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 Simon N. Foley (Ed.)
LNCS 11559

Data and Applications

Security and Privacy XXXIII
33rd Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Conference, DBSec 2019
Charleston, SC, USA, July 15–17, 2019
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11559
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board Members

David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Simon N. Foley (Ed.)

Data and Applications

Security and Privacy XXXIII
33rd Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Conference, DBSec 2019
Charleston, SC, USA, July 15–17, 2019
Proceedings

123
Editor
Simon N. Foley
Norwegian University of Science
and Technology
Gjøvik, Norway

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-22478-3 ISBN 978-3-030-22479-0 (eBook)
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 Preface

This book contains the papers that were selected for presentation and publication at the
33rd Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy
(DBSec 2019) that was held in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, July 15–17, 2019.
The Program Committee accepted 21 papers out of a total of 51 papers that were
submitted from 18 different countries. The papers in this book are drawn from a range
of topics, including privacy, code security, security threats, security protocols,
distributed systems, and mobile and Web security. The 43-member Program Com-
mittee, assisted by a further 43 external reviewers, reviewed and discussed the papers
online over a period of over six weeks and with each paper receiving at least three
reviews.
DBSec 2019 would not have been possible without the contributions of the many
volunteers who freely gave their time and expertise. Our thanks go to the members
of the Progam Committee and the external reviewers for their work in evaluating the
papers. Grateful thanks are due to all the people who gave their assistance and ensured
a smooth organization, in particular Csilla Farkas and Mark Daniels for their efforts as
DBSec 2019 general chairs; Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati (IFIP WG11.3 Chair) for
her guidance and support, and Emad Alsuwat for managing the conference website.
A special thanks goes to the invited speakers for their keynote presentations. Finally,
we would like to express our thanks to the authors who submitted papers to
DBSec. They, more than anyone else, are what makes this conference possible.

July 2019 Simon Foley

 Organization

IFIP WG 11.3 Chair

Sabrina De Capitani di Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Vimercati

General Chairs
Csilla Farkas University of South Carolina, USA
Mark Daniels Medical University of South Carolina, USA

Program Chair
Simon Foley Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway

Program Committee
Vijay Atluri Rutgers University, USA
Frédéric Cuppens IMT Atlantique, France
Nora Cuppens-Boulahia IMT Atlantique, France
Sabrina De Capitani di University of Milan, Italy
Vimercati
Giovanni Di Crescenzo Perspecta Labs, USA
Wenliang Du Syracuse University, USA
Barbara Fila INSA Rennes, IRISA, France
Simon Foley Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Sara Foresti University of Milan, Italy
Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro Telecom SudParis, France
Stefanos Gritzalis University of the Aegean, Greece
Ehud Gudes Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Yuan Hong Illinois Institute of Technology, USA
Sokratis Katsikas Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
Florian Kerschbaum University of Waterloo, Canada
Adam J. Lee University of Pittsburgh, USA
Yingjiu Li Singapore Management University, Singapore
Giovanni Livraga University of Milan, Italy
Javier Lopez UMA, Spain
Brad Malin Vanderbilt University, USA
Fabio Martinelli IIT-CNR, Italy
viii Organization

Sjouke Mauw University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Catherine Meadows NRL, USA
Charles Morisset Newcastle University, UK
Martin Olivier University of Pretoria, South Africa
Stefano Paraboschi University of Bergamo, Italy
Günther Pernul Universität Regensburg, Germany
Andreas Peter University of Twente, The Netherlands
Silvio Ranise FBK-Irst, Italy
Indrajit Ray Colorado State University, USA
Kui Ren State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
Pierangela Samarati University of Milan, Italy
Andreas Schaad WIBU-Systems, Germany
Scott Stoller Stony Brook University, USA
Tamir Tassa The Open University of Israel, Israel
Mahesh Tripunitara University of Waterloo, Canada
Jaideep Vaidya Rutgers University, USA
Vijay Varadharajan The University of Newcastle, Australia
Lingyu Wang Concordia University, Canada
Wendy Hui Wang Stevens Institute of Technology, USA
Attila A Yavuz University of South Florida, USA
Ting Yu Qatar Computing Research Institute, Qatar
Nicola Zannone Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

