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The History of Migration in Europe

The History of Migration in Europe belies several myths by arguing, for

example, that immobility has not been the “normal” condition of people before
the modern era. Migration (far from being an income-maximizing choice taken
by lone individuals) is often a household strategy, and local wages benefit from
migration. This book shows how successes arise when governments liberalize
and accompany the international movements of people with appropriate legisla-
tion, while failures take place when the legislation enacted is insufficient, belated
or ill shaped.
Part I of this book addresses mainly methodological issues. Past and present
migration is basically defined as a cross-cultural movement; cultural boundaries
need prolonged residence and active integrationist policies to allow the cross-
fertilization of cultures among migrants and non-migrants. Part II collects chap-
ters that examine the role of public bodies with reference to migratory
movements, depicting a series of successes and failures in the migration policies
through examples drawn from the European Union or single countries. Part III
deals with the challenges that immigrants face once they have settled in their
new countries: Do immigrants seek “integration” in their host culture? Through
which channels is such integration achieved, and what roles are played by cit-
izenship and political participation? What is the “identity” of migrants and their
children born in the host countries?
This text’s originality stems from the fact that it explains the complex nature
of migratory movements by incorporating a variety of perspectives and using a
multi-disciplinary approach, including economic, political and sociological
contributions.

Francesca Fauri is Assistant Professor and Jean Monnet Chair in Economic and
Migration History at the University of Bologna, Italy. Her research centres on
Italian and European economic history, with a specific interest in the economic
causes and impact of migration movements. In 2013 she won a Basic Research
University Funding award to broaden her studies to the use of remittances and
the history of immigrant business in Europe. She has co-edited Novel Outlooks
on the Marshall Plan (Lang, 2011).
Routledge explorations in economic history
Edited by Lars Magnusson
Uppsala University, Sweden

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Contributions to contemporary John McDonald
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1815–1960
2 The Organization of Labour Freedom and trade: volume I
Markets Edited by Andrew Marrison
Modernity, culture and 9 Conceiving Companies
governance in Germany, Sweden, Joint-stock politics in Victorian
Britain and Japan England
Bo Stråth Timothy L. Alborn

3 Currency Convertibility 10 The British Industrial Decline

The gold standard and beyond Reconsidered
Edited by Jorge Braga de Macedo, Edited by Jean-Pierre Dormois
Barry Eichengreen and Jaime Reis and Michael Dintenfass

4 Britain’s Place in the World 11 The Conservatives and

A historical enquiry into import Industrial Efficiency, 1951–1964
controls 1945–1960 Thirteen wasted years?
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Pacific and Pacific Rim economic
5 France and the International history since the sixteenth century
Economy Edited by Dennis O. Flynn,
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Exchange Rates Structural equilibrium and
M. C. Marcuzzo, L. Officer and capitalist sterility
A. Rosselli Gang Deng
14 The Role of Banks in 24 The Russian Revolutionary
Monitoring Firms Economy, 1890–1940
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Elisabeth Paulet Vincent Barnett

15 Management of the National 25 Land Rights, Ethno Nationality

Debt in the United Kingdom, and Sovereignty in History
1900–1932 Edited by Stanley L. Engerman
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Lars Magnusson Edited by John Sedgwick and
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Europe, 1300–1750 of London
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Globalization before 1950 28 Rethinking Economic Change in
Sevket Pamuk and India
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Tirthankar Roy
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The History of Migration in
Europe
Prospectives from economics, politics
and sociology

Edited by Francesca Fauri

First published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 selection and editorial matter, Francesca Fauri; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The history of migration in Europe: perspectives from economics, politics
and sociology / edited by Francesca Angela Fauri.
1. Europe–Emigration and immigration–History. 2. Migration, Internal–
Ireland–History. 3. Europe–Emigration and immigration–Social aspects.
4. Europe–Emigration and immigration–Economic aspects. I. Fauri,
Francesca.
JV7590.H59 2014
304.8094–dc23 2014017617
ISBN: 978-1-138-77783-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-77240-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents

