1

TWELFTH ENGLISH GUIDE

Contents
S. No Topic Page
1 Prefix and suffix 2
2 Compound words 4
3 Clipped words 5
4 British and American English 7
5 Singular and plural forms 8
6 Foreign words 9
7 Blended words 10
8 Polite alternative 11
9 Syllabification 12
10 Definition for the given term 13
11 Abbreviations & acronyms 14
12 Phrasal verbs 17
13 Idioms 20
14 GENERAL COMPREHENSIONS 23
Describe the process
15 Dialogue writing 24
16 Non-verbal representation 26
17 Expand the news headlines 28
18 Draft a mail 30
19 Proverbs 31
20 Wanted letter 33
21 Prepare a notice 34
22 Spot the errors 35
23 Identify the field 41
24 Route map 48
25 Letter writing 51
26 POETRY 87
The castle
27 Our casuarina tree 89
28 All the world’s a stage 91
29 Ulysses 93
30 A father to his son 95
31 Incident of the French camp 97
32 Prose 99
Two gentlemen of Verona
33 A nice cup of tea 100
34 In celebration of being alive 102
35 The summit 103
36 The chair 104
37 On the rule of the road 106
38 SUPPLEMENTARY READER PARAGRAPH 107
God sees the truth, but waits
39 Life of pi 107
40 The hour of truth 107
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41 The midnight visitor 107

42 All summer in a day 107
43 Remember Caesar 107
44 Synonyms and antonyms 108

ONE MARKS
PREFIX AND SUFFIX
BOOKBACK QUESTIONS
S. No Word Prefix S. No Word Suffix
1 Patient Impatient 1 Patient Patiently/patience
2 Honour Dishonour 2 Honour Honourable
3 Respect Disrespect 3 Respect Respectable/respectful
4 Manage Mismanage 4 Manage Management/manageable/manager
5 Fertile Infertile 5 Fertile Fertility
6 Different Indifferent 6 Different Differently/difference
7 Friend Befriend/unfriendly 7 Friend Friendly/friendship
8 Obey Disobey 8 Obey Obedient/obedience/obediently
9 Finite Non-finite/infinite 9 Frequent Frequently
10 Willing Unwilling 10 Willing Willingness
11 Comfortable Uncomfortable 11 Comfortable Comfortably
12 Audible Inaudible 12 Resemble Resemblance
13 Noble Ignoble 13 Noble Nobility
14 Honest Dishonest 14 Honest Honesty
15 Peace Unpeaceful 15 Peace Peaceful
16 Approve Disapprove 16 Approve Approval
17 Arrange Rearrange 17 Arrange Arrangement
18 Appearance Disappearance 18 Constant Constantly
19 Beatable Unbeatable 19 Narrate Narration/narrator
20 Advantage Disadvantage 20 Beauty Beautiful/beautifully
21 Collect Recollect 21 Collect Collection/Collector
22 Fortunate Unfortunate 22 Fortunate Fortunately
23 Rational Irrarional 23 Rational Rationality/rationally
24 Direct Indirect 24 Direct Directly/direction
25 Regular Irregular 25 Regular Regularly
26 Active Inactive 26 Active Actively/Activate/Activity
27 Agree Disagree 27 Agree Agreement/Agreeable
28 Continue Discontinue 28 Class Classic/classmate
29 Decent Indecent 29 Decent Decency/decently
30 Legitimate Illegitimate 30 Legitimate Legitimately
31 Relevant Irrelevant 31 Relevant Relevantly/relevance
32 Aware Unaware 32 Aware Awareness
33 Necessary Unnecessary 33 Necessary Necessarily
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Additional prefix

