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tupac shakur
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 tupac
shakur

clifford W. Mills
tupac shakur

Copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information, contact:

Chelsea House
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York, NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mills, Cliff, 1947-

Tupac Shakur / Clifford W. Mills.
p. cm. — (Hip-hop stars)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7910-9495-2 (hardcover)

1. Shakur, Tupac, 1971-1996—Juvenile literature. 2. Rap musicians—United States—

Biography—Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series.

ML3930.S48M55 2007
782.421649092—dc22
[B] 2007020898

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 Contents

Hip-Hop: A Brief History 6

by Chuck D

1 A Warrior Poet Is Born 11

2 A Broken World 27

3 Fame and Infamy 41

4 The Worst of Times, the Best

of Times 55

5 The Last Year: 1996 69

6 The Legacy of a Warrior Poet 80

Discography 89
Chronology 92
Glossary 95
Bibliography 97
Further Reading 98
Index 100
 introduction
By Chuck D

Hip-Hop:
A Brief
History
L ike the air we breathe, hip-hop seems to be everywhere. The
lifestyle that many thought would be a passing fad has, three
decades later, grown to become a permanent part of world
culture. Hip-hop artists have become some of today’s heroes,
replacing the comic book worship of decades past and joining
athletes and movie stars as the people kids dream of being.
Names like 50 Cent, P. Diddy, Russell Simmons, Jay-Z, Foxy
Brown, Snoop Dogg, and Flavor Flav now ring as familiar as
Elvis, Babe Ruth, Marilyn Monroe, and Charlie Chaplin.
While the general public knows many of the names, vid-
eos, and songs branded by the big companies that make them
popular, it’s also important to know the holy trinity, the found-
ing fathers of hip-hop: Kool DJ Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and


 Introduction 

Afrika Bambaataa. All are deejays who played and presented

the records that rappers and dancers delighted themselves
upon. Bambaataa single-handedly stopped the gang wars in the
1970s with the themes of peace, unity, love, and having fun.
Hip-hop is simply a term for a form of artistic creativ-
ity that was spawned in New York City—more precisely the
Bronx—in the early to mid-1970s. Amid the urban decay in
the areas where black and Hispanic people dwelled, economic,
educational, and environmental resources were depleted. Jobs
and businesses were all but moved away. Living conditions
were of a lower standard than the rest of the city and country.
Last but not least, art and sports programs in the schools were
the first to be cut for the sake of lowering budgets; thus, music
classes, teaching the subject’s history and techniques, were all
but lost.
From these ashes, like a phoenix, rose an art form. Through
the love of technology and records found in family collections
or even those tossed out on the street, the deejay emerged.
Different from the ones heard on the radio, these folk were
innovating a style that was popular on the island of Jamaica.
Two turntables kept the music continuous, with the occasional
voice on top of the records. This was the very humble begin-
ning of rap music.
Rap music is actually two distinct words: rap and music.
“Rap” is the vocal application that is used on top of the music.
On a vocal spectrum, it is between talking and singing and is
one of the few alternatives for vocalizing to emerge in the last
50 years. It’s important to know that inventors and artists are
side by side in the importance of music’s development. Let’s
remember that inventor Thomas A. Edison created the first
recording with “Mary Had a Little Lamb” in 1878, most likely
in New Jersey, the same state where the first rap recording—
Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight”—was made more than
100 years later, in 1979.
 tupac shakur

It’s hard to separate the importance of history, science,

language arts, and education when discussing music. Because
of the social silencing of black people in the United States
from slavery in the 1600s to civil rights in the 1960s, much
sentiment, dialogue, and soul is wrapped within the cultural
expression of music. In eighteenth-century New Orleans, slaves
gathered on Sundays in Congo Square to socialize and play
music. Within this captivity, many dialects, customs, and styles
combined with instrumentation, vocals, and rhythm to form a
musical signal or code of preservation. These are the founda-
tions of jazz and the blues. Likewise, it’s impossible to separate
hip-hop and rap music from the creativity of the past. Look
within the expression and words of black music and you’ll
get a reflection of history itself. The four creative elements of
hip-hop—emceeing (the art of vocalization); deejaying (the
musician-like manipulation of records); break dancing (the
body expression of the music); and graffiti (the drawn graphic
expression of the culture)—have been intertwined in the com-
munity before and since slavery.
However, just because these expressions were introduced by
the black-Hispanic underclass, doesn’t mean that others cannot
create or appreciate hip-hop. Hip-hop is a cultural language
used best to unite the human family all around the world. To
peep the global explosion, one need not search far. Starting just
north of the U.S. border, Canadian hip-hop has featured indig-
enous rappers who are infusing different language and dialect
flows into their work, from Alaskan Eskimo to French flowing
cats from Montreal and the rest of Quebec’s provincial region.
Few know that France for many years has been the second larg-
est hip-hop nation, measured not just by high sales numbers,
but also by a very political philosophy. Hip-hop has been alive
and present since the mid-1980s in Japan and other Asian
countries. Australia has been a hotbed in welcoming world rap
acts, and it has also created its own vibrant hip-hop scene, with
the reminder of its government’s takeover of indigenous people
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 Introduction 

