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Copyright
Code Girls: The True Story of the American Women Who Secretly
Broke Codes in World War II (Young Readers Edition) was adapted
for young readers by Laurie Calkhoven. It is an abridgment of Code
Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of
World War II by Liza Mundy, published by Hachette Books.
Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the
value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers
and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.
The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that
are not owned by the publisher.
E3-20180823-JV-PC
CONTENTS
COVER
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT
DEDICATION
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION: The Secret Letters
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TIMELINE
CODE GIRLS GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FURTHER READING
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
To all these women, and to Margaret Talbot
FOREWORD
Dear Readers,
Yours truly,
Liza Mundy
Codes and Ciphers
A World at War
During World War II, the United States and its allies (the Allied powers)
fought against the Axis powers.
France
Great Britain
Soviet Union
United States
Germany
Italy
Japan
INTRODUCTION
December 7, 1941
The planes looked like distant pinpoints at first. No one took them
seriously. An Army officer said the blips on the radar screens must
be a group of American bombers arriving from California. A Navy
commander, peering out his office window, saw a plane going into a
dive and thought it was a reckless American pilot. “Get that fellow’s
number,” he told his junior officer. “I want to report him.” Then a
dark shape fell out of the plane and whistled downward.
Just minutes before eight a.m., the planes burst into view. Nearly
two hundred Japanese fighters and bombers filled the sky like a fast-
moving thundercloud. Finally, the people looking at them
understood.
Below the planes lay Pearl Harbor’s Battleship Row, a line of
American warships. They were completely unprotected. Almost one
hundred ships, more than half of the entire US Pacific Fleet, dotted
the harbor. In nearby airfields, American planes sat wingtip to
wingtip like fat targets.
One of the bombs found the USS Arizona and pierced the
battleship’s forward deck. It set off a store of gunpowder to create a
giant fireball. The ship was hit over and over. It rose out of the
water, cracked, and sank. Other bombs and torpedoes found the
California, the Oklahoma, the West Virginia, the Tennessee, the
Nevada, the Maryland, and the Pennsylvania.
A second wave of planes arrived an hour after the first. They
dove, peeled off, and came back again and again. Ships and
buildings were hit. Three battleships sank; another capsized. More
than two thousand men were killed. Nearly half of the men who died
were on the Arizona, including twenty-three pairs of brothers.
The American planes were destroyed.
News of the Pearl Harbor attack raced through the country. There
were telephone calls and radio broadcasts. Newspapers printed
special editions and people ran shouting along the street. Congress
declared war on Japan the next day. Germany—Japan’s ally—
declared war on the United States three days later. Men flooded
Army and Navy recruiting stations in the weeks that followed. Every
American felt affected by the tragedy.
War had been coming to America for more than a year. Even so,
it was unthinkable that Japan would attack without warning. It was
equally unthinkable that America’s leaders had not seen Pearl Harbor
coming.
These leaders knew that a failure on the scale of Pearl Harbor
must not happen again. The country was fighting a global war
against enemies who had been getting ready for years. Intelligence
—the collection of information for military and political use—was
more important than ever, yet extremely hard to come by. The Navy
had a small, disorganized intelligence group. The Army had its own
small operation. The United States had barely any spies abroad.
A first-rate code-breaking operation was necessary if America had
any hope of winning the war.
And so the secret letters began going out.
Months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Navy realized that
it was way behind other countries in gathering intelligence. So a
handful of letters appeared in college mailboxes as early as
November 1941. Ann White, a senior at Wellesley College in
Massachusetts, received hers on a fall afternoon.
She was invited to a private interview with Helen Dodson, a
professor in Wellesley’s Astronomy Department. Ann, a German
major, was worried she might have to take an astronomy course in
order to graduate. But she found that Helen Dodson had only two
questions for her.
Did Ann White like crossword puzzles, and was she engaged to
be married?
In all, more than twenty Wellesley seniors received secret
invitations and gave the same replies. Yes, they liked crossword
puzzles, and no, they were not engaged.
At Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Barnard, and Radcliffe, the letters
went out to students from professors who were working with the
Navy. The schools were founded to educate women at a time when
most colleges would not admit them, when many people considered
girls to be unworthy of higher education. But with men needed to
fight, opinions changed.
Educated women were wanted. Urgently.
On many of these campuses, war felt particularly close. In the
cold waters of the North Atlantic, German submarines preyed on US
ships transporting food and supplies to England. In the terrible
winter of 1942 students were rolling bandages, sewing blackout
curtains, taking first aid courses, learning to do plane spotting, and
sending bundles to Britain. Dorm rooms grew cold from lack of fuel.
The female students were called to secret meetings where they
learned that the US Navy was inviting them to embark on a field
called “cryptanalysis.” That meant they would be analyzing and
breaking the secret codes America’s enemies used to communicate
top secret information. The United States wanted to be able to read
those messages. If the women passed a course in code breaking,
they would go to Washington, DC, after graduation to take jobs with
the Navy as civilians.
The women couldn’t tell anybody what they were doing: not their
friends, not their parents, not their roommates. They couldn’t let
news of their training leak, not even to brothers or boyfriends in the
military. If asked, they could say they were studying
communications.
And so the young women mastered methods of disguising letters
and creating ciphers. They hid homework under desk blotters and
strung quilts across their rooms so that roommates couldn’t see
what they were up to. Every week, their answers to a series of
problem sets were sent to Washington.
The invitations spread beyond the Northeast to Goucher, a four-
year women’s college in Baltimore, Maryland. In a locked room at
the top of Goucher Hall, an English professor and a Navy officer
taught the secret course to the college’s top senior girls.
One of the most well-liked students in the Goucher class of 1942
was Frances Steen. Fran was a biology major and the granddaughter
of a shipping captain who ferried grain between the United States
and his native Norway, which now was under Nazi occupation. Her
father ran a grain warehouse at the Baltimore dock. Her brother,
Egil, had graduated from the US Naval Academy. By the time Fran
got her own secret letter, Egil’s ship was in the North Atlantic. The
Steen family was doing everything they could to support the war
effort. Fran’s mother was saving grease from bacon and giving away
pots and pans to be made into tanks and guns.
Now there was something else the Steen family could contribute
to the war effort: Fran.
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