Additional Reviewers

Ahlawat, Amit Oqaily, Alaa

Akowuah, Francis Oqaily, Momen
Alhebaishi, Nawaf Ozmen, Muslum Ozgur
Anagnostopoulos, Marios Puchtra, Alexander
Asadi, Behzad Ramírez-Cruz, Yunior
Behnia, Rouzbeh Rizos, Athanasios
Bui, Thang Sengupta, Binanda
Ceccato, Mariano Seyitoglu, Efe Ulas Akay
Cledel, Thomas Tian, Yangguang
Dietz, Marietheres Tsohou, Aggeliki
Esquivel-Vargas, Herson Uuganbayar, Ganbayar
Fernandez, Gerardo van de Kamp, Tim
Gadyatskaya, Olga van Deursen, Ton
Hitchens, Michael Vielberth, Manfred
Hoang, Thang Voloch, Nadav
Kalloniatis, Christos Wang, Han
Liu, Bingyu Widel, Wojciech
Luo, Meng Xie, Shangyu
Mercaldo, Francesco Xu, Jiayun
Michailidou, Christina Xu, Shengmin
Mohammady, Meisam Zhang, Mingwei
Mueller, Johannes
 Contents

Attacks

Detecting Adversarial Attacks in the Context of Bayesian Networks . . . . . . . 3

Emad Alsuwat, Hatim Alsuwat, John Rose, Marco Valtorta,
and Csilla Farkas

AGBuilder: An AI Tool for Automated Attack Graph Building,

Analysis, and Refinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bruhadeshwar Bezawada, Indrajit Ray, and Kushagra Tiwary

On Practical Aspects of PCFG Password Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Radek Hranický, Filip Lištiak, Dávid Mikuš, and Ondřej Ryšavý

That’s My DNA: Detecting Malicious Tampering of Synthesized DNA . . . . . 61

Diptendu Mohan Kar and Indrajit Ray

Mobile and Web Security

Adversarial Sampling Attacks Against Phishing Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Hossein Shirazi, Bruhadeshwar Bezawada, Indrakshi Ray,
and Charles Anderson

Is My Phone Listening in? On the Feasibility and Detectability

of Mobile Eavesdropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Jacob Leon Kröger and Philip Raschke

Droids in Disarray: Detecting Frame Confusion in Hybrid Android Apps. . . . 121

Davide Caputo, Luca Verderame, Simone Aonzo, and Alessio Merlo

Privacy

Geo-Graph-Indistinguishability: Protecting Location Privacy for LBS

over Road Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Shun Takagi, Yang Cao, Yasuhito Asano, and Masatoshi Yoshikawa

“When and Where Do You Want to Hide?” – Recommendation

of Location Privacy Preferences with Local Differential Privacy . . . . . . . . . . 164
Maho Asada, Masatoshi Yoshikawa, and Yang Cao
x Contents

Analysis of Privacy Policies to Enhance Informed Consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Raúl Pardo and Daniel Le Métayer

Security Protocol Practices

Lost in TLS? No More! Assisted Deployment of Secure TLS

Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Salvatore Manfredi, Silvio Ranise, and Giada Sciarretta

Contributing to Current Challenges in Identity and Access Management

with Visual Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Alexander Puchta, Fabian Böhm, and Günther Pernul

Analysis of Multi-path Onion Routing-Based Anonymization Networks . . . . . 240

Wladimir De la Cadena, Daniel Kaiser, Asya Mitseva,
Andriy Panchenko, and Thomas Engel

Distributed Systems

Shoal: Query Optimization and Operator Placement for Access

Controlled Stream Processing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Cory Thoma, Alexandros Labrinidis, and Adam J. Lee

A Distributed Ledger Approach to Digital Twin Secure Data Sharing . . . . . . 281

Marietheres Dietz, Benedikt Putz, and Günther Pernul

Refresh Instead of Revoke Enhances Safety and Availability:

A Formal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Mehrnoosh Shakarami and Ravi Sandhu

Source Code Security

Wrangling in the Power of Code Pointers with ProxyCFI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Misiker Tadesse Aga, Colton Holoday, and Todd Austin

CASFinder: Detecting Common Attack Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Mengyuan Zhang, Yue Xin, Lingyu Wang, Sushil Jajodia,
and Anoop Singhal

