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MICROBIOLOGY of
WELL BIOPOULING
 L istain ab lc

MICROBIOLOGY of
WELL BIOFOULING

Roy Cullimore

m LEWIS PUBLISHERS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cullimore, Roy.
Microbilological o f well biofouling / Roy Cullimore.
p. cm. — (The sustainable well series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-400-6 (alk paper)
1. Wells— Fouling. 2. Fouling organisms. I. Title. II. Series.
TD405.C85 1999
628.1T 4— dc21 99-35336
CIP

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety o f references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity'of all materials or for the consequences o f their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent o f CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for
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for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Tradem ark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC

Lewis Publishers is an imprint o f CRC Press LLC

N o claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-56670-400-6
Library o f Congress Card Number 99-35336
Printed in the United States o f America 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
 The Sustainable Well Series
Series Editor Roy Cullimore

The Application o f Heat and Chemicals in the Control o f Bio/ouling Events

in Wells, George Alford and Roy Cullimore

Water Well Rehabilitation: A Practical Guide to Understanding Well Problems

and Solutions, Neil Mansuy

Microbiology o f Well Biofouling, Roy Cullimore

 PREFACE

My first involvement in examining the causes of clogging in water

wells was when, as the microbial ecologist, I was asked what 1 knew
about iron bacteria. To that question from the director of the
Saskatchewan Research Council, I replied “absolutely nothing but
prepared to learn.” As a result of a subsequent grant application which
was successful, I began what has now become almost three decades of
traveling down on an often lonely pathway towards learning about the
diversity of microorganisms in ground water and in the clogging
structures in and around water wells. Perhaps more importantly as a
result o f conducting research in a little understood field, there was the
passage through the early stages of scientific progress.
Today, it would appear that the growth of a particular area of
science passes through four stages. In the first stage, there are just a few
who appreciate there is a concern that needs to be addressed; the vast
majority do not see any and explain the events associated with the
concern as being irrelevant or explain them by some unsubstantiated
hypothesis. This first stage is one of denial. The persistence of the
growing “few” coupled to a gathering o f scientific evidence leads to the
concerns becoming identifiable through scientific studies. It is at this
stage that some o f the “majority” now begin to accept the possibility
that rationalized scientific evidence explains the concerns. This is the
second stage of progress which is a grudging acceptance. Now begins
a growing enthusiasm for the scientific concepts and findings that
become embraced by the “majority” except for the very conservative
elements that have been thriving from the ignorance that previously
existed. This third stage is one of overindulgence where the concepts
and the findings are embraced and claims exaggerated. In the fourth and
final stage in the development of a scientific endeavor, there is a
rationalized acceptance of the validated principles and the information
enters the “mainstream” of scientific understanding.
This book addresses concerns relating to the microbiology of wells
and the relative importance of these indigenous organisms in the
biofouling of water wells, ground water systems, hazardous waste sites,
remote and on-site bioremediation plants, as well as some reference to
the implications in the operation of oil and gas wells. For ground water
microbiology and well biofouling, the status of the science is
somewhere in the early phases of grudging acceptance. This is seen in
the growing acceptance of the need for routine testing and preventative
maintenance programs in the industry. Today, the majority believe that
a severely biofouled (plugged) well becomes essentially a burden and
should be abandoned and a replacement well installed. Such decisions
obviously support the well drilling industiy and encourage earlier
abandonment and less rigorous attempts to rehabilitate the well. In these
tighter economic times with more stringent environmental regulations,
there is a growing concern that water wells should become more
sustainable by better preventative maintenance and preemptive
rehabilitation of the wells when there is evidence o f plugging
(clogging). Rehabilitation should be practiced when a well has only lost
between 20 and 40% of its original specific capacity. Once the well
loses more than 40%, it is less likely that the well can be recovered to
its original production. Today so often, a well is under-pumped so that
production is dramatically impacted as the plugging suddenly affects
pumping. Canada Agriculture, through the PFRA-TS, have co­
operatively been addressing the issues of water well sustainability and
this series o f technical monograms is partly a product of that initiative.
Human society is very much influenced by the economic costs o f
undertaking particular projects. When a water well is functioning
satisfactorily, the water is considered virtually free and little attention
is paid to the causes of the well losing its production through plugging.
More thought is given to the time frame before it would have to be
replaced with a new well. As the cost of replacement wells climbs and
water becomes more valuable, economic studies on the relative value of
rehabilitation are being undertaken. In general, the premise that ground
waters are often cheaper to treat than surface waters can cause the
ground water to have more value by volume than neighboring surface
waters. This cost difference can translate into real savings for the water
user. From the PFRA-TS initiative demonstration at the city o f North
Battleford on the rehabilitation of two plugging water wells (40 and
80% losses in specific capacity) came additional experiences on the
value potential for the rehabilitation of plugging wells. A recovery to
100% was achieved for the 40% impaired while the other doubled its
specific capacity. For the city, the lower treatment costs for the ground
water versus the surface water meant a saving, after treatment, o f over
C$100,000 due to the greater production obtained from the ground
water sources.
Over the last decade, various aspects of diagnosis, treatment and
management of water wells have been addressed. Some o f these issues
were discussed in the book “Practical Manual o f Groundwater
Microbiology” published by Lewis Publishing in 1993. This book, along
with the other books in the technical series on sustainable wells,
represents an attempt to bring the reader up-to-date with present day
field and laboratory experiences relating to the biofouling o f wells.
While the emphasis is on water wells and the surrounding ground water,
many of the observations are relevant to oil and gas wells. In oil wells,
