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Learning Python, Third Edition by Mark Lutz is an educational resource available in PDF format, designed for individuals interested in learning the Python programming language. The book provides a comprehensive overview of Python's features, applications, and programming techniques, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced programmers. Instant access to the eBook is available through the provided link, along with additional resources and related titles from O'Reilly Media.

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58 views175 pages

Learning Python Third Edition Mark Lutz Full

Learning Python, Third Edition by Mark Lutz is an educational resource available in PDF format, designed for individuals interested in learning the Python programming language. The book provides a comprehensive overview of Python's features, applications, and programming techniques, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced programmers. Instant access to the eBook is available through the provided link, along with additional resources and related titles from O'Reilly Media.

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THIRD EDITION

Learning Python

Mark Lutz

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo


Learning Python, Third Edition
by Mark Lutz

Copyright © 2008 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

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Production Editor: Sumita Mukherji Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Copyeditor: Rachel Head Interior Designer: David Futato
Proofreader: Sumita Mukherji Illustrator: Robert Romano

Printing History:
March 1999: First Edition.
December 2003: Second Edition.
October 2007: Third Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of
O’Reilly Media, Inc., Learning Python, the image of a wood rat, and related trade dress are trademarks
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no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.

This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding.

ISBN-10: 0-596-51398-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-596-51398-6
[M]
To Vera.
You are my life.
Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Part I. Getting Started


1. A Python Q&A Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Why Do People Use Python? 3
Software Quality 5
Developer Productivity 5
Is Python a “Scripting Language”? 6
OK, but What’s the Downside? 7
Who Uses Python Today? 8
What Can I Do with Python? 9
Systems Programming 9
GUIs 9
Internet Scripting 10
Component Integration 10
Database Programming 11
Rapid Prototyping 11
Numeric and Scientific Programming 11
Gaming, Images, AI, XML, Robots, and More 12
What Are Python’s Technical Strengths? 12
It’s Object Oriented 12
It’s Free 13
It’s Portable 13
It’s Powerful 14
It’s Mixable 15

vii
It’s Easy to Use 15
It’s Easy to Learn 17
It’s Named After Monty Python 17
How Does Python Stack Up to Language X? 18
Chapter Summary 19
Brain Builder 20
Chapter Quiz 20
Quiz Answers 20

2. How Python Runs Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22


Introducing the Python Interpreter 22
Program Execution 24
The Programmer’s View 24
Python’s View 25
Byte code compilation 25
The Python Virtual Machine (PVM) 26
Performance implications 26
Development implications 27
Execution Model Variations 27
Python Implementation Alternatives 28
CPython 28
Jython 28
IronPython 29
Execution Optimization Tools 29
The Psyco just-in-time compiler 29
The Shedskin C++ translator 30
Frozen Binaries 31
Future Possibilities? 32
Chapter Summary 32
Brain Builder 33
Chapter Quiz 33
Quiz Answers 33

viii | Table of Contents


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3. How You Run Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Interactive Coding 34
Using the Interactive Prompt 37
System Command Lines and Files 37
Using Command Lines and Files 40
Unix Executable Scripts (#!) 41
Clicking File Icons 42
Clicking Icons on Windows 42
The raw_input Trick 44
Other Icon-Click Limitations 45
Module Imports and Reloads 45
The Grander Module Story: Attributes 47
Modules and namespaces 49
import and reload Usage Notes 49
The IDLE User Interface 50
IDLE Basics 51
Using IDLE 52
Advanced IDLE Tools 54
Other IDEs 54
Embedding Calls 56
Frozen Binary Executables 56
Text Editor Launch Options 57
Other Launch Options 57
Future Possibilities? 57
Which Option Should I Use? 58
Chapter Summary 58
Brain Builder 59
Chapter Quiz 59
Quiz Answers 59
Brain Builder: Part I Exercises 61

