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Biology For Dummies For Dummies Lifestyle Fester Kratz No Waiting Time

Biology For Dummies, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental biological concepts and processes, emphasizing the interconnectedness of life on Earth. The book is designed for high school and college students seeking to understand biology better, whether for exams or general knowledge. It covers a wide range of topics, including cell biology, genetics, ecosystems, and human physiology.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views134 pages

Biology For Dummies For Dummies Lifestyle Fester Kratz No Waiting Time

Biology For Dummies, 3rd Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental biological concepts and processes, emphasizing the interconnectedness of life on Earth. The book is designed for high school and college students seeking to understand biology better, whether for exams or general knowledge. It covers a wide range of topics, including cell biology, genetics, ecosystems, and human physiology.

Uploaded by

amalielemke0012
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biology For Dummies®, 3rd Edition
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930023
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Biology For Dummies®
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Table of Contents
Cover
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Biology Basics
Chapter 1: Exploring the Living World
It All Starts with a Cell
Life Begets Life: Reproduction and Genetics
Making the Connection between Ecosystems and
Evolution
Getting Up Close and Personal with the Anatomy
and Physiology of Animals
Comparing Plants to People
Chapter 2: How Life Is Studied
Living Things: Why Biologists Study Them and
What Defines Them
Making Sense of the World through Observations
Seeing Science as the Constant Sharing of New
Ideas
Tracking Down Scientific Information
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Life
Exploring Why Matter Matters
Recognizing the Differences between Atoms,
Elements, and Isotopes
Molecules, Compounds, and Bonds
Acids and Bases (Not a Heavy Metal Band)
Carbon-Based Molecules: The Basis for All Life
Chapter 4: The Living Cell
An Overview of Cells
Peeking at Prokaryotes
Examining the Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
Cells and the Organelles: Not a Motown Doo-wop
Group
Presenting Enzymes, the Jump-Starters
Chapter 5: Acquiring Energy to Run
the Motor
What’s Energy Got to Do with It?
Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide,
and Water to Make Food
Cellular Respiration: Using Oxygen to Break Down
Food for Energy
Energy and Your Body
Part 2: Let’s Talk about Sex, Baby: Cell
Reproduction and Genetics
Chapter 6: Dividing to Conquer: Cell
Division
Reproduction: Keep On Keepin’ On
Welcome to DNA Replication 101
Cell Division: Out with the Old, In with the New
How Sexual Reproduction Creates Genetic
Variation
Chapter 7: Making Mendel Proud:
Understanding Genetics
Why You’re Unique: Heritable Traits and the
Factors Affecting Them
“Monk”ing Around with Peas: Mendel’s Laws of
Inheritance
Diving into the Pool of Genetic Terminology
Bearing Genetic Crosses
Studying Genetic Traits in Humans
Moving Beyond Mendel
Chapter 8: Reading the Book of Life:
DNA and Proteins
Proteins Make Traits Happen, and DNA Makes the
Proteins
Moving from DNA to RNA to Protein: The Central
Dogma of Molecular Biology
Mistakes Happen: The Consequences of Mutation
Giving Cells Some Control: Gene Regulation
Chapter 9: Engineering the Code:
DNA Technology
Understanding Just What’s Involved in DNA
Technology
