XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference—International Cooperation for Enhancing

Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation—has been held in
Rome, Italy, 9th–10th October 2017, organised by the Accademia Nazionale dei
Lincei and the European Commission—Directorate-General Joint Research Centre,
under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation.
The Conference was opened by a letter of appreciation and support of the
President of the Italian Republic, Sergio Mattarella. The opening session has been
broadcasted by RAI News to international audience and by RAI Scuola to a wide
audience of high school classes.
Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards (the “3S”) and Non-proliferation play a
key role for the build-up and maintenance of the verification regime and the pro-
gress towards a nuclear-weapon-free world. The year 2017 marked two important
anniversaries: the 60 years of IAEA Atoms for Peace and the 60 years of the
EURATOM Treaty. The importance of these anniversaries has been underscored in
the keynote speeches by two very exceptional personalities:
H. E. Yukiya Amano, IAEA Director General, in 60 Years of IAEA: Atoms for
Peace and Development.
H. E. Federica Mogherini, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security
Policy—Vice-President of the European Commission, in 60 Years of Euratom
Treaty: Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, New Challenges and Opportunities.
We are very much honoured to present their talks at the very beginning of this
book.
Organised in four plenary sessions with 18 plenary speeches and two panels, the
XX Amaldi Conference has involved officials and scientists from international
organisations—European Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Pugwash Conferences on
Sciences and World Affairs—and from fifteen countries—Canada, China, Finland,
France, Germany, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, UK
and USA.

vii
viii Preface

In the spirit of Amaldi’s intuition, the Conference was proposed as a forum

where eminent scientists, diplomats and policy makers could compare national
perspectives and update international collaborations, while discussing how “Science
beyond Boundaries” may enhance nuclear non-proliferation policies.
Talks have illustrated the political, institutional and legal dimension of the
nuclear “3S”, of the Non-Proliferation Regulation Systems, of the Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty, and have addressed the current challenges by attempting to identify possible
solutions and future improvements.
The role of international cooperation and of the scientific community actions has
been considered, in connection with the effectiveness in the implementation of
international controls in critical areas, on technology foresight and the ongoing
evaluation of current capabilities.
The XX Amaldi Conference has been characterised by the preoccupations
materialised in the last two years, concerning the worsening of the international
relations and the possibility to make progress, or at least not to step back, on the
fronts of International Security and Arm Control and of the non-proliferation
process.
Under the name of “modernisation” of the armaments, a new arms race may
have restarted between the superpowers. Added to this, the reciprocal accusations
advanced in the USA and in Russia of violating the Intermediate Nuclear Force
Treaty (INF) and the uncertainties on the future of the New Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty (START), due to expire in February 2021.
During the last Amaldi Conference, in 2015, great hopes had been raised by the
Vienna talks for a non-proliferation agreement with Iran. Signed shortly after
between Iran, China, France, Germany, Russia, UK, USA and the European Union,
the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has been tested in the following
two years but it has been contested, during the last year, by the new US
Administration.
The issue has emerged strongly in XX Amaldi Conference, first in the keynote
speeches where
• IAEA DG Amano has explicitly stated that Iran has indeed complied with the
obligations foreseen by JCPOA, and
• The High Representative Mogherini has clearly stated the intention of the
European Union to proceed supporting the agreement.
The position of Iran has been reported at the Conference by Dr. A. A. Salehi,
Vice-President and Head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, and the issue
has reappeared in the panel on The Future of Nuclear Disarmament and
Non-Proliferation, with several interventions from the floor.
The Conference has stressed that the global security is a fundamental target for
scientists, diplomats and policy makers, and in the context offered by the
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, participants have been able to compare different
experiences and discuss future strategies for an effective international cooperation,
along the lines advocated long ago by Edoardo Amaldi.
Preface ix

The editors convey their sincere appreciation to all officials of the International
Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Universities
and Research, Roma Tre University and Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI), for sup-
porting this Conference.
Special thanks go to all authors for their effort during the preparation of the
papers and to the President of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Prof. Alberto
Quadrio Curzio, to the Director General, Dr. Ada Baccari, to Dr. Marco Zeppa,
Dr. Pina Moliterno, Dr. Giovanni Anzidei and all Lincei staff, for their commitment
and efforts to promote the Conference.