List of plates and figures xi

List of tables xiii
Notes on contributors xiv
Preface xviii
FRANCESCA FAURI
List of abbreviations xx

Introduction 1
VERA ZAMAGNI

PART I
Who are the migrants and what is their impact? 11

1 Quantifying and qualifying cross-cultural migrations in

Europe since 1500: a plea for a broader view 13
LEO LUCASSEN AND JAN LUCASSEN

2 Migration as a historical issue 39

PAOLA CORTI

3 Maritime history and history of migration: combined

perspectives 51
M. ELISABETTA TONIZZI

4 “We are all transnationals now”: the relevance of

transnationality for understanding social inequalities 69
THOMAS FAIST

5 Immigration, diversity and the labour market outcomes of

native workers: some recent developments 88
GIANMARCO I. P. OTTAVIANO
x Contents
PART II
Migrations and politics 101

6 European migrants after the Second World War 103

FRANCESCA FAURI

7 Migrants and European institutions: a study on the attempts

to address the economic and social challenges of
immigration in EU member states 126
CRISTINA BLANCO SíO-LóPEZ AND PAOLO TEDESCHI

8 Irish immigration then and now 154

CORMAC ó GRáDA

9 Italian illegal emigration after the Second World War and

illegal immigrants in Italy today: similarities and differences 173
SANDRO RINAURO

10 A new Italian migration toward Australia? Evidences from

the last decades and associations with the recent economic
crisis 194
DONATELLA STRANGIO AND ALESSANDRA DE ROSE

PART III
Migrations and citizenship 215

11 From economic integration to active political participation

of immigrants: the Belgium experience from Paris to the
Maastricht Treaty (1950–1993) 217
PIERRE TILLY

12 Living on the edge: migration, citizenship and the

renegotiation of social contracts in European border regions 230
HARLAN KOFF AND GLORIA NARANJO GIRALDO

13 Who am I? Italian and foreign youth in search of their

national identity 251
DEBORA MANTOVANI

Index 272
Plates and figures

Plates
11.1 Trade unions played an important role in the formulation of
policies relating to immigration and the migrant workers 224
11.2 Bulletin of the Christian Trade Union (CSC), 31 October 1971 225

Figures
1.1 Cross-cultural migration rate (CCMR) method for a given
territory and time period 24
1.2 Total net CCMRs per category for Europe without Russia,
including internal migrations 26
1.3 Total net CCMRs per category for Europe without Russia,
excluding internal migrations 28
1.4 Total net CCMRs per category for Europe without Russia,
excluding migrations to cities within nation states and
excluding temporal multi-annual migrations 29
4.1 Transnational social spaces 77
4.2 Transnationality and capital 79
5.1 The effects of immigration when natives and immigrants are
identical 90
5.2 The effects of immigration when natives and immigrants are
different 91
5.3 Identification problems when natives relocate 93
5.4 Identification strategy when natives relocate 94
6.1 Italian migration and ICEM 111
8.1 Immigration per 1,000 population, 2002–2011 160
8.2a ATTIM 2002–2012 163
8.2b Z, 2002–2012 164
10.1a Expatriated 1861–1950: row periods 199
10.1b Expatriated 1926–1950: yearly details 199
10.2a Repatriated 1901–1950: row periods 200
10.2b Repatriated 1926–1950: yearly details 200
10.3a Expatriated 1951–1975 201
xii Plates and figures
10.3b Repatriated 1951–1975 201
10.4 Emigration flows from Italy: main destinations, 1970–2005 202
10.5 Permanent additions in Australia, 1996–2013 204
10.6 Permanent additions of Italians in Australia, 1996–2013 207
Tables