Algorithm Diversity for Resilient Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Scott D. Stoller and Yanhong A. Liu
 Contents xi

Malware

Online Malware Detection in Cloud Auto-scaling Systems Using

Shallow Convolutional Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Mahmoud Abdelsalam, Ram Krishnan, and Ravi Sandhu

Redirecting Malware’s Target Selection with Decoy Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Sara Sutton, Garret Michilli, and Julian Rrushi

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Attacks
 Detecting Adversarial Attacks
in the Context of Bayesian Networks

Emad Alsuwat(B) , Hatim Alsuwat, John Rose, Marco Valtorta,

and Csilla Farkas

University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

{Alsuwat,Alsuwath}@email.sc.edu, {Rose,Mgv,Farkas}@cse.sc.edu

Abstract. In this research, we study data poisoning attacks against

Bayesian network structure learning algorithms. We propose to use the
distance between Bayesian network models and the value of data conflict
to detect data poisoning attacks. We propose a 2-layered framework that
detects both one-step and long-duration data poisoning attacks. Layer 1
enforces “reject on negative impacts” detection; i.e., input that changes
the Bayesian network model is labeled potentially malicious. Layer 2
aims to detect long-duration attacks; i.e., observations in the incoming
data that conflict with the original Bayesian model. We show that for a
typical small Bayesian network, only a few contaminated cases are needed
to corrupt the learned structure. Our detection methods are effective
against not only one-step attacks but also sophisticated long-duration
attacks. We also present our empirical results.

Keywords: Adversarial machine learning · Bayesian networks ·

Data poisoning attacks · The PC algorithm · Long-duration attacks ·
Detection methods

1 Introduction

During the last decade, several researchers addressed the problem of cyber
attacks against machine learning systems (see [24] for an overview). Machine
learning techniques are widely used; however, machine learning methods were
not designed to function correctly in adversarial settings [16,18]. Data poison-
ing attacks are considered one of the most important emerging security threats
against machine learning systems [33,35]. Data poisoning attacks aim to corrupt
the machine learning model by contaminating the data in the training phase [11].
Data poisoning was studied in different machine learning algorithms, such as
Support Vector Machines (SVMs) [11,21,28], Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) [9,10], Clustering [8,12], and Neural Networks (NNs) [36]. However, these
efforts are not directly applicable to Bayesian structure learning algorithms.
There are two main methods used in defending against a poisoning attack: (1)
robust learning and (2) data sanitization [14]. Robust learning aims to increase
c IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2019
Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
S. N. Foley (Ed.): DBSec 2019, LNCS 11559, pp. 3–22, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22479-0_1
4 E. Alsuwat et al.

learning algorithm robustness, thereby reducing the overall influence that con-
taminated data samples have on the algorithm. Data sanitization eliminates
contaminated data samples from the training data set prior to training a classi-
fier. While data sanitization shows promise to defend against data poisoning, it
is often impossible to validate every data source [14].
In our earlier work [3,4], we studied the robustness of Bayesian network
structure learning algorithms against traditional (a.k.a one-step) data poisoning
attacks. We proposed two subclasses of data poisoning attacks against Bayesian
network algorithms: (i) model invalidation attacks and (ii) targeted change
attacks. We defined a novel link strength measure that can be used to perform
a security analysis of Bayesian network models [5].
In this paper, we further investigate the robustness of Bayesian network struc-
ture learning algorithms against long-duration (a.k.a multi-step) data poisoning
attacks (described in Sect. 3). We use the causative model proposed by Barreno
et al. [6] to contextualize Bayesian network vulnerabilities. We propose a
2-layered framework to detect poisoning attacks from untrusted data sources.
Layer 1 enforces “reject on negative impacts” detection [30]; i.e., input that
changes the model is labeled malicious. Layer 2 aims to detect long-duration
attacks; i.e., it looks for cases in the incoming data that conflict with the origi-
nal Bayesian model.
The main contributions of this paper are the following: We define long-
duration data poisoning attacks when an attacker may spread the malicious
workload over several datasets. We study model invalidation attacks which aim
to arbitrarily corrupt the Bayesian network structure. Our 2-layered framework
detects both one-step and long-duration data poisoning attacks. We use the dis-
tance between Bayesian network models, B1 and B2 , denoted as ds(B1 , B2 ),
to detect malicious data input (Eq. 3) for one-step attacks. For long-duration
attacks, we use the value of data conflict (Eq. 4) to detect potentially poisoned
data. Our framework relies on offline analysis to validate the potentially mali-
cious datasets. We present our empirical results, showing the effectiveness of
our framework to detect both one-step and long-duration attacks. Our results
indicate that the distance measure ds(B1 , B2 ) (Eq. 3) and the conflict measure
Conf (c, B1 ) (Eq. 4) are sensitive to poisoned data.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we present the
problem setting. In Sect. 3, we present long-duration data poisoning attacks
against Bayesian network structure learning algorithms. In Sect. 4, we present
our 2-layered detection framework and our algorithms. In Sect. 5 we present our
empirical results. In Sect. 6, we give an overview of related work. In Sect. 7, we
conclude and briefly discuss ongoing work.