Rome-Brussels Luciano Maiani

February 2018 Chair, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Said Abousahl
Co-Chair, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Wolfango Plastino
Scientific Secretary, XX Edoardo Amaldi Conference
Keynote Speeches

Yukiya Amano and Federica Mogherini

60 Years of IAEA: Atoms for Peace and Development

Yukiya Amano
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, United Nations
e-mail: [email protected]
Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen.
I am very pleased to speak at this 20th Edoardo Amaldi Conference in the
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world.
Italy was a founding member of the IAEA in 1957 and works closely with us in
many areas of our work. Last month, at the IAEA General Conference in Vienna,
Italy presented us with a bust of Enrico Fermi, who is often seen as an architect
of the nuclear age.
As you know, Fermi was a collaborator of Edoardo Amaldi, after whom this
series of conferences is named.
The European Commission Joint Research Centre, our co-organizer today, is a
very important partner for the Agency. It provides significant financial and technical
support for our work.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In the past 60 years, the IAEA has helped to improve the health and prosperity of
millions of people by making nuclear science and technology available in health
care, food and agriculture, industry and other areas.
We also contributed to international peace and security by verifying that nuclear
material stays in peaceful uses.
Our work was given special recognition in 2005 with the Nobel Peace Prize,
which was awarded jointly to the Agency and to my distinguished predecessor
Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.
We are probably best known in the public mind for our work to prevent the
spread of nuclear weapons, and especially—in recent years—for our activities
concerning the nuclear programmes of North Korea and Iran.

xi
xii Keynote Speeches

I will talk about both of these issues in a moment. But first I would like to tell
you about the development side of our Atoms for Peace and Development mandate.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Nuclear science and technology have many peaceful applications which can help
countries to produce more food, generate more electricity, treat diseases such as
cancer, manage water supplies, protect the seas and oceans and respond to climate
change.
These are all areas covered by the Sustainable Development Goals, which were
adopted by world leaders in 2015. Helping developing countries to achieve the
SDGs, using relevant nuclear technology, is an important part of our work.
Let me give you a few examples.
First, birth control for insects.
This is important in combating pests such as mosquitoes, tsetse flies and fruit
flies. These cause nasty human and animal diseases and can destroy entire crops of
fruit and vegetables.
The IAEA makes available something called the sterile insect technique, which
involves sterilising male insects by applying radiation.
These sterilised males are released in a targeted location. They mate with
females, but no offspring are produced. Over time, the wild population declines and
the insect pest is greatly reduced, or completely eliminated in certain areas.
The sterile insect technique saves countries many millions of dollars per year and
protects farmers’ livelihoods. It also helps to improve human health. With generous
support from the European Union, we have made the technique available to
countries affected by the Zika virus to help them combat the Aedes mosquito, which
spreads the virus.
Second, food security.
The IAEA helps to increase food supplies by developing new varieties of crops
such as rice and barley. These are higher-yielding and more resistant to drought and
disease.
By applying radiation in the laboratory, scientists accelerate the spontaneous
mutation process that occurs in nature all the time. They can develop new varieties
of crops very quickly. This does not involve genetic modification of the plants.
As a result, farmers in Peru are growing abundant crops of new varieties of
barley at high altitudes, while farmers in Myanmar are growing more rice.
Producing the new plants involves sophisticated science, but farmers do not have to
change traditional growing methods.
The IAEA has a Joint Division with the Rome-based Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, which focuses on nuclear techniques in food
and agriculture.
The third area I want to mention is human health, and, in particular, cancer
control. This is an important focus of our work.
Cancer used to be thought of as a disease of wealthier nations, but, in fact, it is
reaching epidemic proportions in developing countries.
Keynote Speeches xiii