1. Im – Impression, immortal, immobile

2. Dis – Disapprove, discomfort, discover, dislike
3. Mis – Misuse, misspell, mistrust, misfortune, mistake
4. Un - Untidy, uninhabited, unused, unusual, unpopular
5. De – Degrade, deactivate, decode, defame
6. Contra – Contraindicate, Contradiction
7. Counter – Counteract, Counter clockwise
8. Re – Recollect, reorganise 24. Out – Outcast
9. Ir – Irrational, irregular 25. Anti – Antinational
10. Inter – Interclass 26. Post – Post paid
11. Dia – Dialogue, Diameter 27. Ac – Acknowledge
12. Master – Masterclass 28. Mal – Malnutrition
13. Sub – Subclass, submarine 29. Hyper - Hypersensitive
14. Middle – Middleclass 30. Tele – Telephone
15. Fore – Foretell, Forecast 31. Bi – Biweekly, bicycle
16. Pan - Pan American, Pan Indian 32. Inter – International
17. Pre - Prepaid, premature 33. Under – Underestimate
18. Pro – Proactive, proclaim 34. Micro – Microbiology
19. Tri – Triangle, tricycle 35. En - Enable, entrust
20. A – Attribute, anew, aglow 36. Semi – Semicircle
21. Co – Cooperate, coexist 37. Over – Overlook
22. Uni – Uniform, unilateral 38. Poly – Polysyllabic
23. Em – Embroiled, empower

Additional suffix

1. Ly – Constantly, untidily, cautiously, slowly, sweetly, immediately,

hopefully, sadly
2. Ence – Existence
3. Able – Comfortable, knowledgeable
4. Ful – Peaceful, scornful, doubtful
5. Ment – Appointment
6. Ity – Maturity, visibility, ability, durability, capability, sensibility
7. Tion – Admiration
8. Al – National, magical, comical
9. Ise - Familiarise, verbalise, popularise, criticise, vandalise, publicise
10. Ile - Docile, fragile, juvenile, volatile, ductile
11. Less - Cordless, hopeless, helpless 22. Logy – Biology
12. Ness – Forgiveness 23. Ist – Artist
13. Ship – Friendship, curatorship 24. Ic – Classic
14. Y – Rocky, muddy 25. Mate – Classmate
15. Ous – Dangerous, Humorous 26. Ward – Downward
16. Ling - Princeling, duckling, hireling 27. Ster – Youngster
17. Let - Booklet, leaflet, eaglet 28. Ism – Fanaticism
18. Ette - Novelette, kitchenette 29. Cracy – Democracy
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19. Hood – Adulthood, childhood 30. Graph – Autograph

20. Ish - Childish, reddish 31. Like – Childlike
21. Ious - Religious, furious 32. Eer – Engineer

COMPOUND WORDS

BOOKBACK QUESTIONS
S.
S. No Word Combination Word Combination
No
1 Storeroom Noun + noun 23 Ice-cap Noun + noun
2 Diamond-hard Noun + adjective 24 Sleeping bags Gerund + noun
3 Grandmother Adjective + noun 25 Ice-floe Noun + noun
4 Buttermilk Noun + noun 26 Never-ending Adverb + Gerund
5 Milch cow Adjective + noun 27 Ice-sheet Noun + noun
6 Overstep Adverb + verb 28 Partly-full Adverb + Adjective
7 Ice-fall Noun + Verb 29 Ice-rink Noun + noun
8 Knife-edge Noun + noun 30 Singsong Verb + noun
9 Haircut Noun + verb 31 Doorknob Noun + noun
10 Headmaster Noun + noun 32 Overstraining Adverb + gerund
11 Waterfall Noun + verb 33 Tollgate Noun + noun
12 Wind-proof Noun + noun 34 Gentle folk Adjective + noun
Swimming
13 Gerund + Noun 35 Courtyard Noun + noun
pool
14 Drawback Verb + Adverb 36 Spotless Noun + adjective
Public
15 Noun + gerund 37 Half hour Noun + noun
speaking
16 Half-way Noun + noun 38 Mantel piece Noun + noun
17 Output Adverb + verb 39 Eyelashes Noun + noun
18 Software Adjective + noun 40 Sunset Noun + verb
Spinning
19 Ice-axe Noun + noun 41 Gerund + noun
wheel
20 Show case Verb + noun 42 Beehive Noun + noun
21 Ice-berg Noun + noun 43 Home coming Noun + Gerund
22 World famous Noun + adjective 44 Waterproof Noun + noun

