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CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
FOR SUSTAINABLE USE AND
CONSERVATION
Physiological and Molecular Advances
CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
FOR SUSTAINABLE USE AND
CONSERVATION
Physiological and Molecular Advances

Edited by
Münir Öztürk, PhD, DSc
Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD
Muhammad Ashraf, PhD, DSc
Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 1265 Goldenrod Circle NE
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2, Canada Palm Bay, Florida 32905, USA

© 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.


Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-726-7 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-429-46976-3 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and record-
ing, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its
distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation
and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation : physiological and
molecular advances / edited by Münir Öztürk, PhD, DSc, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD,
Muhammad Ashraf, PhD, DSc, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad, PhD.
Names: Öztürk, Münir A. (Münir Ahmet), editor. | Hakeem, Khalid Rehman, editor. |
Ashraf, Muhammad, 1963- editor. | Ahmad, M. S. A. (Muhammad Sajid Aqeel), editor.
Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20189067896 | Canadiana (ebook) 2018906790X |
ISBN 9781771887267 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429469763 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Agricultural innovations. | LCSH: Food crops—Physiology. | LCSH: Food crops—
Molecular aspects. | LCSH: Sustainable agriculture. | LCSH: Agriculture—Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC S494.5.I5 C76 2019 | DDC 338.1/6—dc23

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Öztürk, Münir A. (Münir Ahmet), editor.


Title: Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation : physiological and
molecular advances / editors: Munir Ozturk, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Muhammad Ashraf,
Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad.
Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018058766 (print) | LCCN 2019004937 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429469763 (ebook)
| ISBN 9781771887267 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Crops. | Crop science. | Plant physiology. | Crop yields.
Classification: LCC SB185 (ebook) | LCC SB185 .C75 2019 (print) | DDC 631--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018058766

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit
our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
ABOUT THE EDITORS

Münir Öztürk, PhD, DSc, has served at Ege University Izmir, Turkey, for
50 years in various positions. He is currently working as Vice President of
the Islamic World Academy of Sciences. He has received fellowships from
the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Japanese Society for Promo-
tion of Science, and the National Science Foundation (USA). Dr. Ozturk has
served as Chairman of the Botany Department and Founding Director of the
Centre for Environmental Studies at Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. He has
served as Consultant Fellow at the Faculty of Forestry at Universiti Putra
Malaysia, and as Distinguished Visiting Scientist at the International Center
for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS) at Karachi University, Paki-
stan. His fields of scientific interest are plant eco-physiology, conservation
of plant diversity, biosaline agriculture and crops, pollution, biomonitoring,
and medicinal and aromatic plants. He has published 40 books, 70 book
chapters, and 175 papers in journals with significant impact factors.

Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD, is Associate Professor at King Abdulaziz


University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He completed his PhD (Botany) at Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi, India in 2011. Dr. Hakeem previously worked as
Postdoctorate Fellow in 2012 and Fellow Researcher (Associate Professor)
from 2013 to 2016 at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. His
speciality is plant eco-physiology, biotechnology and molecular biology,
plant-microbe-soil interactions, and environmental sciences, and to date,
he has edited and authored more than 30 books with various international
publishers. He has also to his credit more than 110 research publications in
peer-reviewed international journals as well as 55 book chapters in edited
volumes. Dr. Hakeem is the recipient of many national and international
awards and fellowships.

Muhammad Ashraf, PhD, DSc, is currently working at the Institute of


Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at The University of Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan. He has served as Chairman of the Pakistan Science Foundation,
Islamabad, Pakistan, as well as Visiting Professor at a number of interna-
tional universities in the USA, UK, China, Korea, Egypt, Thailand, and
Saudi Arabia. He has also worked as Vice Chancellor at the Muhammad
Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. His primary
vi About the Editors

area of research is plant stress physiology. His ISI citation index is now over
14,500, and his Google citations are over 30,000. He has more than 500
ISI-rated publications to his credit. He has also authored a number of books
published by different international publishers. He earned his PhD from the
University of Liverpool, UK, and was a Fulbright scholar at the University
of Arizona, Tucson, USA. In 2011, he was awarded a DSc degree by the
University of Liverpool, UK.

Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the


University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. His research areas include
environmental biology and plant ecology. While working with many
regional natural and artificial plant communities, particularly those located
in the Cholistan Desert and Potohar Plateau, he has highlighted significant
spatial and temporal variations occurring in these communities along the
environmental gradients. Additionally, he determined the efficiency of
various in-situ conservation practices such as fencing on preserving the flora
of the natural reserves of Pakistan. These findings have provided efficient
measures to support the endangered flora of the region. Out of his research
work, he has published 59 papers in ISI-rated journals. Dr. Ahmad has
an h-index of 15. He has published four books and has edited two issues of
the Pakistan Journal of Botany as a Guest Editor. He is also an author of four
chapters in international books.
CONTENTS

Contributors .................................................................................................. ix

Abbreviations ..............................................................................................xiii

Preface ....................................................................................................... xvii

1. Plant Genetic Resources of Major and Minor Crops:


Origin, Sustainable Use, and Conservation ..................................................1
Mansoor Hameed, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ashraf,
Münir Öztürk, and Sana Fatima
2. Wheat Production Technology: A Preamble to Food Security
in Pakistan .....................................................................................................45
Ijaz Rasool Noorka and J. S. (Pat) Heslop-Harrison

3. Capsaicin Production in Cell Suspension Cultures of


Capsicum annuum L. ....................................................................................61
Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal and Cemil Islek

4. Drought-Induced Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis, and Yield


Traits in Mungbean: Role of Potassium and Sulfur Nutrition .................75
Shahid Umar, Naser A. Anjum, Parvaiz Ahmad, and Muhammad Iqbal
5. Cotton, White Gold of Pakistan: An Efficient Technique for
Bumper Crop Production .............................................................................87
Ijaz Rasool Noorka, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Münir Öztürk,
Muhammad Rafiq Shahid, and Ihsan Khaliq
6. Corchorus Species: Jute: An Overutilized Crop.........................................97
M. Mahbubul Islam

7. Recent Developments in the Biosystematics and Molecular


Biology of Sugarcane ..................................................................................131
Khushi Muhammad, Waqar Ahmad, Habib Ahmad, Ezed Ali, Javed Iqbal,
Yong-Bao Pan, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem

8. Comparative Study of Three Different Fertilizers on


Yield and Quality of Capsicum ...................................................................155
Sameen Ruqia Imadi, Kanwal Shahzadi, and Alvina Gul
viii Contents

9. Comparative Study of Three Different Fertilizers on


Yield and Quality of Solanum ....................................................................175
Sameen Ruqia Imadi, Kanwal Shahzadi, and Alvina Gul

10. Biology and Biotechnological Advances in Apple:


Current and Future Scenario.....................................................................197
Wajida Shafi, Sumira Jan, Shafia Zaffar Faktoo, Javid Iqbal Mir, and Muneer Sheikh

11. Pears (Pyrus) of Northern Pakistan...........................................................259


Mohammad Islam and Habib Ahmad
12. Enhancing the Drought Tolerance in Eggplant by Exogenous
Application of Osmolytes in Water-Deficit Environments ......................283
Maham Saddique and Muhammad Shahbaz

13. Enhancing Morpho-Physiological Responses and Yield Potential in


Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under Salinity Stress..........303
Maria Naqve and Muhammad Shahbaz

14. Sugar Beet: An Overutilized Ancient Crop ..............................................321


Kadriye Taşpinar, Münir Öztürk, Volkan Altay, and Halil Polat

15. An Overutilized Industrial Crop: Tobacco: Nicotiana tabacum L.


Case Study from Turkey .............................................................................365
H. Vakıf Mercımek, Volkan Altay, Münir Öztürk, Eren Akcıcek, and Salih Gucel

16. Wild Relatives and Their Role in Building Resistance in


Bread Wheat: At a Glance..........................................................................395
Sameen Ruqia Imadi and Alvina Gul
17. Structural and Functional Genomics of Potato
(Solanum tuberosum) ..................................................................................417
Aqsa Abbasi, Ayesha Sajid, and Alvina Gul

Index .....................................................................................................................439
CONTRIBUTORS

Aqsa Abbasi
Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan

Habib Ahmad
Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra–21300, Pakistan/Vice Chancellor,
Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan, Tel.: +92- (0)997–414131,
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad


Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (38040), Pakistan,
E-mail: [email protected]
Parvaiz Ahmad
Department of Botany,S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Waqar Ahmad
Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra–21300, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]

Eren Akcıcek
Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Izmir, Turkey

Ezed Ali
Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra–21300, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]