It is estimated that, by 2030, over 21 million people will be diagnosed with

cancer every year. Around 60% of all new cancer cases will be recorded in
developing countries, and that is where around 70% of cancer-related deaths will
occur.
Unfortunately, many developing countries lack both equipment and the trained
medical and technical experts needed to treat cancer effectively. In Africa alone,
there are 28 countries which do not have a single radiotherapy machine.
The IAEA is working closely with partners such as the World Health
Organization to change that.
Our technical support focuses on radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and imaging
technology. We provide education and training for health professionals and
sometimes supply equipment.
We have developed innovative e-learning initiatives which offer high-quality
training for specialists in areas such as radiotherapy, medical physics and nutrition.
Finally, the IAEA is unique within the UN system in having eight specialist
nuclear applications laboratories near Vienna.
These train scientists, support research in human health, food and other areas,
and provide analytical services to national laboratories. The laboratories are now
undergoing a long overdue modernisation. We also have environmental laboratories
in Monaco which work on marine pollution and ocean acidification.
Since 1958, more than 48,000 scientists and engineers have held fellowships and
scientific visitor positions through the IAEA technical cooperation programme,
both at our laboratories, and in the facilities of our partners around the world.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The best known peaceful application of nuclear technology is nuclear power.
At present, 30 countries are using nuclear power. But many more countries,
especially in the developing world, are interested in introducing it. In fact, global
use of nuclear power continues to grow, despite the Fukushima Daiichi accident in
Japan six years ago.
Nuclear power makes a significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and improving energy security, while delivering energy in the growing
quantities needed for development.
It is up to each country to decide whether or not to introduce nuclear power.
The IAEA does not attempt to influence their decision. But if countries opt for
nuclear power, our job is to help them use it safely, securely and sustainably.
Nuclear safety and security are national responsibilities, but the IAEA serves as
the forum for international cooperation in these areas.
For example, the IAEA establishes international nuclear Safety Standards. These
are not legally binding, but they are used voluntarily by almost all countries to
protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
The Agency sends peer review missions, made up of top international experts, to
give countries professional advice on safety issues.
The IAEA coordinated the international response to the most serious accidents at
nuclear power plants—at Chernobyl in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi in 2011.
xiv Keynote Speeches

After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, we quickly convened a ministerial con-

ference which led to the IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. This helped to bring
about a significant improvement in nuclear safety throughout the world.
As far as security is concerned, the IAEA helps countries to prevent nuclear and
other radioactive material from falling into the hands of terrorists.
We train police and border guards, provide radiation detection equipment and
advise on nuclear security at major events such as the Olympic Games and World
Cup soccer championships. The EU is a major supporter of the IAEA’s nuclear
security programme.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I will now turn to the nuclear verification work of the IAEA.
We implement safeguards in 181 countries, sending nuclear inspectors all over
the world to check that States are not secretly developing nuclear weapons. We use
advanced technology that enables us to detect even minute particles of nuclear
material.
We have state-of-the-art safeguards laboratories near Vienna which analyse
samples of material brought back by our inspectors. Wherever possible, we monitor
nuclear facilities remotely, in real time, using permanently installed cameras and
other sensors.
The IAEA and EURATOM have for decades applied safeguards jointly in
Europe, including through joint team inspections.
This brings me to the very topical issue of Iran’s nuclear programme.
The IAEA worked from 2003 onwards to try to resolve a number of outstanding
safeguards issues in Iran. For years, little or no progress was made. But, a few years
ago, we started to see some movement.
In July 2015, I signed a Road-map with Iran for the clarification of possible
military dimensions to its nuclear programme. At the same time, Iran and the group
of countries known as the P5+1—plus the EU—agreed on the Joint Comprehensive
Plan of Action, the JCPOA.
As a result of the IAEA Roadmap, I was able to present a final assessment of
Iran’s past nuclear activities to the IAEA Board of Governors in December 2015.
Our assessment was that Iran had conducted a range of activities relevant to the
development of a nuclear explosive device before the end of 2003. However, these
activities did not advance beyond feasibility and scientific studies, and the acqui-
sition of certain relevant technical competences and capabilities.
Based on my report, the IAEA Board decided to close its consideration of
outstanding issues related to the Iranian nuclear programme.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Implementation of the JCPOA began in January 2016. The IAEA is not a party
to the agreement. We were asked by the UN Security Council to verify and monitor
that Iran is implementing its nuclear-related commitments under the agreement. Our
Board of Governors authorised us to do so.
Keynote Speeches xv

The JCPOA represents a real gain for nuclear verification.