Mapping the Genes of Humanity
Genetically Modifying Organisms
Part 3: It’s a Small, Interconnected
World
Chapter 10: Exploring the Living
World: Biodiversity and Classification
Biodiversity: Recognizing How Our Differences
Make Us Stronger
Meet Your Neighbors: Looking at Life on Earth
Climbing the Tree of Life: The Classification
System of Living Things
Chapter 11: Observing How
Organisms Get Along
Ecosystems Bring It All Together
Studying Populations Is Popular in Ecology
Moving Energy and Matter around within
Ecosystems
Chapter 12: Evolving Species in an
Ever-Changing World
What People Used to Believe
How Charles Darwin Challenged Age-Old Beliefs
about Life on Earth
The Evidence for Biological Evolution
Why So Controversial? Evolution versus
Creationism
How Humans Evolved
Part 4: Systems Galore! Animal
Structure and Function
Chapter 13: Pondering the Principles
of Physiology
Studying Function at All Levels of Life
Wrapping Your Head around the Big Physiological
Ideas
Chapter 14: Moving and Shaking:
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Doing the Locomotion, Animal-Style
The Types of Skeletal Systems
Why Muscles Are So Essential
Chapter 15: Going with the Flow:
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Passing Gas: How Animals “Breathe”
Circulation: Nutrients In, Garbage Out
Getting to the Heart of Simpler Animals
Exploring the Human Heart and Circulatory System
A Bloody-Important Fluid
Chapter 16: Checking Out the
Plumbing: Animal Digestive and
Excretory Systems
Obtaining Food and Breaking It Down
The Ins and Outs of Digestive Systems
Traveling through the Human Digestive System
Absorbing the Stuff Your Body Needs
What’s for Dinner? Making Wise, Nutritious Food
Choices
Exploring the Human Excretory System
Chapter 17: Fighting Back: Human
Defenses
Microbial Encounters of the Best and Worst Kinds
Built to Protect You: Innate Human Defenses
Learning a Lesson: Adaptive Human Defenses
Giving Your Defenses a Helping Hand
Aging and Ailing: Changes in the Immune System
Chapter 18: The Nervous and
Endocrine Systems, Messengers
Extraordinaire
The Many Intricacies of Nervous Systems
What a Sensation! The Brain and the Five Senses
Following the Path of Nerve Impulses
The Endocrine System: All Hormones Are Not
Raging
Chapter 19: Reproduction 101:
Making More Animals
This Budding’s for You: Asexual Reproduction
The Ins and Outs of Sexual Reproduction
How Other Animals Do It
Developing New Humans
Differentiation, Development, and Determination
Part 5: It’s Not Easy Being Green: Plant
Structure and Function
Chapter 20: Living the Life of a Plant
Presenting Plant Structure
Obtaining Matter and Energy for Growth
Going It Alone: Asexual Reproduction
Mixing Sperm and Eggs: Sexual Reproduction
Chapter 21: Probing into Plant
Physiology
How Nutrients, Fluids, and Sugars Move through
Plants
Sending Signals with Plant Hormones
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 22: Ten Great Biology
Discoveries
Seeing the Unseen
Discovering Penicillin, the First Antibiotic
Protecting People from Smallpox
Defining DNA Structure
Finding and Fighting Defective Genes
Discovering Modern Genetic Principles
Evolving the Theory of Natural Selection
Formulating Cell Theory
Amplifying DNA with PCR
Editing DNA with CRISPR
Chapter 23: Ten Ways Biology Affects
Your Life
Keeping You Fed
Putting Microbial Enzymes to Work
Designing Genes
Powering the Planet
Causing and Treating Infectious Disease
Staying Alive
Providing You with Clean Water
Changing Physically and Mentally
Creating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Facing Extinction
About the Author
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement

Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Introduction
Life is all around you, from invisible microbes and green plants to
the other animals with whom you share the Earth. What’s more,
these other living things aren’t just around you — they’re
intimately interconnected with your life. Plants make your food
and provide you with oxygen, microbes break down dead matter
and recycle materials that all living things need, and insects
pollinate the plants you rely on for food. Ultimately, all living
beings rely on other living beings for their survival.
What makes biology so great is that it allows you to explore the
interconnectedness of the world’s organisms and really
understand that living beings are works of art and machines rolled
into one. Organisms can be as delicate as a mountain wildflower,
as curious as a grasshopper, or as awe-inspiring as a majestic
elephant. And regardless of whether they’re plants, animals, or
microbes, all living things have numerous working parts that
contribute to the function of the whole being. They move, obtain
energy, use raw materials, and make waste, whether they’re as
simple as a single-celled organism or as complex as a human
being.
Biology is the key you need to unlock the mysteries of life.
Through it, you discover that even single-celled organisms have
their complexities, from their unique structures to their diverse
metabolisms. Biology also helps you realize what a truly
miraculous machine your body is, with its many different systems
that work together to move materials, support your structure,
send signals, defend you from invaders, and obtain the matter
and energy you need for growth.

About This Book


Biology For Dummies, 3rd Edition, takes a look at the
characteristics all living things share. It also provides an overview
of the concepts and processes that are fundamental to living
things. We make sure to emphasize the most important ideas in
biology while taking a look at the diversity of life on planet Earth
and our place in it.
Within this book, you may note that some web addresses break
across two lines of text. If you’re reading this book in print and
want to visit one of these web pages, simply key in the web
address exactly as it’s noted in the text, pretending as though the
line break doesn’t exist. If you’re reading this as an e-book,
you’ve got it easy — just click the web address to be taken
directly to the web page.

Foolish Assumptions
As we wrote this book, we tried to imagine who you are and what
you need in order to understand biology. Here’s what we came up
with:

You’re a high school student taking biology, possibly in


preparation for an advanced placement test or college entrance
examination. If you’re having trouble in biology class and your
textbook isn’t making much sense, try reading the relevant
section of this book first to give yourself a foundation and then
go back to your textbook or notes.
You’re a college student who isn’t a science major but is taking
a biology class to help fulfill your degree requirements. If you
want help following along in class, try reading the relevant
sections in this book before you go to a lecture on a particular
topic. If you need to fix a concept in your brain, read the related
section after class.
You’re someone who just wants to know a little bit more about
the living world around you. Good news … this book is your
oyster! Read it at your leisure, starting with whatever topic
fascinates you most. We include several examples of how
biology impacts everyday life to help keep your interest piqued.

Icons Used in This Book


We use some of the familiar For Dummies icons to help guide you
and give you new insights as you read the material. Here’s the
scoop on what each one means.

The information highlighted with the Remember icon is


stuff we think you should permanently store in your mental
biology file. If you want a quick review of biology, scan
through the book reading only the paragraphs marked with
Remember icons.

The Technical Stuff icon marks extra information that isn’t


necessary to understanding the material in the chapter. If
you want to take your understanding of biology to a higher
level, or if you just want to build your knowledge base of
interesting facts, incorporate these paragraphs into your
reading. If you just want the basics and don’t want to bother
with nonessential information, skip them.

The Tip icon marks pointers that help you remember the
facts presented in a particular section so you can better
commit them to memory.

Beyond the Book


In addition to the material in the print or e-book you’re reading
right now, this product also comes with some access-anywhere
goodies on the web. Check out the free Cheat Sheet for more on
human biology and physiology, natural selection and biological
evolution, and biological reproduction and cell division. To get this
Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and type Biology For
Dummies Cheat Sheet in the Search box.

Where to Go from Here


Where you start reading is up to you. However, we do have a few
suggestions:

If you’re currently in a biology class and having trouble with a


particular topic, jump right to the chapter or section featuring
the subject that’s confusing you.
If you’re using this book as a companion to a biology class that’s
just beginning, you can follow along with the topics being
discussed in class.

Whatever your situation, the table of contents and index can help
you find the information you need.
Part 1
Biology Basics
IN THIS PART …
Take a look at the big picture of life on Earth.
Go behind the scenes of scientific investigation.
Explore the connections between chemistry and biology.
Discover life at the level of a single cell.
Delve into the details of how cells get energy.
Chapter 1
Exploring the Living World
IN THIS CHAPTER
Seeing how cells are part of all living things
Finding out the fundamentals of where babies come
from and why you have the traits you do
Recognizing that all of Earth’s ecosystems are
interconnected
Surveying animal anatomy and physiology
Exploring the similarities and differences between
plants and people

Biology is the study of life, as in the life that covers the surface of
the Earth like a living blanket, filling every nook and cranny from
dark caves and dry deserts to blue oceans and lush rain forests.
Living things interact with all of these environments and each
other, forming complex, interconnected webs of life. For many
people, a hike in the forest or a trip to the beach is a chance to
reconnect with the natural world and enjoy the beauty of life.
In this chapter, we give you an overview of the big concepts of
biology. Our goal is to show you how biology connects to your life
and to give you a preview of the topics we explore in greater
detail later in this book.

It All Starts with a Cell


Quick. What’s the smallest living thing you can think of? (Here’s a
hint: Try to recall the basic properties of life; if you can’t, head to
Chapter 2 to discover what they are.) Your mind may
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