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English Grammar The Basics 1st Edition Michael Mccarthy Available Any Format

English Grammar: The Basics by Michael McCarthy provides a clear introduction to English grammar, emphasizing its social implications and the differences between standard and non-standard forms. The book covers various aspects of grammar, including its role in education and media, and includes insights from the author's extensive teaching experience. It serves as an accessible resource for anyone questioning the rules of the English language.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 views168 pages

English Grammar The Basics 1st Edition Michael Mccarthy Available Any Format

English Grammar: The Basics by Michael McCarthy provides a clear introduction to English grammar, emphasizing its social implications and the differences between standard and non-standard forms. The book covers various aspects of grammar, including its role in education and media, and includes insights from the author's extensive teaching experience. It serves as an accessible resource for anyone questioning the rules of the English language.

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mairetexi2487
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

THE BASICS

English Grammar: The Basics offers a clear, non-jargonistic introduc-


tion to English grammar and its place in society. Rather than taking
a prescriptive approach, this book helps the reader become aware of
the social implications of choices they make to use standard or non-
standard (regional/dialect) forms.
Readers will consider:

 what grammar is and how it fits into the structure of language;


 how grammar functions in the school curriculum, the press,
broadcasting and social media, as well as how these outlets reflect
and reinforce our attitudes towards grammar;
 differences between speech and writing, as well as between
formality and informality;
 major different approaches to theorising and describing gram-
mar from important grammarians, including Noam Chomsky
and Michael Halliday.

Featuring a glossary of key terms and practical tips and insights


from the author’s 50+ years of language teaching experience around
the world, this book is for anyone who has ever found themselves
questioning the ‘rules’ of the English language.

Michael McCarthy is Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics,


University of Nottingham, and Adjunct Professor of Applied Linguis-
tics, University of Limerick. He has (co-)authored and edited 54 books
and is co-founder (with Ronald Carter) of the CANCODE spoken
English corpus. He has lectured in 46 countries and has been involved
in language teaching and applied linguistics for 55 years.
T h e Ba s i c s

The Basics is a highly successful series of accessible guidebooks which


provide an overview of the fundamental principles of a subject area
in a jargon-free and undaunting format.
Intended for students approaching a subject for the first time, the
books both introduce the essentials of a subject and provide an ideal
springboard for further study. With over 50 titles spanning subjects
from artificial intelligence (AI) to women’s studies, The Basics are an
ideal starting point for students seeking to understand a subject area.
Each text comes with recommendations for further study and gra-
dually introduces the complexities and nuances within a subject.

SUSTAINABILITY (SECOND EDITION)


PETER JACQUES

TRANSLATION
JULIANE HOUSE

TRANSNATIONAL LITERATURE
PAUL JAY

TOWN PLANNING
TONY HALL

WOMEN’S STUDIES (SECOND EDITION)


BONNIE G. SMITH

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
MICHAEL MCCARTHY

For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/


The-Basics/book-series/B
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
T H E BA S I C S

M i c h a e l M c Ca r t h y
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Michael McCarthy
The right of Michael McCarthy to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: McCarthy, Michael, 1947- author.
Title: English grammar : the basics / Michael McCarthy.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2020054550 (print) | LCCN 2020054551 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367633660 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367633653 (paperback) |
ISBN 9780367633677 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: English language--Grammar. | English language--Social aspects.
Classification: LCC PE1106 .M36 2021 (print) | LCC PE1106 (ebook) |
DDC 428.2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020054550
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020054551

ISBN: 978-0-367-63366-0 (hbk)


ISBN: 978-0-367-63365-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-63367-7 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo
by Taylor & Francis Books
For Jeanne
CONTENTS

List of figures xiv


List of tables xvi
Acknowledgements xviii
Introduction to the reader xix

1 Everyone knows what grammar is … don’t they? 1


A word for all seasons 1
What grammar is (and what it isn’t) 2
A rough definition 2
Traffic lights and sunrises 4
The rules of the road 4
Universal rules 7
Where do the conventions come from? 7
Prescriptions for the best medicine 7
Grammatical standard-bearers 10
Gathering more evidence 12
I heard it on the radio 12
At the click of a mouse 12
Corpus evidence 13
Describing English 15
viii CONTENTS

