OPTIMAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR PLACEMENT IN A RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING FUZZY LOGIC

Harsha vardhan.Nimmagadda Email:[email protected] & Bala krishna.kethineni Email:[email protected] Abstract:

The operation and planning studies of a distribution system require a steady state condition of the system for various load demands. Our aim is to obtain optimal voltage control with voltage regulators and then to decrease the total cost of voltage regulators and losses, to obtain the net saving. An algorithm is proposed which determines the initial selection and tap setting of the voltage regulators to provide a smooth voltage profile along the network. The same algorithm is used to obtain the minimum number of the initially selected voltage regulators, by moving them in such a way so as to control the network voltage at the minimum cost. The algorithm has been implemented using MATLAB along with Fuzzy Logic and the result of both conventional and Fuzzy Logic are compared. Introduction: General description of Distribution System Distribution system is that part of the electric power system which connects the high voltage transmission network to the low voltage consumer service point In any distribution system the power is distributed to various uses through feeders, distributors and service mains. Feeders are conductors of large current carrying capacity which carry the current in bulk to the feeding points. Distributors are conductors from which the current is tapped of from the supply to the consumer premises. A typical distribution system with all its elements is shown in figure 1.1

Low voltage Distribution Sub-Transmission Line 33kv

Distribution Substation

Feeder Large consumers High Voltage Primary Distribution Distribution Feeder Service Lines

Distribution Transformer

Consumers (440-220v) Fig 1.1 Schematic Diagram of a Distribution System 1.1.1 Basic Distribution Systems There are two basic structures for distribution system namely (i) (ii) Radial distribution system Ring main distribution system

Radial Distribution System: If the distributor is connected to the supply system on one end only then the system is said to be a radial distribution system. A Radial Distribution System is shown in fig 1.2. In such a case the end of the distributor nearest to the generating station would be heavily loaded and the consumers at the far end of the distributor would be subjected to large voltage variations as the load varies. The consumer is dependent upon a single feeder so that a fault on any feeder or distributor cuts off the supply to the consumers who are on the side of fault away from the station. Load

Load

Substation Bus Load Load

Fig 1.2 Radial Distribution System 1.2 Distribution System Losses

It has been established that 70% of the total losses occur in the primary and secondary distribution system, while transmission and sub transmission lines account for only 30% of the total losses. Distribution losses are 15.5% of the generation capacity and target level is 7.5%. Therefore the primary and secondary distribution must be properly planned to ensure losses within the acceptability limits. 1.2.1 Factors Effecting Distribution System Losses Factors contributing to the increase in the line losses in primary and secondary distribution system are: 1. Inadequate size of conductor: 2. Feeder Length: 3. Location of Distribution Transformers: 4. Low Voltage: 5. Low Power Factor:

1.3 Reduction of line losses: The losses in Indian power system are on the higher side. So, the government of India has decided to reduce the line losses and set a target for reduction of T&D losses by 1% per annum in order to realize an overall reduction of 5% in the national average. Methods for the reduction of line losses: The following methods are adopted for reduction of distribution losses. (1) HV distribution system (2) Feeder reconfiguration (3) Reinforcement of the feeder (4) Grading of conductor (5) Construction of new substation (6) Reactive power compensation (7) Installing Voltage regulators.

Installing Voltage Regulators: Voltage regulator or Automatic voltage booster is essentially an auto transformer consisting of a primary or existing winding connected in parallel with the circuit and a second winding with taps connected in series with the circuit. Taps of series winding are connected to an automatic tap changing mechanism. AVB is also considered a tool for loss reduction and voltage control is a statutory obligation.

Benefits of AVB When a booster is installed at a bus, it causes a sudden voltage rise at its point of location and improves the voltage at the buses beyond the location of AVB. The % of voltage improvement is equal to the setting of % boost of AVB. The increase in voltage in turn causes the reduction in losses in the lines beyond the location of AVB. Multiple units can be installed in series to the feeder to maintain the voltage within the limits and to reduce the line losses. It can be removed and relocated, whenever and wherever required easily. FUZZY LOGIC 2.1 Introduction Fuzzy logic, invented by Professor Lotfi Zadeh of UC-Berkeley in the mid 1960s, provides a representation scheme and a calculus for dealing with vague or uncertain concepts. It provides a mathematical way to represent vagueness in humanistic systems. The crisp set is defined in such a way as to dichotomize the individuals in some given universe of discourse into two groups as below: a) Members (those who certainly belong to the set.) b) Non-members (those who certainly do not belong to the set.) 2.2 Fuzzy Logic in Power Systems Analytical approaches have been used over the years for many power system operation, planning and control problems. However, the mathematical formulations of real world problems are derived under certain restrictive assumptions and even with these assumptions, the solutions of large scale power systems problems are not trivial. On the other hand, there are many uncertainties in various power system problems because power systems are large, complex, geographically widely distributed systems and influenced by unexpected events. More recently, the deregulation of power utilities has introduced new issues into the existing problems. These facts make it difficult to effectively deal with many power systems problems through strict mathematical formulations alone. Although a large number of AI techniques have been employed in power systems, fuzzy logic is a powerful tool in meeting challenging problems in power systems. This is so because fuzzy logic is the only technique, which can handle in precise, vague or fuzzy information.