1.1 Conventional binary oppositions between migrants and

movers 15
1.2 Migration to cities in Europe (without Russia), 1901–2000 27
6.1 ICEM assisted movements in 1952 107
6.2 The ICEM budget in 1952 and 1964 109
6.3 Italian emigration and main destination countries 117
6.4 The ICLE budget 1951–1954 118
8.1 Irish attitudes to immigration in the 2000s 162
8.2 Replies to statement: “immigration enriches (our country)
economically and culturally” 162
8.3 Employment status of immigrants by nationality in 2006, ages
15+ only 167
8.4 Employment status of immigrants by nationality in 2011 167
10.1 The principal destination of Italian immigrants in Australia
(2005–2012) 207
11.1 Number of Italians within the three Belgian regions and in
Belgium 220
13.1 Italians and children of immigrants by gender, age, parents’
level of education, social class, length of stay in Italy,
geographic area of origin, family composition and language
spoken at home 255
13.2 Self-identity among Italians and children of immigrants 257
13.3 Foreigners’ geographic area of origin and self-reported
pan-national identity 258
13.4 Foreigners’ self-reported national identity by main
socio-demographic and cultural variables 260
13.5 Multinomial logistic regression analyses (model 1 and model 2)
for variables describing foreigners’ patterns of national identity 264
Contributors

Paola Corti is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Turin.