Iran is now subject to the world’s most robust nuclear verification regime. Our
inspectors have expanded access to sites, and have more information about Iran’s
nuclear programme. That programme is smaller than it was before the agreement
came into force.
Iran is provisionally implementing the additional protocol to its safeguards
agreement with the IAEA. This is a powerful verification tool which gives us
broader access to information and locations.
As a result, I can state that the nuclear-related commitments undertaken by Iran
under the JCPOA are being implemented.
The IAEA will continue to implement safeguards in Iran with a view to being
able to draw what we call the “broader conclusion”—that all nuclear material
remains in peaceful activities—in due course. This is likely to take many years.
But we can already point to some valuable lessons from the process so far.
The first is that even complex and challenging issues can be tackled effectively if
all parties are committed to dialogue—not dialogue for its own sake, but dialogue
aimed at achieving results.
My second observation is that the IAEA was able to make a vital contribution,
and maintain the confidence of all sides, by sticking to its technical mandate and not
straying into politics.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Unfortunately, it is not possible to report progress on the issue of North Korea.
I remain seriously concerned about North Korea’s nuclear programme. North
Korea continues to conduct nuclear tests, launch missiles and threaten other
countries, in complete disregard of the repeated demands of the international
community.
The fact that North Korea is testing nuclear weapons with a large yield, as well
as long-distance delivery systems, means this is no longer just a regional threat. It is
a grave threat to global peace and security.
The IAEA used to have inspectors in North Korea, reporting on its nuclear
programme, but they were required to leave in 2009. North Korea declared its
withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It
is no longer a Member State of the IAEA.
We are still working hard to collect and evaluate information regarding North
Korea’s nuclear programme, including by monitoring satellite imagery as well as
open-source and trade-related information.
Without direct access, the Agency cannot confirm the operational status of North
Korea’s nuclear facilities or what exactly is going on there. But all the indications
suggest that North Korea is pressing ahead with its nuclear programme. When it
comes to its nuclear programme, North Korea generally does what it says it is going
to do.
In the present circumstances, it is difficult to be optimistic about possible
solutions. The most important thing for now is that the international community
gets united. Clearly many parties—key countries, the UN and the IAEA—have
important roles to play.
xvi Keynote Speeches

Ladies and Gentlemen,

As you can see, the Agency has a remarkably broad mandate, covering many
disparate areas, which needs to be implemented in a balanced manner.
Our work is unique—no other organization offers the range of services related to
nuclear science and technology that we do.
In the coming decades, we will continue to focus on delivering concrete results
for our Member States and improving the well-being and prosperity of the people
of the world through the clever use of that technology.
Thank you.

60 Years of EURATOM Treaty: Disarmament and

Non-Proliferation, New Challenges and Opportunities
Federica Mogherini
European Commission, Brussels, European Union
e-mail: [email protected]

Dear friends,
I am really sorry I cannot be with you in Rome today. Non-proliferation is not
only very close to my heart: it is also one of the most urgent issues of our times.
Once again we have to deal with nuclear tests, and the threat of a nuclear attack.
The only wise thing to do in a moment like this, is to invest all our political capital
in the power of diplomacy, multilateralism and international cooperation. We
should open new channels for dialogue and mediation, and we definitely shouldn’t
destroy the channels we already have—even more so, if they are delivering. We
should protect and expand all international agreements on nonproliferation. This is
certainly not the time to dismantle them.
The lesson of Edoardo Amaldi and his generation is more relevant than ever, and
too often forgotten.
People like Amaldi understood better than anyone else the risk of nuclear pro-
liferation. Amaldi knew the power of the bomb, and he always worked to prevent a
new Hiroshima. The one and only way to do so, was (and still is) investing in
international cooperation.
His generation understood the need for cooperation on a global scale. Exactly
sixty years ago, Amaldi and others gave birth to a global movement of scientists for
nuclear disarmament. And in the same year, the International Atomic Energy
Agency also saw the light.
Just a few months before, in March 1957, Amaldi was among the founding
fathers of Euratom—one of the original building blocks of our European Union.
Our founding fathers and mothers believed that only a united Europe could survive
in a world of superpowers. They believed that without European unity, we would be
irrelevant on the global stage. And they knew that together, we could be a scientific
superpower, and we could contribute to shaping the rules of a more cooperative
global order.
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