Grammar and grammars 15


Varieties of English 16
Dialects 17
Other types of variation 17
This book: What it offers and what it doesn’t 18
The many-headed hydra 18
The basics 19
What else is in the chapters? 20

2 From words to sentences 22


Taking words apart 22
What’s in a word? 22
Morphemes 23
Different types of morphemes 24
Morphemes and words: Building the system 25
How do words fit into grammar? 25
Words and phrases 25
Phrases and clauses 27
What is a clause? 27
Who does what? Participants and processes 28
Clauses: Different shapes, different meanings 29
Grammar and meaning 29
What sort of mood are you in? 30
Affirmative and negative 32
Clauses: Who’s doing what, where, when and how? 32
Subjects and objects 32
Complements 33
A peaceful agreement: Concord 33
Adverbials: Mobility rules! 35
Are you running a business? Or just
running? 35
Let’s hear your voice: Active and passive 36
‘In-between’ passives 37
Clauses joining forces: Building sentences 38
What is a sentence? 38
Joining up 1: Three little words 40
Joining up 2: Subordinate clauses 40
Conditions 41
CONTENTS ix

Non-finite clauses 42
Taking care of the relatives 42
Relative clauses: Common difficulties 45
Who knows what? Who said what? Reported
clauses 46
Chains or Russian dolls? 46
A place for everything: Word-order 47
Into focus 47
Sometimes at the beginning? Or at the end
maybe? 48
This section you must read 49
Scaling the heights 49
Is there life beyond the sentence? 50
Bigger links mean bigger chains 50
Linking expressions 50
Taking an axe to the sentence: Clefts 52

3 The grammar toolbox 55


A toolbox full of words 55
What are nouns for? 55
Naming the world 55
How much coffee makes a coffee? 55
What else can nouns do? 58
Building with nouns 59
Verbs: Being, doing, happening 60
Who does what and to whom? 60
Main verbs, auxiliaries and modals 60
Auxiliary ‘be’: Marking aspect 61
Auxiliary ‘have’: Marking aspect 62
Auxiliary ‘be’: Marking voice 63
Aspect and voice: Using the tools together 64
Auxiliary ‘do’: Yes or no? 64
Auxiliary ‘do’ for emphasis 65
Substitute ‘do’ 66
Modal verbs: What’s true, what’s right 66
That could be true … to a degree 66
‘You must come to dinner sometime!’ 67
x CONTENTS

We use small verbs as tag verbs, don’t we … or


do we? 68
Might I ask you a question? 69
How long is a piece of string? 69
Colouring in the world: Adjectives and adverbs 70
What’s it like and how did it go? 70
Adjectives: Telling it like it is 70
Adverbs: How did it go? 71
Adverbs as adverbials 72
Conclusion 73

4 The grammar toolbox continued 75


The other word classes 75
Small words get everywhere 75
Pronouns 77
Getting personal 77
Me and my sister: Subject and object
pronouns 78
Reflexive pronouns: Grammatical selfies 79
Each other and one another 80
Is anyone out there? 80
What it’s all about: Clefts 81
Someone or other did it 81
The ones which matter: Relative pronouns 82
Interrogative pronouns: What are they for? 84
Demonstrative pronouns: This is important,
that’s not 84
Determiners 86
Articles: Where’s the cat? 87
Interrogative determiners 89
Possessive determiners 89
Conjunctions: Getting it together 91
Coordinating 91
Subordinating 92
Correlative 92
Prepositions 93
What are they for? 93
CONTENTS xi

Prepositions: Should we leave them


stranded? 94
No, nay, never … 95
What about all those other small words? 96
Conclusion 97

5 Theories and thinkers 99


Putting their thinking caps on 99
It stands to reason: Logic and rules 100
Structuralism 102
Noam Chomsky and his grammar 105
Colourless green ideas 105
Transformations 107
From the depths to the surface 109
Bearing everything in mind: Cognitive grammar 110
The mind and the world 110
Symbols and concepts 111
Constructions 113
Use it and never lose it 114
Out of the mind: Neo-Firthians 115
Grammar and context 115
Michael Halliday 117
Functions and systems 117
Grammar in society 119
Conclusion: Theory and theories 120

