WELCOME TO ALL
SRINIVASA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE - KALAMAVUR ,
KEERANUR. PUDUKKOTTAI.
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
THERMAL AND AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Prepared by,
S. SELVAMANI. B.E M.THANGAPANDI. M.E
LECT / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LECT / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SRINIVASA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE. SRINIVASA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.
THERMAL AND AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
UNIT- I
THERMAL POWER PLANT , STEAM TURBINES & CONDENSERS,
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONTIONING.
STEAM TURBINES
WHAT EXACTLY IS THE TURBINE?
Turbine is an engine
that converts energy of
fluid into mechanical
energy
The steam turbine is
steam driven rotary
engine.
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES: STEAM TURBINES:
High Pressure Steam
expands through a
governor valve and a
nozzle.
Experiences an
increase in velocity
and momentum
Pushes the impeller
to drive the turbine.
4
PRINCIPLE & TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE.
Types
Impulse Turbine.
Reaction Turbine.
Principle:when steam is allowed to
expand through a narrow orifice, it
assumes kinetic energy at the expense of
its enthalpy (heat energy). This kinetic
energy of steam is changed to mechanical
(rotational) energy through the impact
(impulse) or reaction of steam against the
blades.
CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM TURBINES
Construction of steam turbines
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
a) way of energy
conversion
- impulse turbines
- reaction turbines
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
b) flow
direction
- axial
- radial
c) number of
stages
- single stage
- multi-stage
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
d) rotational speed
- regular
- low-speed
- high-speed
e) inlet steam pressure
- high pressure
(p>6,5MPa)
- intermediate
pressure(2,5MPa
<p<6,5MPa)
- low-pressure
(p<2,5MPa)
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
f) way of energy
utilisation
- condensing
- extraction
- back-pressure
TURBINE TYPES
condenser process
Straight-flow condensing Back-pressure
TURBINE TYPES
One section Two sections
TYPES OF TURBINE
Reheat turbine
Types of Turbine
Extraction turbine
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES
g) application
- power station
- industrial
- transport
HOW DOES THE STEAM TURBINE WORK?
Impulse stage – whole
pressure drop in nozzle
(whole enthalpy drop is
changed into kinetic
energy in the nozzle)
Reaction stage –
pressure drop both in
stationary blades and in
rotary blades (enthalpy
drop changed into
kinetic energy both in
stationary blades and in
the moving blades in
rotor)
RANKINE CYCLE
LINE DIAGRAM OF STEAM POWER PLANT
IN RANKINE CYCLE
SINGLE STAGE IMPULSE TURBINE
IMPLUSE STAGE
It is usually called De-Laval
turbine Nozzles Blades
The steam is fed through one or
several convergent-divergent
nozzles
The nozzles do not extend
completely around the
circumference of the rotor, so that
only part of the blades are
impinged upon by the steam.
Pressure drop occurs in the nozzle
and not in the blades.
Maximum velocity and hence
kinetic energy of the steam occurs
at the nozzle exit
Pressure
Velocity change occurs in the rotor
Velocity
blades where the steam gives up its
energy to the rotor blades.
PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE TURBINE
IMPULSE STAGE
COMPOUNDED STEAM TURBINES
Compounded steam turbine means multistage
turbine.
Compounding is needed when large enthalpy
drop is available.
Since optimum blade speed is related to the exit
nozzle speed. It will be higher as the enthalpy
drop is higher.
The blade speed is limited by the centrifugal
force as well as needs of bulky reduction gear
Compounding can be achieved either by velocity
compounded turbine or pressure compounded
turbine.
VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE
TURBINE
The velocity compounded turbine was first
proposed by C.G Curtis.
It is composed of one stage of nozzles, as
the single stage turbine, followed by two
rows of moving blades instead of one.
These two rows are separated by one row
of fixed blades which has the function of
redirecting the steam leaving the first row
of the moving blades to the second row of
moving blades.
VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE
TURBINE (CONTD.)
VELOCITY-COMPOUNDED STAGE
PRESSURE COMPOUNDING IMPULSE
TURBINE (CONTD.)
Two Stages Pressure Compounding Three Stages Pressure Compounding
Turbine Turbine
PRESSURE-COMPOUNDED STAGE
PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED TURBINE
REACTION PRINCIPLE
Reaction effect results from issuing a fluid at very high
velocity from a nozzle. This results in a reaction which
moves the nozzle in the opposite direction.
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Pure reaction happens if the flow is accelerated from zero
velocity to its exist velocity in the moving blades.
Since this is not the case in turbines, thus there are no
pure reaction turbine but it is usually a mix between
impulse and reaction. Accordingly the term reaction
turbine does not mean a full reaction turbine but a
partially impulse and partially reaction.
PRINCIPLE OF REACTION TURBINE
REACTION TURBINE
REACTION TURBINE
Reaction turbine has been
invented by C.A. Parson
Turbine with 50% reaction is the
turbine where 50% of the enthalpy
drop happens in the stator and the
other 50% occurs in the rotor. It is
important to mention that this
does not mean equal pressure
drops.
Pressure drop is usually higher for
the fixed blades and greater for
the high pressure conditions,
where the pressure drop per unit
of enthalpy drop is higher at the
high pressure
The rotor blades of a reaction
turbine are not symmetrical as in
the impulse turbine, they are
similar to those of the stator but
curved in the opposite direction.
COMPOUNDING
VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE
TURBINE (CONTD.)
PRESSURE COMPOUNDING IMPULSE
TURBINE (CONTD.)
Two Stages Pressure Compounding Three Stages Pressure Compounding
Turbine Turbine
OVER VIEW
STEAM TURBINE
TYPES OF TURBINE
Impulse turbine
Steam expands in nozzles only
Steam pressure at the outlet side of the blade equals
that at inlet side
Impulse – Reaction turbine
Steam expands in nozzles as well as it passes
through blades
Steam pressure at the outlet side of the blade may be
less than that at inlet side.
IMPULSE TURBINE
A turbine that is driven by high
velocity jets of water or steam
from a nozzle directed on to
vanes or buckets attached to a
wheel. The resulting impulse
(as described by Newton's
second law of motion) spins the
turbine and removes kinetic
energy from the fluid flow.
IMPULSE STAGE
REACTION TURBINE
A type of turbine that
develops torque by reacting to
the pressure or weight of a
fluid; the operation of reaction
turbines is described by
Newton's third law of motion
(action and reaction are equal
and opposite).
REACTION TURBINE
VELOCITY-COMPOUNDED STAGE
PRESSURE-COMPOUNDED STAGE
PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED TURBINE
COMPARISON OF IMPULSE & REACTION TURBINE
COMPARISON BETWEEN VELOCITY AND
PRESSURE COMPOUNDING IMPULSE
TURBINES
Velocity Compounding Pressure Compounding
Not equal velocity drop for each stage Equal velocity drop for each stage
No pressure drop per stage Not equal pressure drop per stage
Non equal power per stage Equal power per stage
High friction losses due to high velocities Low friction losses due to reduced steam
velocity
Not recommended for more than two Recommended for multistage
stages
No problem with steam leak Larger steam leak
Suitable for small turbines as well as only Suitable for large turbines
for the first stage in large turbine