Volkan Altay
Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey

Naser A. Anjum
Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

Muhammad Ashraf
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

Shafia Zaffar Faktoo


ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India

Sana Fatima
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (38040), Pakistan

Salih Gucel
Botany Department and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

Alvina Gul
Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]

Khalid Rehman Hakeem


Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia, E-mail: [email protected]
x Contributors

Mansoor Hameed
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (38040), Pakistan

J. S. (Pat) Heslop-Harrison
Department of Biology, Molecular and Cytogenetic Lab, University of Leicester, United Kingdom

Sameen Ruqia Imadi


Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan

Javed Iqbal
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan,
E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Iqbal
Formerly Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India;
Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

Muhammad Shahid Iqbal


Cotton Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

M. Mahbubul Islam
Chief Scientific Officer & Head, Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute,
Dhaka–1207, Bangladesh, Tel.: +8801552416537,
E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

Mohammad Islam
Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan

Cemil Islek
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Biotechnology Department,
51240 Nigde, Turkey, E-mail: [email protected]

Sumira Jan
ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India

Ihsan Khaliq
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

H. Vakıf Mercımek
Tobacco (TAPDK) Izmir Office Specialist, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Javid Iqbal Mir


ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India, E-mail: [email protected]

Khushi Muhammad
Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra–21300; School of Biological Sciences,
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected]
Maria Naqve
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Ijaz Rasool Noorka


Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha,
Pakistan, Tel.: 0092300–6600301, E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors xi

Münir Öztürk
Botany Department and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University Bornova, Izmir, Turkey,
E-mail: [email protected]

Yong- Bao Pan


USDA-ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit, 5883 USDA Road, Houma, Louisiana, 70360, USA,
E-mail: [email protected]
Halil Polat
Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Soil and Water Resources Department,
Plant Nutrient and Soil Unit, Eskişehir, Turkey

Maham Saddique
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Ayesha Sajid
Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan

Wajida Shafi
ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India

Muhammad Shahbaz
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Rafiq Shahid


Cotton Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

Kanwal Shahzadi
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Muneer Sheikh
ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Air Field, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India

Kadriye Taşpinar
Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Soil & Water Resources Department,
Plant Nutrient and Soil Unit, Eskişehir, Turkey

Shahid Umar
Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal


Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Biotechnology Department,
51240 Nigde, Turkey, E-mail: [email protected]
ABBREVIATIONS

AARI Ayub Agricultural Research Institute


ABA abscisic acid
ACC 1-aminocyclopropane–1-carboxylate
ACO ACC oxidase
ACS ACC synthase
AFLP amplified fragment length polymorphism
AJK Azad Jammu & Kashmir
APS American Phytopathological Society
AVG aminoethoxyvinylglycine
AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre
BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation
BI Biodiversity International
BJMC Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
BSA bovine serum albumin
BSA bulked segregant analysis
BYDV barley yellow dwarf virus
CAT catalase
CCC chlormequat chloride
CDK cyclin-dependent kinases
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CIAT Center International de-Agricultural Tropical
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research
CIMMYT Center International de-Mejoramients de maize Trigo
CIP Center International de-Papa
CLCuD cotton leaf curl disease
CO Constans
CREs cis-regulatory elements
CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CTs condensed tannins
CYCD D-cyclins
DAE day after emergence
DAF DNA amplification fingerprinting
DArT diversity arrays technology
xiv Abbreviations

DAS days after sowing


DFl drought at flowering
DPod drought at pod development
DPre-fl drought at pre-flowering
DSTC digested sugar beet tailings
EBL epibrassinolide
ECe electric conductivity of the soil
EST expressed sequence tags
ETC electron transport chain
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FC flue-cured
FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization
GA gibberellins
GB glycine betaine
GBSS granule-bound starch synthase
GISH genomic in situ hybridization
GM genetically modified
GP great plains
GPX Glutathione peroxidase
GR glutathione reductase
GSH glutathione
HG homology group
HNF Hamdard National Foundation
IAA indoleacetic acid
ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas
ICRAF International Center for Research in Agroforestry
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics
ICSB International Consortium for Sugarcane Biotechnology
IFAD International Fund Sponsor the CGIAR for Agricultural
Development
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPGRI International Plant Genetic Research Institute
IRGA infra-red gas analyzer
IRRI International Rice Research Institute
IWMI International Water Management Institute
JA jasmonates
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