 Parts Of Computer

 Working Of CPU, CU & ALU

 Registers
 Buses
 Expansion Buses
 “A system of interconnected computers that share a
central storage system and various peripheral devices such
as a, keyboard, printers, scanners, each computer
connected to the system can operate independently, but
has the ability to communicate with other
external devices and computers.”
 Computer system can also define as

“A computer system consists of hardware components

that have been carefully chosen so that they work well
together and software components or programs that run
in the computer. The main software component is itself
an operating system that manages and provides services
to other programs that can be run in the computer.”
There are two major divisions:
 Hardware

 Software
Hardware:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of
a computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside
the computer case, such as the hard disk drive, motherboard,
video card, and many others.
Computer hardware is what you can physically touch.
 Software:
“software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to
interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks.
Without software, computers would be useless. For example,
without your Internet browser, you could not surf the Internet
or read this page and without an operating system, the browser
could not run on your computer. The picture to the right is a
Microsoft Excel software box and an example of a spreadsheet
software program”.
The Four Main Functions of Computer Systems

 Computers are designed to:

 Gather data(input)
 Process data (Process)
 Output information (Output)
 Store data and Information (memory)
 CPU is also called processor.
 It interprets and execute instructions to run the computer
system.
 It is also called the brain of computer
 It performs all operations on the data according too the
instructions
 It carries out instruction and tell other parts of computer
system what to do.
 CPU consists of two main units

 ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

 CU (Control Unit)

 Memory or Storage Unit

This unit consists of two subsections namely
 Arithmetic section

 Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
 Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive
use of above operations.
Logic Section
 Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.
 This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but
does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are:
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instructions among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.

 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them,

and directs the operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data
or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
 This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit
supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is
also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary
storage or Random Access Memory(RAM).

 Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and
secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer.

Functions of memory unit are:

 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.

 It stores intermediate results of processing.

 It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an

output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.
 Register is a small high-speed memory inside CPU.
 It is used to store temporary results
 CPU contains a number of registers, each register has a
predefined functions.
 Register size determines how much information it can store.
 The size of registers is in bytes. Each byte can store one
character of data.
 A register can be one, two, four or eight bytes.
 Bigger size of register increases the performance of CPU
 Computer Bus can be define as
“A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables,
printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple
hardware components in order to communicate with one
another. ”
Purpose:
The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways"
needed for communication between the components, by
carrying out all communications over a single data channel.
This is why the metaphor of a "data highway" is sometimes
used.
 A bus is characterized by the
amount of information that can
be transmitted at once.
 Additionally, the bus speed
 This amount, expressed in bits,
is also defined by
corresponds to the number of
its frequency (expressed in
physical lines over which data
Hertz), the number of data
is sent simultaneously.
packets sent or received
 A 32-wire ribbon cable can per second. Each time that
transmit 32 bits in parallel.
data is sent or received is
 The term "width" is used to called a cycle
refer to the number of bits that
a bus can transmit at once.
 There are following types of Buses available in
Computer System.
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
 Expansion Buses
 The electronic path through which data is transferred between
components of computer is called data bus.
 The data bus typically consists of 8,16,32,64 separate lines
 The data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the
processor. It is a bidirectional bus. It means that the CPU can
 Read data from memory using these lines.
 Write data to memory locations using these line
 Different devices such as key board, memory and mouse work
with data bus.
 The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports
memory addresses which the processor wants to access in order
to read or write data.
 It is a unidirectional bus.
 The address bus consists of parallel signal lines.
 The address bus is used to designate the source or destination of
data on the data bus.
 The address bus typically consists of 8,16 or 32 separate lines.
 The address is sent out in binary form.
 Each address lines carries ‘1’ or ‘0’value
 The number of address line determines the number of memory
locations that CPU can address.
 The Control bus (or command bus) transports orders and
synchronization signals coming from the control unit and
travelling to all other hardware components.
 It is a bidirectional bus, as it also transmits response signals from
the hardware.
 The control buses are used to control the use of the data and
address buses.
 CPU provide enabling signal through control bus.
For example:
 Many devices are connected to data bus like keyboard, mouse
etc, but only one should be enabled at a given time. It is
controlled by control bus.
There are generally two buses within a computer:
 The Internal Bus (sometimes called the front-side bus,
or FSB for short).

 The internal bus allows the processor to communicate with the

system's central memory (the RAM).

 The Expansion Bus (sometimes called the input/output bus)

allows various motherboard components (USB, serial,
and parallel ports, cards inserted in PCI connectors, hard
drives, CD-ROM and CD-RW drives, etc.) to communicate
with one another.
 Some devices connect to a port on a card which is inserted into
an expansion slot.
 This expansion slot connects to the expansion bus.

 The expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with

the peripheral devices attached to the card.
There are following types of Expansion Bus:
 ISA Bus

 Local Bus

 AGP Bus

 USB

 PCI Card Bus

ISA Bus: (Industry Standard Architecture)
 It is most common and slowest expansion bus. Mouse, modem card, sound
card and low speed network interface card are connects to ISA bus directly
or through ISA bus expansion slot.

Local Bus:
 It is a high speed expansion bus.

 It connects higher speed devices like hard disk. VESA local bus is the first
standard local bus. It was used for video cards.
 The current local bus standard is PCI bus.

 PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.

 It is more versatile than VESA. Video cards, Sound cards, SCI cards and
high-speed interface cards are inserted into PCI bus expansion slot.
AGP Bus:(Accelerated Graphic Port)
 It is designed by Intel to improve the speed of 3-D graphics
and video transmit. It provides faster dedicated interface
between the video card and memory.
USB : Universal Serial Bus
 It eliminates the needed to install cards into expansion slots.

 Many USB devices an be attached to computer with single

USB port.
PC card Bus:
 It is designed for PC Card. It transmits data between PC card
bus and PCI bus.
 Chipset is the component which routes data
between the computer's buses, so that all the
components which make up the computer can
communicate with each other.
 The chipset, originally was made up of a large
number of electronic chips, hence the name.
It generally has two components:

 The Northbridge (also called the memory controller) is in

charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the
RAM, which is way it is located physically near the processor.
 It is sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory
Controller Hub.
 The Southbridge (also called the input/output
controller or expansion controller) handles communications
between peripheral devices.
 It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub). The
tem bridge is generally used to designate a component which
connects two buses.