She has contributed to and collaborated with various Italian and foreign jour-
nals and cultural institutions. She is the author of many books and articles on
contemporary society and Italian and international migration history. Her
more recent publications include: Storia d’Italia: Annali 24.Migrazioni,
Torino, Einaudi, 2009 (edited with M. Sanfilippo); Emigranti e immigrati
nelle rappresentazioni di fotografi e fotogiornalisti, Foligno, Editoriale
umbra, 2010; Storia delle migrazioni internazionali, Bari-Roma, Laterza
2010; L’Italia e le migrazioni, Bari-Roma, Laterza, 2012 (with M. San-
filippo); Temi e problemi di storia delle migrazioni, Viterbo, Sette città, 2013.
Alessandra De Rose is Professor of Demography with courses in the PhD
school in Demography. She is the Director of the Department of Methods and
Models for Economics, Territory and Finance at the University La Sapienza
in Rome and President of the Italian Association for Population Studies. Her
main research interests are in the fields of family demography, marriage and
union dissolution, gender studies, analysis of the relationship between popu-
lation dynamics and social and economic trends.
Thomas Faist is Professor for the Sociology of Transnationalization, Develop-
ment and Migration at the Faculty of Sociology at Bielefeld University, Dean
of the Faculty and Deputy Director of the Collaborative Research Centre 882
“From Heterogeneities to Inequalities”. His fields of interest are transnational
relations, citizenship, social policy, development and migration. He held
visiting professorships at Malmö University and the University of Toronto.
Thomas Faist is a member of the editorial boards of Ethnic and Racial
Studies, South Asian Diaspora, Social Inclusion, Migration and Development
and the Pakistan Journal of Social Issues. Books he recently co-published
include Beyond Methodological Nationalism: Social Science Research Meth-
odologies in Transition (2012), Transnational Migration (2013) and Disen-
tangling Migration and Climate Change (2013). His current research focuses
on the transnational social question.
Francesca Fauri is Assistant Professor of Economic History at the University
of Bologna, where she teaches Economic History at the School of Economics
 Contributors xv
in Bologna and European Economic History at the School of Political
Science in Forlì. She has published extensively on Italian and European eco-
nomic history. She is vice-president of Forlì’s Europe Direct Centre which
in 2014 was nominated by the European Commission “Jean Monnet Centre
of Excellence”. She has won a Jean Monnet Chair in 2011 and Basic
Research University Funding (FARB) in 2013, thanks to which she has con-
centrated her current main research interests on Italian and European emigra-
tion history, the use of remittances and the history of immigrant business in
Europe.
Harlan Koff is Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Luxembourg.
He is the President of the Consortium for Comparative Research on Regional
Integration and Social Cohesion (RISC) as well as co-editor of the journal
Regions and Cohesion (Berghahn Journals). His research focuses on migra-
tion, border politics and international development.
Jan Lucassen is Emeritus Professor of Social History of the Free University in
Amsterdam, and research fellow attached to the International Institute of Social
History. His research focuses on labour migration and the history of work.
Leo Lucassen is Director of Research of the International Institute of Social
History (IISH) in Amsterdam and Professor of Global Migration and Labour
History at the Institute for History in Leiden.
Debora Mantovani is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the Department of
Political and Social Sciences of the University of Bologna. Her main research
interests are in the fields of immigration and educational inequalities.
Gloria Naranjo Giraldo is Associate Professor at the University of Antioquia,
Colombia with teaching experience in the fields of political science and
anthropology. Her emphases on research are: migration, borders, citizenship
and public policy. She is currently a PhD student co-supervised at the Univer-
sity of Granada, Spain and the University of Luxembourg.
Cormac Ó Gráda is Professor Emeritus, School of Economics, University
College Dublin. His earliest publications were on the economic history of
Ireland. His books on Ireland include Ireland: A New Economic History
1780–1939 (Oxford, 1994), Black ‘47 and Beyond (Princeton, 1999) and
Jewish Ireland since the Age of Joyce: A Socioeconomic History (Princeton,
2006). More recently he has focused on the global history of famines, and he
is the author of Famine: A Short History (Princeton, 2009). In 2011 he was
awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Irish Academy for his work.
Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano is Professor of Economics at the London School of
Economics and Political Science and at the University of Bologna; Director
of the Globalisation Programme at the Centre for Economic Performance,
London; Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research,
London; Research Fellow of the Center for Financial Studies, Frankfurt; and
xvi Contributors
Non-resident Senior Fellow of Bruegel, Brussels. He is the co-author of many
works in international trade, urban economics and economic geography. His
recent publications focus on the competitiveness of European firms in the
global economy as well as the economic effects of immigration and offshor-
ing on employment and wages.
Sandro Rinauro is Assistant Professor at the Department of International,
Legal, Historical and Political Studies, University of Milan, where he teaches
Political and Economic Geography. His publications and research interests
focus on Italy’s emigration and immigration movements since the Second
World War, on Italy’s illegal emigration and on the history of social and sta-
tistical research since the nineteenth century.
Cristina Blanco Sío-López has earned a PhD in EU History and Policies at the
European University Institute (EUI) and is currently a researcher at CVCE –
Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe – in Luxembourg. Her
research interests focus on the history of European integration and European
institutions, with particular attention to the European Parliament. She is cur-
rently in charge of two projects: “Spain and the construction of Europe” and
the Action Jean Monnet project entitled “Initiative and constraint in the
mapping of evolving European borders”.
Donatella Strangio is Associate Professor of Economic History in the
Department of Methods and Models for Economics, Territory and Finance at
University La Sapienza in Rome, with courses in European Integration
Policies – Master EuroSapienza European and International Policies and
Crisis Management. Her main research interests focus on Italian migration,
finance history, the economics of European Integration and Italian colonial
history.
Paolo Tedeschi is Assistant Professor of Economic History at the University of
Milan-Bicocca DEMS, where he teaches Economic History and European
Integration History. He is also Assistant Professor at the University of Lux-
embourg, where he teaches European Integration History. His recent research
and publications concern, in particular: the history of European integration,
the economic history of Lombardy (eighteenth–twentieth centuries), and the
history of Lombard business organizations, trade unions and friendly
societies.
Pierre Tilly is Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Université catholique of
Louvain, where he chairs the Centre for the Study of Contemporary European
History. His fields of research are namely the economic and social history of
the European integration, the colonial history and the dynamics of frontiers.
M. Elisabetta Tonizzi teaches contemporary history at the School of Social
Science of the University of Genoa. Her research interests include the economic
and social aspects of maritime history. She is a member of the editorial board of
the International Journal of Maritime History and Italia Contemporanea.
 Contributors xvii
Vera Zamagni is Professor of Economic History at the University of Bologna.
She has published more than 20 books and 80 articles in Italian, English and
Spanish on Italy’s economic development since unification. Her research
interests focus on regional disequilibria, income distribution and standard of
living, and on business history themes such as the role of state intervention in
the economy and the development of the cooperative movement.
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