Clause:

Independent clause
1. The sun rose.
S V
2. We finished our homework.
S V
 Dependent clause
3. … when the sun rose …
S V
4. … after we finished our homework …
S V
5. … whom the voters elected …
S V
 A CLAUSE is a group of words that contains
a subject and a verb.
There are two kinds of clauses in English:
Independent clause
1. The sun rose.
S V
2. We finished our homework.
S V
 Dependent clause
3. … when the sun rose …
S V
4. … after we finished our homework …
S V
5. … whom the voters elected …
S V
 A CLAUSE is a group of words that contains a subject
and a verb.
There are two kinds of clauses in English:
 Independent clause:  Dependent clause:
- Has one SV pair and - Not express a complete
expresses a complete thought  not a sentence
thought. by itself.
- Can stand alone as a - MUST BE joined to an
sentence by itself. independent clause.
Independent clause = simple Dependent clause =
sentence. Subordinator + Independent
clause
 Subordinators
(Subordinating conjunctions)
after that when which
although though whenever while
as, just as even though where who
as if unless wherever whom
as soon as until whether whose
because what how
before so that if
since
 PRACTICE
Identify dependent and independent clauses.
1. After I get home from school.
2. I take a walk around the block.
3. It is still raining.
4. On rainy days, as soon as the alarm clock
rings.
 Which of the followings is a
SENTENCE?
1. Speaks English very well
2. My younger sister
3. My younger sister speaks English very
well.
 Which of the followings is a
SENTENCE?
1. Speaks English very well.
2. My younger sister.
3. My younger sister speaks English very
well.
 My younger sister speaks English very well.
S V
Predicate
A sentence

My younger sister and younger brother speak

English very well.

A simple sentence is a sentence that has one

SUBJECT-VERB pair.
An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE = A simple sentence
1. We are studying English. (SV)
A pronoun
2. Tom is studying English. (SV)
A singular noun
3. The students are studying English. (SV)
A plural noun
4. Tom and Mary are studying English. (SSV)
A compound subject
5. The plane and the helicopter flew over the stadium
and turned north. (SSVV) A compound predicate

6. Over the stadium flew the plane. (VS)

 Practice 15-2 (page 247)
1) Write one simple sentence with one
subject and one verb
2) Write one simple sentence with one
subject and two verbs
3) Write one simple sentence with two
subjects and one verb
4) Write one simple sentence with two
subjects and two verbs
 The plane and the helicopter flew
over the stadium and turned north.
pre. object (noun)

a prepositional phrase
1. They got a drink for me.
2. Tom was talking about seeing an
action movie.
3. Jason read the manual before he
installed the system.
4. Jason thanked Jane for her
suggestion.
 Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a
preposition and its object.

Preposition + a noun/noun phrase

a gerund / gerund phrase
a pronoun
a clause
 Practice 15-3 (page 248)
Work in groups of four.
In five minutes, write as
many simple sentences as
you can. Each sentence
must consist of at least one
prepositional phrase.
 Identify subjects & verbs in these
sentences:
Joe and Mary are playing badminton.
Lan looks happy today.
He doesn’t like coffee much.
You should drink enough water.
 Verbs
1. Action verbs
2. Linking verbs / Non-action verbs
3. Helping verbs
 1. Action Verbs
 Action verbs are verbs that express
actions. They express physical, mental, and
emotional actions).
Example:
- The boy fell and broke his arm.
- Mary understands math better than me.
- Americans believe in freedom.
- Susan loves the outdoor life.
 1. Action Verbs (cont.)
Some MENTAL and EMOTIONAL action verbs:

o learn o love o forget

o understand o dislike/hate o need
o think o know o dream
o like o remember o expect
o desire o appreciate o believe
o forgive o study o feel (be
o impress o want aware of
o satisfy o wish
something)
What’s the difference between the verbs of
these sentences?
Joe is playing badminton.
object
The bird is singing.
The bomb exploded in the city center.
If Cathy continues to be late for work, the
boss will fire her.
object
 1. Action Verbs
2 types:
- Transitive verbs: are action verbs that
have an object to receive that action.
- Intransitive verbs: are action verbs,
but they do not have an object
receiving the action.
 Some common transitive verbs
 bring  get
 send  show  wash  lend
 owe  take  finalize  offer
 contain  tell  annoy  edit
 verify  lay  make
 buy
 check  phone
 Some common intransitive verbs
 come  run  emigrate
 explode  cough  immigrate
 last  swim  lie
 sit  smile  arrive
 rise  act  continue
 cry  die
 excel
 go
 respond
 Practice 15-4 (page 250)
The cat looked for the ball.
object

The cat looked happy.

complement
 2. Linking Verbs
Linking verbs do not express actions.

Instead, they connect the subject of a

sentence to the complement.
A linking verb is used to re-identify or
describe its subject.
 2. Linking Verbs (cont.)
Re-identify
subject linking verb predicate

He is a student.
Describe
subject linking verb predicate

 The cat looks happy.