Table of Contents | ix
Part II. Types and Operations
4. Introducing Python Object Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Why Use Built-in Types? 66
Python’s Core Data Types 67
Numbers 68
Strings 69
Sequence Operations 70
Immutability 71
Type-Specific Methods 72
Getting Help 73
Other Ways to Code Strings 74
Pattern Matching 75
Lists 75
Sequence Operations 76
Type-Specific Operations 76
Bounds Checking 77
Nesting 77
List Comprehensions 78
Dictionaries 79
Mapping Operations 79
Nesting Revisited 80
Sorting Keys: for Loops 81
Iteration and Optimization 83
Missing Keys: if Tests 84
Tuples 85
Why Tuples? 85
Files 85
Other File-Like Tools 86
Other Core Types 87
How to Break Your Code’s Flexibility 88
User-Defined Classes 88
And Everything Else 89
Chapter Summary 90
Brain Builder 91
Chapter Quiz 91
Quiz Answers 91

x | Table of Contents
5. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Python Numeric Types 93
Numeric Literals 94
Built-in Numeric Tools and Extensions 95
Python Expression Operators 96
Mixed Operators Follow Operator Precedence 97
Parentheses Group Subexpressions 97
Mixed Types Are Converted Up 97
Preview: Operator Overloading 98
Numbers in Action 99
Variables and Basic Expressions 99
Numeric Display Formats 100
Division: Classic, Floor, and True 102
Bitwise Operations 103
Long Integers 103
Complex Numbers 104
Hexadecimal and Octal Notation 105
Other Built-in Numeric Tools 106
Other Numeric Types 107
Decimal Numbers 107
Sets 108
Booleans 109
Third-Party Extensions 110
Chapter Summary 110
Brain Builder 111
Chapter Quiz 111
Quiz Answers 111

6. The Dynamic Typing Interlude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112


The Case of the Missing Declaration Statements 112
Variables, Objects, and References 112
Types Live with Objects, Not Variables 114
Objects Are Garbage-Collected 115
Shared References 116
Shared References and In-Place Changes 118
Shared References and Equality 119
Dynamic Typing Is Everywhere 121

Table of Contents | xi
Chapter Summary 121
Brain Builder 122
Chapter Quiz 122
Quiz Answers 122

7. Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
String Literals 124
Single- and Double-Quoted Strings Are the Same 125
Escape Sequences Represent Special Bytes 125
Raw Strings Suppress Escapes 127
Triple Quotes Code Multiline Block Strings 129
Unicode Strings Encode Larger Character Sets 130
Strings in Action 132
Basic Operations 132
Indexing and Slicing 133
Extended slicing: the third limit 135
String Conversion Tools 136
Character code conversions 138
Changing Strings 139
String Formatting 140
Advanced String Formatting 141
Dictionary-Based String Formatting 142
String Methods 143
String Method Examples: Changing Strings 144
String Method Examples: Parsing Text 146
Other Common String Methods in Action 147
The Original string Module 148
General Type Categories 149
Types Share Operation Sets by Categories 149
Mutable Types Can Be Changed In-Place 150
Chapter Summary 150
Brain Builder 151
Chapter Quiz 151
Quiz Answers 151

xii | Table of Contents


8. Lists and Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Lists 152
Lists in Action 154
Basic List Operations 154
Indexing, Slicing, and Matrixes 155
Changing Lists In-Place 156
Index and slice assignments 156
List method calls 157
Other common list operations 159
Dictionaries 160
Dictionaries in Action 161
Basic Dictionary Operations 162
Changing Dictionaries In-Place 163
More Dictionary Methods 163
A Languages Table 165
Dictionary Usage Notes 166
Using dictionaries to simulate flexible lists 166
Using dictionaries for sparse data structures 167
Avoiding missing-key errors 167
Using dictionaries as “records” 168
Other ways to make dictionaries 169
Chapter Summary 170
Brain Builder 171
Chapter Quiz 171
Quiz Answers 171

9. Tuples, Files, and Everything Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172


Tuples 172
Tuples in Action 173
Tuple syntax peculiarities: commas and parentheses 174
Conversions and immutability 174
Why Lists and Tuples? 175
Files 176
Opening Files 176
Using Files 177

