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SOP Azo Dye Synthesis

The document outlines a standard operating procedure (SOP) for synthesizing azo dyes from Schiff bases, detailing the necessary materials, step-by-step synthesis, characterization methods, and photocatalytic degradation studies. It emphasizes safety precautions during the process and aims to contribute to eco-friendly dye development and wastewater remediation. The characterization includes UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR techniques to confirm the structure and assess degradation efficiency.

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05 Avinash Gupta
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8 views3 pages

SOP Azo Dye Synthesis

The document outlines a standard operating procedure (SOP) for synthesizing azo dyes from Schiff bases, detailing the necessary materials, step-by-step synthesis, characterization methods, and photocatalytic degradation studies. It emphasizes safety precautions during the process and aims to contribute to eco-friendly dye development and wastewater remediation. The characterization includes UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR techniques to confirm the structure and assess degradation efficiency.

Uploaded by

05 Avinash Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOP: Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dyes from Schiff Base

Title

Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dyes from Schiff Base with Studies on Their Degradation Efficiency

1. Objective

To synthesize azo dyes using Schiff bases as intermediates, characterize the dyes using spectroscopic

techniques, and evaluate their degradation efficiency under photocatalytic conditions.

2. Materials Required

Chemicals:

- Aromatic amines (e.g., aniline, p-toluidine)

- Aromatic aldehydes (e.g., salicylaldehyde, benzaldehyde)

- Sodium nitrite (NaNO2)

- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

- Phenol or other coupling components

- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) or Zinc oxide (ZnO)

- Ethanol or methanol

- Distilled water

Equipment:

- Magnetic stirrer

- Ice bath

- UV-Vis spectrophotometer

- FTIR spectrometer

- NMR spectrometer (if available)

- pH meter

- Hot plate

- Filtration apparatus

- UV lamp or sunlight exposure setup


SOP: Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dyes from Schiff Base

3. Procedure

Step 1: Synthesis of Schiff Base

- Dissolve equimolar amounts of aromatic amine and aldehyde in ethanol and stir for 23 hours.

- Heat gently if needed and monitor by TLC.

- Filter, wash, and dry the product.

Step 2: Diazotization

- Dissolve Schiff base in dilute HCl and cool to 05C.

- Add sodium nitrite solution dropwise under stirring, keeping temperature below 5C.

Step 3: Coupling Reaction

- Prepare cold alkaline phenol solution.

- Add diazonium salt solution dropwise while maintaining pH 810.

- Stir for 12 hours, filter, wash, and dry the dye.

4. Characterization

a) UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Measure max and absorbance.

b) FTIR Spectroscopy: Identify N=N, OH, C=N groups.

c) 1H NMR (if available): Confirm structure via proton shifts.

d) Melting Point: Check purity.

5. Photocatalytic Degradation Study

a) Prepare 1050 ppm dye solution.

b) Add photocatalyst and stir in dark for 30 min.

c) Expose to UV or sunlight, sample every 1020 min.

d) Use UV-Vis to measure absorbance and calculate degradation %:

Degradation (%) = ((A0 - At) / A0) 100


SOP: Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Dyes from Schiff Base

6. Safety Precautions

- Wear lab coat, gloves, goggles.

- Handle acids and nitrites with care.

- Keep temperature low during diazotization.

- Dispose of waste properly.

7. Conclusion

This SOP outlines the synthesis, characterization, and degradation study of azo dyes using Schiff

bases. It supports eco-friendly dye development and wastewater remediation research.

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