the microbes are actually “mining” the most limiting substrate for
growth from the oil itself and that is the water! Bioaccumulating that
water starts a plugging process that can then reduce the production
capacity o f the well significantly. In gas wells, the water can become
locked into slime formations that have a similar effect in reducing the
production o f the gas well. Hence, this volume is entitled “Microbiology
o f Well Biofouling” and, while it focuses on water wells, many o f the
principles can be applied to oil and gas wells. Similarly, there can be
very significant biofouling at hazardous waste and bioremediation sites.
These principles are also applicable there.
This book has been written as a comprehensive practical account o f
the origins, forms and functioning o f the biofouling. To detect the
biofouling, the biological activity reaction test (BART™) has been
selected since it is simple to apply in field situations, is relatively easy
to interpret, and more sensitive by one to three orders of magnitude than
the classical agar spread- and pour-plate techniques. There have now
been ten years o f field experiences with this technique and it was
selected as the field test for incorporation in the recently funded
American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF)
supported study on water well rehabilitation being undertaken by
Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc., Connecticut. The tests were also
a major part of the Canada Agriculture, PFRA-TS sustainable water
wells initiative operated in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada.
There is still considerable debate on the importance of microbial
biofouling in the operation o f water wells which has caused some
confusion in the eyes of the managers o f water wells. This polarization
has generated one group that downplays the microbially driven
biofouling to be o f a minor significance and easily controlled. That ease
o f control usually comes from the application o f self-selected products
being promoted by members o f that group! On the other side o f the
polarized window are those who have seen the extensive forms of
infestations that can occur around a well, and the ability of the microbes
within that growth to “rebound” after a treatment and regrow with a
vengeance. The AWWARF and the PFRA-TS are both to be
congratulated on their recent initiative to conduct an evaluation of the
present knowledge and science base that has developed around water
well rehabilitation.
The latter part o f this volume is devoted to practical examples o f the
diagnosis of well biofouling, application o f treatments and long term
effectiveness. It has always to be remembered that each well is a unique
entity and may not respond to a treatment in the same way as a
neighboring well. Each well has to be treated as a separate challenge
and the approach to diagnosis, treatment and preventative maintenance
may have to be adjusted. It is a very good idea to “walk the wells” and
listen to the operator’s concerns before beginning the pathway to
diagnosis, treatment and preventative maintenance.
This volume is not the be all and end all o f the topic o f well
biofouling but simple a “local library” along the pathway to a matured
knowledge base on the biofouling of wells, porous media and essentially
the crust of the planet Earth. When you stop to think about it, we really
are the planet Oceana and those “oceans” actually reach right under the
solid: air interfaces o f the planet as ground water. It could be argued that
the “sea snow” in the oceans become the slime plugs under the land and
the “well snow” down the bore holes. This volume then becomes are
very small part o f the “big picture.”
Numerous are the people who have had an influence in the creation
o f this volume. While this list may be long, I would like to acknowledge
the following: George Alford, ARCC Inc., Florida, co-inventor o f the
BART™ and the BCHT™ methods. George thought, after our first
telephone call, that I was a total idiot wanting to heat water wells. That
was then, but this is now! John Lebeden of the PFRA-TS has become
an avid believer in the need to make water wells more sustainable. The
first biological survey o f wells in a municipal district in Alberta, and the
setting up o f a municipal well field for the evaluation o f routine
management practices to increase the life span o f the wells in that field
occurred in the last four years. This was possible due to the cooperation
o f the following: Stuart Smith of Ada, Ohio who has persistently
pursued the iron bacteria as a phenomenon impacting on water wells,
and Peter Howsam of Cranfield University in England who, as an
engineer, recognized the importance of biofouling and organized two
symposia in 1990 on “Microbiology in Civil Engineering” and on
“Water Wells, Monitoring, Maintenance, Rehabilitation.” Within the
Regina Water Research Institute, University o f Regina, and Droycon
Bioconcepts Inc., there have been many enthusiasts over the years who
have helped not only in their work time but also on their own time, to
press forward the boundaries of knowledge on biofouling. These
include, but are not limited to Natalie Ostryzniuk who over the years has
patiently developed my scribblings and bad typings into a form that the
reader can (hopefully) appreciate. Also I would like to thank past and
present staff including: Brent Keevil, Lori Johnston, Dr. Kripa Singh,
Delee Roberts, Wade MacLean, Vincent Ostryzniuk, Derek Ross, Jeff
Rheil, Dr. Abimbola Abiola, and Twyla Legault. Sponsorship for some
o f the activities associated with the biofouling has included; National
Research Council of Canada, Industrial Research Assistance Program,
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,
AWWARF, IPSCO Steel Company o f Regina, Agriculture Canada
(PFRA-TS, Agri-Food Innovation Fund); Kneehill Municipal District,
Alberta; and the City of North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada.

D. Roy Cullimore
Ph.D., Registered Microbiologist

July 1999
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Roy Cullimore is an applied ecologist trained at the University
of Nottingham, U.K. Since 1975, he has been Director of the Regina
Water Research Institute at the University of Regina. He along with co­
inventor, George Alford, have five patents including the biological
activity reaction test (BART™) and the blended chemical heat treatment
(BCHT™). Roy has published over one hundred refereed papers, two
hundred and seventy technical reports, and has received over 3.5 million
dollars in research funding. At present, he is President of Droycon
Bioconcepts Inc. o f Regina, a biotechnology company involved in
research, development and manufacture. He authored Practical M anual
o f Groundwater M icrobiology which was published by Lewis
Publishers in 1993. Currently, Roy is editor o f a series o f books on
sustainable wells. He is now involved in research on the rusticle
growths on RM S Titanic and dove to the ship in 1996 and 1998 as a part
of the Discovery Channel expeditions. Also, Roy is currently involved
in the AWWARF water well rehabilitation project being undertaken by
Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Connecticut.
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