2 Problem Setting

We focus on structure learning algorithms in Bayesian networks. Let DSv =

{c1 , . . . , cN } be a validated dataset with N case. Each case c is over attributes
x1 , . . . , xn and of the form c = <x1 = v1 , . . . , xn = vn >, where vi is the value
 Detecting Adversarial Attacks in the Context of Bayesian Networks 5

of attribute xi . A Bayesian network model B1 is learned by feeding a validated

dataset DSv into a Bayesian structure learning algorithm, BN Algo, such as the
PC algorithm, which is the most widely used algorithm for structure learning in
Bayesian networks [34], as shown in Eq. 1.
B1 = BN Algo(DSv ) (1)
The defender attempts to divide an incoming dataset, DSp , coming from an
untrusted source, into clean and poisoned cases. The attacker aims to inject a
contaminated dataset, DSp with the same attributes as DSv and N1 cases, into
the validated training dataset, DSv . A learning error occurs if DSu , obtained
by the union of DSv and DSp , results in a Bayesian network learning model
B2 (shown in Eq. 2), such that there is a missing link, a reversed link, or an
additional link in B2 that is not in B1 .
B2 = BN Algo(DSu ) (2)
To estimate the impact of the poisoned dataset on the validated dataset, we
define a distance function between two Bayesian network models B1 and B2 ,
denoted as ds(B1 , B2 ). Intuitively, B1 is the validated model and B2 is the
potentially corrupted model.
Let B1 = (V, E1 ) and B2 = (V, E2 ) be two Bayesian network models where
V = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } and E = {(xu , xv ) : xu , xv ∈ V }. Let B1 be the vali-
dated model resulting from feeding DSv to a Bayesian network structure learn-
ing algorithm, and B2 be the newly learned model resulting from feeding DSu to
a Bayesian network structure learning algorithm. Let e1 = (xu , xv ) be a directed
edge from vertex xu to vertex xv , and e2 = (xv , xu ) be a directed edge from ver-
tex xv to vertex xu (e2 is the reverse of e1 ). The distance function, ds(B1 , B2 ),
is a non-negative function that measures the changes in the newly learned model
B2 with respect to the original model B1 . The distance function, ds(B1 , B2 ), is
defined as follows:
(Distance measure). Let Bayesian network models B1 = (V, E1 ) and B2 =
(V, E2 ) be the results of feeding DSv and DSu , respectively, to a Bayesian net-
work structure learning algorithm. ds(B1 , B2 ) is defined as the sum of distances
over pairs of vertices (xu , xv ) ∈ V × V as follows:

ds(B1 , B2 ) = dsxu xv (B1 , B2 ) (3)
(xu ,xv )∈V ×V

where dsxu xv (B1 , B2 ) is the distance between every pair of vertices (xu , xv ) ∈
V ×V.
We define dsxu xv (B1 , B2 ) as the cost of making a change to B1 that results
in the newly learned model B2 . The function dsxu xv (B1 , B2 ) between the two
Bayesian network models B1 and B2 is defined as follows [19]:
Status 1 (True Negative Edges): if ((e1 ∈ E1 && e2 ∈ E1 ) && (e1 ∈ E2
&& e2 ∈ E2 )), then there is no edge (neither e1 nor e2 ) between vertex xu
and vertex xv in either models B1 and B2 . Hence, dsxu xv (B1 , B2 ) = 0.
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