6 Word of mouth: Grammar in action 123


In a manner of speaking 123
Speaking and writing: A grammar for every
occasion 126
You thinking what I’m thinking? 126
This book, you never know what it’s going to say
next … 128
Heads or tails? 128
Pronouns, they work hard, they do 129
Mark my words 130
xii CONTENTS

Taking chunks out of the language 133


We’re beginning to see a pattern here 134
‘I see him yesterday’: Dialect grammars 136
English grammar around the world 139
Listen up and check this out! 142
Conclusion 143

7 Grammar policy, grammar politics and


grammar police 145
Moral panic 145
The lost generation 147
Grammar in the lockdown 147
What did traditional grammar look like? 149
Policing the grammar: Terminology 150
(Dis-)United States 153
Australia: Whole language or bits and
pieces? 154
The UK: From grammar to comprehensive 155
A balancing act 157
Grammar makes a comeback 157
From balance to moral panic 160
Mr Gove and Mr Gwynne 163
Conclusion 165

8 Grammar in the public eye 168


The grammatical landscape 168
Less or fewer? 168
Putting a (full) stop to punctuation 170
Punctuation and grammar 170
Full stops 171
The rise and fall of the semi-colon 172
Endangered species? The apostrophe 174
Sound–spelling grammatical confusions 176
Pronouns: Not so closed after all? 178
Adverbials: Why do people get affronted? 180
Telling it like it is 181
CONTENTS xiii

The linguistic landscape: Being creative with


grammar 185
Conclusion 186

Glossary of grammar terms 188


References 195
Index 201
FIGURES

1.1 Rules of the road 5


1.2 Laws of the universe: Sunrise 8
1.3 Extract of concordance for end 14
1.4 Upon in three registers 18
2.1 Whom in writing and speaking 44
2.2 Russian dolls 47
2.3 Linking in speaking and writing 52
4.1 Change in the use of whom 83
4.2 Interjections 97
5.1 Grammar and the chess board 103
5.2 Tree-diagram of sentence structure 107
5.3 The outer shell and the kernel 108
5.4 Imaging the sunflowers 112
5.5 Rank scale 118
5.6 Personal pronouns system: Human subjects 119
5.7 Mapping the unknown 121
6.1 ‘Sometimes I just sits’ 137
7.1 Parsing 149
7.2 ‘He said his first fronted adverbial today’ 164
8.1 Semi-colons 173
LIST OF FIGURES xv

8.2 Apostrophe use in public signs 175


8.3 Personal pronoun one 180
TABLES

1.1 Three approaches to grammar 9


2.1 Types of phrases 27
2.2 Indicative mood: Declarative and interrogative
clauses 30
2.3 Intransitive, transitive and di-transitive 36
2.4 Clauses or sentences? 39
2.5 Relative clauses with nouns as subject and object 43
2.6 Cohesion: Linking expressions between sentences 51
3.1 Nouns and meanings 56
3.2 Nouns as things and nouns as stuff 56
3.3 Noun phrases 60
3.4 Simple and continuous aspect 61
3.5 Present perfect and relevance to ‘now’ 63
3.6 Past perfect 63
3.7 Perfect aspect: Continuous form 64
3.8 Aspects and voice combined 64
3.9 Tag-types 68
3.10 Adverbs acting as adverbials 72
4.1 Top 20 most frequent words (BNC) 75
4.2 Personal pronouns 77
4.3 Interrogative pronouns 85
LIST OF TABLES xvii

4.4 Articles 87
4.5 Examples of subordinating conjunctions 92
4.6 Examples of correlative conjunctions 93
6.1 Auxiliary and modal patterns 135
6.2 Concordance lines for be + after + ing (LCIE) 140
8.1 Emailing, texting and punctuation 172
8.2 Word-forms often confused in writing 176
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