Table of Contents | xiii


Files in Action 178
Storing and parsing Python objects in files 178
Storing native Python objects with pickle 180
Storing and parsing packed binary data in files 181
Other File Tools 182
Type Categories Revisited 182
Object Flexibility 183
References Versus Copies 184
Comparisons, Equality, and Truth 186
The Meaning of True and False in Python 188
Python’s Type Hierarchies 189
Other Types in Python 191
Built-in Type Gotchas 191
Assignment Creates References, Not Copies 191
Repetition Adds One Level Deep 192
Beware of Cyclic Data Structures 193
Immutable Types Can’t Be Changed In-Place 193
Chapter Summary 193
Brain Builder 195
Chapter Quiz 195
Quiz Answers 195
Brain Builder: Part II Exercises 196

Part III. Statements and Syntax


10. Introducing Python Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Python Program Structure Revisited 201
Python’s Statements 202
A Tale of Two ifs 203
What Python Adds 204
What Python Removes 204
Parentheses are optional 204
End of line is end of statement 204
End of indentation is end of block 205
Why Indentation Syntax? 206
A Few Special Cases 208

xiv | Table of Contents


Statement rule special cases 208
Block rule special case 209
A Quick Example: Interactive Loops 210
A Simple Interactive Loop 210
Doing Math on User Inputs 211
Handling Errors by Testing Inputs 212
Handling Errors with try Statements 213
Nesting Code Three Levels Deep 214
Chapter Summary 215
Brain Builder 216
Chapter Quiz 216
Quiz Answers 216

11. Assignment, Expressions, and print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217


Assignment Statements 217
Assignment Statement Forms 218
Sequence Assignments 219
Advanced sequence assignment patterns 220
Multiple-Target Assignments 222
Multiple-target assignment and shared references 222
Augmented Assignments 223
Augmented assignment and shared references 225
Variable Name Rules 225
Naming conventions 227
Names have no type, but objects do 227
Expression Statements 228
Expression Statements and In-Place Changes 229
print Statements 229
The Python “Hello World” Program 230
Redirecting the Output Stream 231
The print >> file Extension 232
Chapter Summary 234
Brain Builder 235
Chapter Quiz 235
Quiz Answers 235

Table of Contents | xv
12. if Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
if Statements 236
General Format 236
Basic Examples 237
Multiway Branching 237
Python Syntax Rules 239
Block Delimiters 240
Statement Delimiters 241
A Few Special Cases 242
Truth Tests 243
The if/else Ternary Expression 244
Chapter Summary 246
Brain Builder 247
Chapter Quiz 247
Quiz Answers 247

13. while and for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248


while Loops 248
General Format 249
Examples 249
break, continue, pass, and the Loop else 250
General Loop Format 250
Examples 251
pass 251
continue 251
break 252
else 252
More on the loop else clause 253
for Loops 254
General Format 254
Examples 256
Basic usage 256
Other data types 256
Tuple assignment in for 257
Nested for loops 257

xvi | Table of Contents


Iterators: A First Look 258
File Iterators 260
Other Built-in Type Iterators 262
Other Iteration Contexts 263
User-Defined Iterators 264
Loop Coding Techniques 265
Counter Loops: while and range 265
Nonexhaustive Traversals: range 266
Changing Lists: range 267
Parallel Traversals: zip and map 268
Dictionary construction with zip 270
Generating Both Offsets and Items: enumerate 271
List Comprehensions: A First Look 272
List Comprehension Basics 272
Using List Comprehensions on Files 273
Extended List Comprehension Syntax 274
Chapter Summary 275
Brain Builder 276
Chapter Quiz 276
Quiz Answers 276

14. The Documentation Interlude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278


Python Documentation Sources 278
# Comments 279
The dir Function 279
Docstrings: _ _doc_ _ 280
User-defined docstrings 281
Docstring standards 282
Built-in docstrings 282
PyDoc: The help Function 283
PyDoc: HTML Reports 285
Standard Manual Set 289
Web Resources 289
Published Books 290
Common Coding Gotchas 291

Table of Contents | xvii


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