* = appear to be *
* = seem * *
* = become
* *
* *
= continue to be = become

Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs;

sometimes they are action verbs. (*)
 2. Linking Verbs (cont.)
 He acted very strangely today. (action verb)
The children acted happy when their parents
promised to buy them new toys. (linking verb)
 She smells the flowers.
(Is she the flowers? No  action verb)
The pizza smells wonderful.
(Is the pizza wonderful? Yes  linking verb)
 Susan tasted the soup.
(Is Susan the soup? No  action verb)
The soup tasted good.
(Was the soup good? Yes  linking verb)
* = appear to be *
* = seem * *
* = become
* *
* *
= continue to be = become
With each of these verbs, make 2 sentences, one of
which has that verb as an action verb and the other as a
linking verb: appear, feel, get, grow, remain, turn.
 Practice 15-6 (page 251)
 3. Helping Verbs
Identify verbs in these sentences:
1. He is watching TV.
2. This question was not answered.
3. He didn’t watch TV last night.
4. Does she understand the lesson?
5. Mozart did write more than 600 pieces of music.
6. He likes coffee more than I do.
7. I have finished my homework.
8. By November, we’ll have been living here for 10
years.
9. You should tell him the truth.
 3. Helping Verbs
Identify verbs in these sentences:
1. He is watching TV.
2. This question was not answered.
3. He didn’t watch TV last night.
4. Does she understand the lesson?
5. Mozart did write more than 600 pieces of music.
6. He likes coffee more than I do.
7. I have finished my homework.
8. By November, we’ll have been living here for 10
years.
9. You should tell him the truth.
 3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary verbs)
Primary helping verbs:
Include forms of
 BE: am, is, are, was, were, been
- to make continuous tenses  have no meaning
- to make the passive by themselves.
 DO: do, does, did  work with a main
- to make negatives verb to help you
- to ask questions understand what
- to show emphasis action is taking
- to stand for a main verb place.
 HAVE: have, has, had
- to make perfect tenses
3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary verbs)
Modal helping verbs:
 can, could
 may, might
 will, would
 shall, should
 must
 ought to
 1. He is watching TV.
HV MV
Complete verb
2. I have been working here for 5 years.
HV MV
CV
3. By November, we’ll have been living here for 10 years.
HV MV
CV
 Practice 15-7 (page 253)
 Writing practice
1. Ông Smith đã làm việc cho tập
đoàn Apple được 10 năm. Ông
ấy thường đi làm lúc 7 giờ sáng.
2. Anh ấy hỏi hành lý của mình ở
đâu.
 Punctuation mark: PERIOD (.)
Rule 1: Use a period at the end of a
complete sentence that is a statement.
Rule 2: If the last word in the sentence
ends in a period (in abbreviations), do
NOT follow it with another period.
Rule 3: Use a period after an indirect
question.
 CAPITALIZATION
Capitalize:
1) The first word in a sentence
2) The pronoun I
3) Names of people and their titles (e.g. President Putin,
Professor Indiana Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Homer
Simpson, etc.)
 BUT NOT a title without a name (e.g. He's a king.)
 Exception: A title without a name is sometimes
capitalized if it refers to a specific person. (e.g. The
President of the United States had dinner with the
Emperor of Japan.
 CAPITALIZATION (cont.)
Capitalize:
4) Nationalities, languages, religions, and ethnic groups
(e.g. English, Vietnamese, Christian, Asia, etc.)
5) Names of school courses with numbers (e.g. History
101, Physics 352, etc.)
6) Specific places you could find on a map (e.g. the
North Pole, Amazon River, South America, etc.)
7) Geographic areas (e.g. Southeast Asia, Eastern
Europe, etc.)
 BUT NOT compass directions (e.g. drive south, turn
west, etc.)
Capitalize:
CAPITALIZATION (cont.)
8) Names of specific structures like buildings, roads,
and bridges (e.g. the White House, Highway 395,
etc.)
9) Names of specific organizations such as businesses,
schools, and clubs (e.g. United Nations, Apple Inc.,
etc.)
10)Names of the days, months, holidays, and special
time periods (e.g. April, Sunday, Labor Day, etc.)
11)Some abbreviations (e.g. UK, IBM, Dr., Mrs., etc.)
12)All words in a greeting and the first word in the
closing of a letter (e.g. Dear Sir, See you soon, etc.)
Oh dear grandma…
I would like to see you again.
I would like to hear you again.
I would like you to kiss me again.
I would like to eat your food again.
I would like to tell you my problems again.
I would like to touch you again.
I would like to be like you, forever.
 HOMEWORK
 Work in groups of four or five.
 Write a short poem from 10 to 15 simple
sentences about ONE of the following
topics:
1. Love
2. Friendship
3. Family
 Only use SIMPLE SENTENCES in your
poem.