reflected in every rapper’s flow and rhyme. As a rhythm of the

people, the continents of Africa and South America (espe-
cially Ghana, Senegal, and South Africa, Brazil, Surinam, and
Argentina) have long mixed traditional homage into the new
beats and rhyme of this millennium.
Hip-hop has been used to help Brazilian kids learn English
when school systems failed to bridge the difficult language gap
of Portuguese and patois to American English. It has enter-
tained and enlightened youth, and has engaged political discus-
sion in society, continuing the tradition of the African griots
(storytellers) and folk singers.
For the past 25 years, hip-hop has been bought, sold, fol-
lowed, loved, hated, praised, and blamed. History has shown
that other cultural music forms in the United States have been
just as misunderstood and held under public scrutiny. The his-
tory of the people who originated the art form can be found in
the music itself. The timeline of recorded rap music spans more
than a quarter century, and that is history in itself.
Presidents, kings, queens, fame, famine, infamy, from the
great wall of China to the Berlin wall, food, drugs, cars, hate,
and love have been rhymed and scratched. This gives plenty
reason for social study. And I don’t know what can be more
fun than learning the history of something so relevant to young
minds and souls as music.
 1

A Warrior
Poet Is Born
O ur world has always had warrior poets. They are special
people who have lived in almost every society, from ancient
Greece to modern Asia and America. The Irish had secret
societies of men and women who were professional protectors
of the poor and voiceless, and also were gifted story­tellers.
Some ancient Greek, Aztec, and Inca warriors were proud of
being both fearless in battle and poets when the battles were
over. Medieval knights often were both skillful fighters and
accomplished poets and musicians. ­Eighteenth-century Asian
martial artists walked the earth righting wrongs and dispens-
ing wisdom in equal measures. They were respected, feared,
and inspired.

11
12 tupac shakur

Warrior poets have double natures. They are physically

strong but care about the weak. They are combative but don’t
fight their emotions. They are tough when they need to be, but
only when they need to be. They are proud of who they are
but fearless about who they want to become. They experience
horror and tragedy but rise above them with poetry and song.
Hip-hop legend Tupac Amaru Shakur was a warrior poet. This
is his story.
Warrior poets in history and legend often have special
births and special gifts. Tupac Shakur had both. His story
begins in the middle of a turbulent time in American history
and with his mother.

Alice Doesn’t Live Here

Alice Faye Williams was born in 1947 and lived her early years
in Lumberton, North Carolina. Lumberton is a small city
tucked into the coastal plains of the southeastern part of the
state, famous for its trees and lumber. It was, like much of the
American South in the 1940s, a segregated city. Alice was a
tomboy, active and athletic, but even as a young child she knew
she wanted to experience more of the world.
When she moved to New York City at age 11, she changed.
She felt the restless energy of the city and decided she wanted
to become an actor. She applied to the High School for the
Performing Arts (made famous by the movie Fame) when she
was in ninth grade and was accepted after an exhausting audi-
tion. At school, she was a creative and smart student in drama,
dance, and writing. She was forceful in everything she did.
But, she was also poor. She did not arrive in a limousine
as some kids did, nor did she have beautiful clothes that
called attention to her. She could barely afford the required
leotards. She was short on bus fare most days and sometimes
had to ask neighbors for their spare change. The school had
no cafeteria, so at lunchtime most of the students went to
Times Square to hang out and eat. Alice couldn’t afford to go
 A Warrior Poet Is Born 13

In his short life, Tupac Shakur made an indelible impres-

sion on the world. A sensitive artist and commercial success,
Tupac was also caught up in the violent drama of gangsta rap’s
East Coast–West Coast rivalry. His immense talent and promise
were cut short by petty feuding, and as a result, he has become
a cultural icon along the lines of James Dean, Marilyn Monroe,
and Kurt Cobain. More than a decade after his death, Tupac has
become the best-selling rap artist in the world.
14 tupac shakur

with them. She began to feel like she lived in a world apart
from most of her schoolmates. She didn’t like the feeling—in
fact, she hated it.
Alice started skipping afternoon classes and sharing some
Thunderbird wine with some of the people in the neighbor-
hood. She tried to dull the pain of feeling poor and inadequate.
By her junior year, she had dropped out of school, disappoint-
ing herself and those who cared for her. She was starting to
abuse alcohol, but it couldn’t numb the anger of being young
and different and poor.