2.3 Fuzzy Systems: Fuzzy logic is based on the way the brain deals with inexact information.
OUTPUT

DEFUZZIFIER

PROCESS LOGIC FUZZIFIER

RULES, FUZZY SETS

PHYSICAL DEVICE SYSTEM

INPUT

OPTIMAL VR PLACEMENT USING FES

3.1 Introduction Optimal place for placing of voltage regulators can be obtained by using back tracking algorithm discussed in the section 3.4. The same can also be obtained by using Fuzzy Logic. First a vector based load flow calculates the power losses in each line and voltages at every bus. The voltage regulators are placed at every bus and total real power losses is obtained for each case. The total real power losses are normalized and named as power loss indices. The per unit voltages at every bus and the power loss indices obtained are the inputs to the FES which determines the bus most suitable for placing voltage regulator without violating the limits. The FES (Fuzzy Expert System) contains a set of rules which are developed from qualitative descriptions.

Table3.1 Rules for Fuzzy Expert System

VOLTAGE AND Low Lowmedium Medium HighMedium Highmedium High Lownormal Lowmedium LowMedium Medium Highmedium Highmedium Normal Highnormal Low High

Low Lowmedium POWER LOSS INDEX Highmedium High Medium

Low LowMedium LowMedium Medium

Low

Low

Low

Low Lowmedium Lowmedium

Low

Low Lowmedium

Medium

The inputs to the rules are the voltages and power loss indices and the output consequent is the suitability of voltage regulator placement. The rules are summarized in the fuzzy decision matrix in table given above. Fuzzy variables of PLI (power loss index) are low, low-medium, medium, high-medium, high.

Fig3.1 Member ship functions for power loss index fuzzy variables for Voltage are low, low-normal, normal, high-normal, high. Fuzzy variables for Voltage regulator suitability index are low, low-medium, medium, highmedium, high.

Fig 3.3 Membership functions for Voltage regulator suitability index

These fuzzy variables described by linguistic terms are represented by membership functions shown in fig 3.1, 3.2 and3.3.

3.3 Algorithm for optimum voltage regulator placement in RDS using FES: Step 1. Read line and load data. Step 2. Run load flows for the system and compute the voltages at each bus, real and reactive power losses of the system. Step 3. Install the voltage regulator at every bus and compute the total real power loss of the system at each case and convert into normalized values. Step4. Obtain optimal number of VRs and location of VRs by giving voltages and power loss indices as inputs to FES. Step 5. Obtain the optimal tap position of VR using Eqn. (3.2), so that the voltage is within the specified limits. Step 6. Again run the load flows with VR, then compute voltages at all buses, real and reactive power losses. If voltages are not within the limits, go to step 3. Step 7. Determine the reduction in power loss and net saving by using objective function (Eqn (3.1)). Step 8. Print results. Step 9. Stop.

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 6.1 Results of FES: The proposed method is illustrated with 47 bus practical RDS and 69 bus RDS . 4. 1.1 Example

Consider 69 bus RDS, the line and load data of which is given in [9] and the results are presented in Table 6.6. By applying FES the optimal place for placing voltage regulator is bus 6 which improves the voltage regulation and net savings. The results are summarized in the table given below. Table4.1.2 Summary of Results of 69 bus RDS With VRs Parameter Before VRs at buses From 57 to 65 Ploss (%) Net saving (in Rs.) Voltage regulation (%) 5.9323 ----9.0811 5.3422 (-) 1,52,280 4.3503 After (VR at bus 6) 5.2372 1,37,488 2.9496

It is observed that from Table 6.1.2, without voltage regulators in the system the percentage power loss is 5.9323 and percentage voltage regulation is 9.0811. With voltage regulators at buses only from 57 to 65, the percentage power loss is 5.3422 and percentage voltage regulation is 4.3503 but the net saving is (-) Rs.1, 52,280, with voltage regulators at optimal location (obtained with proposed method) of bus 6 the percentage power loss is reduced to 5.2372 and percentage voltage regulation is reduced to 2.9496. The optimal net saving is increased to Rs.1, 37,488.

Conclusion:
In a radial distribution it is necessary to maintain voltage levels at various buses by using capacitors or conductor grading or placing voltage regulators at suitable locations. In this project voltage regulators is discussed to maintain the voltage profile and to maximize net savings. The proposed FES provides good voltage regulation and reduces power loss which inturn increases net savings.