Example:The beam of symmetrical -section is
100
simply supported overa span of 9m. A concentrate
Wis applied ata distance of 3m from the load
2 one support.
If the maximum permissible stress is 75 N/mm²
75
225
3 the maximum W which can be carried by the what is
beam?
imensions in nm
31m
B
+z Find first the maximum
9m
bending moment (at pointC):
RA
Rg Cut beam to the left of C and take 6m
2W equilibrium for the left beam segment
shearing forces diagram 3
W
W
3
R
force equilibium:
bending moments diagram W
moment equilibrium:
2W M- RA X6= 0, M= 2w
CITY
UNIVERSITY OF tONDON
EST 1894
ET2080 Structural Mechanics 13
2 Refrigerators and
The objective of a Heat Pumps Warm
3
space at a low refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated
environment Warm
house
temperature by removing heat from
Discharging this heat
1 55
6 it.
merelya necessary part toof the
a
higher-temperature medium is
The objective of a heat operation, not the purpose. (desired
output)
heated space at a high pump, however, is to maintain a Wact.in
absorbing heat from a temperature. This is accomplished by (rcquircd Wpet.in
(required
this heat to a warmer low-temperature source and supplying input) input)
medium such as a house
The performance of XHP
refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed
in terms of the coefficient
ofperformance (COP) (desired Cold
COPR= Desired output
refrigerated
Cooling effect output)
space
Required input Work input W,net,in
Cold
COPHP = Desired output
environment
Heating effect
Required input Work input
Wnetin (a) Refrigerator (b) Heat pump
Air Standard Cycle
" Gas cycle Analysis
refrigeration, also known as air cycle
fluid, undergoing sensible heat transfer without refrigeration, uses a gas as the working
" Air cycle
refrigeration phase changes
following assumptions: system analysis is considerably simplified if one
i. The working fluid
is a fixed mass of air
makes the
ii. The cycle is that behaves as an ideal
of open loop assumed to be a closed loop gas
cycles being cycle with all inlet and
cnvironment replaced by heat transfer processes exhaust processes
to or from the
iii. All the processes
reversible within the cycle are
reversible, i.e., the cycle is
iv. The specific heat of air internally
remains constant throughout the
cycle
" An analysis with the
analysis above assumptions is called as
cold Air Standard Cycle (ASC)
12 THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE Warm medium
at Ty
2
9 3 " Since the Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle, all
four processes
A4. that comprise the cycle can be reversed
7A 5 Reversing the cycle results in a cycle that operates in the
counterclockwise direction on a T-s diagram, which is called the Turbine Condenser
reversed Carnot cycle Compressor
The coefficients of performance of Evaporator
Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps
are expressed in terms of
temperatures as
1
COPRCarnot= Cold medium
T/T, -1 at T;
COP HP. Carnot
1-T/TH
Limitations of Carnot cycle limitations.
several practical
idealization and it suffers from back to back is
1 Carnot cycle is an isothermal processes
Aant
2 isentropic and increases quickly
application of pressure
3 > The process, the
impossible because, in
the isentropic isothermal process, the pressure increases
8 speed, and in the processes back to
which requires a high high and slow
765 requires a low speed so, achieving
slowly which
back is impossible
in real life. constant temperature
are
addition, and rejection of heat at temperature will
>Another side, the the
whenever heat is
added to any source,
impossible because impossible to restrict.
which is very
be increased usually refrigeration capacity of
the Carnot system is large
addition, the volumetric which gives rise to
> In compressor displacement,
small leading to large
frictional effects. cycles are
completely reversible
are irreversible, hence
processes
> All actual
idealizations only.
12
AJuta
2
The ldeal Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle Wrnn
3 " Many of the impracticalities associated with the reversed
Carnot cycle can be eliminated by
76 5 Dvaporizing the refrigerant completely before it is Condenser
compressed, and val
Oby replacing the turbine with a throttling device, such as an Compr
expansion valve or capillary tube
" The cycle that results is called the ideal vapor-compression Cokd refrigeerated
refrigeration cycle Npace
" It consists of four processes: Saturated
1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor liquid
2-3Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator
Saturated vapor
1M'N?
Saturated
liquid
11 12 " The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle is not
an internally reversible cycle since it involves an
3 irreversible (throttling) process. Win
" This process is maintained in the cycle to make it a
76 5 more realistic model for the actual vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle.
" If the throttling device were replaced by an isentropic Saturated vapor
tur bine, the refrigerant would enter the evaporator at
state 4' instead of state 4.
" As a result, the refrigeration capacity would increase
(by the area under process curve 4'-4) and the net work
of
input would decrease (by the amount of work output
the turbine). Win
valve with a turbine is not
" Replacing the expansion added
practical, moreover, the benefits cannot justify
the added cost and complexity.