A Woman Changed
One day at Manny’s Bar on 169th Street in the Bronx, Alice
met a man who turned her on to the teachings of Malcolm
X and the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was a man of many
messages, but he is perhaps best known for teaching African
Americans to unite and feel pride in their heritage and identity.
He also encouraged African Americans to fight back however
they could against racist Americans and a capitalist economic
system that built in inequality by favoring those who started
with money and trapping those who didn’t. The 1960s were in
full swing, and the country was changing. Those changes were
hitting fast and forcefully right in New York City.
Alice began to absorb the lessons of Malcolm X, of know-
ing who she was, what her heritage was, and what she could do
to support herself. She cut her hair into a natural style, began
to wear African-inspired clothing, and changed her name. She
became Afeni, which means “lover of people.” Her last name
became Shakur, which is Arabic for “thankful to God,” when
she married Lumumba Shakur, another convert to the teach-
ings of Malcolm X. African Americans were well aware that
their family names had been given to their ancestors by slave
masters, and many were choosing their “real” names for them-
selves. Cassius Clay and Lew Alcindor had become Muhammad
Ali and Kareem Abdul Jabbar respectively. These were not just
 A Warrior Poet Is Born 15

The lessons of Malcolm X (above) inspired countless people,

especially young African Americans in the 1960s. Tupac
Shakur’s mother, Afeni, was one of them, and she taught those
values to her son.
16 tupac shakur

name changes. They were personal transformations and asser-

tions of liberty.
Afeni Shakur had gotten a job in the U.S. government,
one of only two women accepted to become mail carriers

MALCOLM X
Malcolm X was a man whose words inspired both admiration and
fear, depending on the listener. if Martin luther king Jr. became
the spokesperson for nonviolent approaches to advancing civil
rights, Malcolm X was the spokesperson for more direct and even
violent action to combat racism.
Malcolm little grew up in extremes, with a preacher for a
father and a mother who had been threatened by the ku klux klan
when she was pregnant with him. he knew racial hatred from the
inside. after dropping out of school at 15 and getting caught up
in drug dealing, gambling, and robbery, he served a long prison
term. he gave himself a higher education in the prison library—
including learning about the nation of islam, a religious organiza-
tion headed by elijah Muhammad.
after leaving prison, he changed his name to Malcolm “X” to
show that “little” was a last name given to his ancestors by slave
owners. he soon became the second most important leader of the
nation of islam, after elijah Muhammad, and many think a rivalry
for power between the two intensified as Malcolm X became more
famous through his speeches and writing.
in March 1964, Malcolm withdrew from the nation of islam
and started his own organization, the Moslem Mosque. he advo-
cated political and economic black nationalism, not just religious
nationalism, and soon converted to orthodox islam. Malcolm
preached that black people should only be nonviolent with those
 A Warrior Poet Is Born 17

in the New York area. Part of her route was in downtown

Manhattan, on Wall Street. Afeni saw close-up the reality that
there were the haves and have nots, and the haves had a lot.
Her creativity and talent were redirected into becoming more

who were nonviolent to them—blacks should treat others as they

themselves were being treated.
Malcolm began collaborating with author Alex Haley on a
book to be called The Autobiography of Malcolm X. When it was
published in 1965, Time magazine hailed it as one of the ten
most important nonfiction books of the twentieth century. In the
autobiography, he says that a religious pilgrimage to Mecca in
1964 transformed him from a hater of white people to someone
who simply doesn’t believe in any form of discrimination:

My pilgrimage broadened my scope. It blessed me with new

insight. In two weeks in the Holy Land, I saw what I had never
seen in thirty-nine years here in America. I saw all races, all
­colors—blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans—in true
brotherhood! . . . No segregationists—no liberals; they would not
have known the meaning of those words. In the past, yes, I have
made sweeping indictments of all white people. I will never be
guilty of that again.

On February 21, 1965, Malcolm was giving a speech in New York

when he was assassinated by three men using handguns and a
shotgun. There are those who believe the murder was planned and
executed by Elijah Muhammad sympathizers, but that has never
been proven.
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