Additional questions

Noun +Noun = Toll plaza, knife –edge, kitchen-garden, wood work, taxi-driver, shop-owner,
sportsman, school boy, bedroom, bed time, book stall, bus station, chess men, class room, dream
world, eye liner, fireman, hand bag, railroad, postcard, postman, handcuff, honey bee, notebook,
rabbit-hole, river bank, seashore, shoelace, timetable, water tank, craftsman, childsplay, Shoe
maker, Moon light, Sun–dial, Chess–board, Telephone operator, science teacher, air-port, Air ticket,
Stair case, farewell, Ear ring, headache, headline, root cause, toothache,
Noun + Verb = Sunrise, homework, benchmark, bus stop, daybreak, finger print, hand wash,
machine wash, moon walk, paint brush, rain fall, snow fall, toothbrush, hand-written.
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Verb + Noun = Workshop, bath room, breakfast, call taxi, crossword, cry baby, fire place, handle bar,
passport, popcorn, rest room, show room, stop clock, walk man, watch dog, watch man, workroom,
play-ground, push-button, treadmill.
Noun + Adjective = Navy blue, age-old, careless, dead slow, duty free, henpecked, homeless,
homesick, jet black, knee –deep, lifelong, merciless, milk white, silver white, sky blue, snow white,
tax free, hand-made, paper back, airtight.
Adjective +Noun = Black gold, blackboard, black box, black cat, blue berry, blue cross, blue print,
clever boy, deep well, full moon, gentleman, green house, hardware, highway, noble man, red cross,
short change, white board, sweet heart, short hand, fast food.
Gerund + Noun = Washing machine, biting cold, cooking gas, dancing bird, dining table, driving
licence, driving school, fishing net, looking glass, reading room, setting sun, waiting list, walking stick,
writing pad, drawing room, visiting card.
Noun + Gerund = Sleepwalking, air conditioning, book binding, eve-teasing, cat walking, cross
questioning, day– dreaming, hand writing, mind blowing, mind reading, story- telling, thanks giving,
train-spotting, white-washing, horse riding, time consuming.
Adverb + verb = Over write, overlook, back drop, back track, foregone, input, intake, outlive, outset,
overact, overcharge, overcome, over grow, overspend, overthrow, undercharge, under estimate,
undergo, under rate, undertake, upkeep, upset, overtake.
Adjective + Gerund = Curious-looking, dry-cleaning, easy-going, good looking,
hardworking, shabby-looking, bad-looking.
Adjective + Verb = Whitewash, blueprint, black list, clear cut, highlight, long awaited, long forgotten,
safeguard, sidewalk.
Preposition + Noun = Uphill, afternoon, back ground, by lane, downfall, downstream, inbox, inside,
offspring, outclass, outpatient, overage, overcoat, overconfidence, underclass, Up stream
Preposition +Verb = Downtrodden, outlook, outnumber, overact, over-ride, foresee, undercharge,
under-estimate, understand, upload.
Adverb + noun = insight, out–patient, postscript, over coat, off spring.
Preposition +Gerund = incoming, outgoing.
Adjective +past participle = well planned, long forgotten, dreamy–eyed, long–awaited, kind hearted.
Adjective + adjective = Red hot

CLIPPED WORDS

Clipped Clipped
S.No. S.No.
Word Word Word Word
1 Perambulator Pram 50 Earthquake Quake
2 Aeroplane Plane 51 Necktie Tie
3 Examination Exam 52 Grandmother Grandma
4 Demarcate Mark 53 Statistics Stats
5 Chimpanzee Chimp 54 Graduate Grad
6 Photograph Photo 55 Luncheon Lunch
7 Microphone Mike 56 Pianoforte Piano
8 Cafeteria Cafe 57 Champion Champ
9 Gasoline Gas 58 Moving picture Movie
10 Helicopter Copter 59 Submarine Sub
Clipped Clipped
S.No. S.No.
Word Word Word Word
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11 Telephone Phone 60 Executive Exec

12 University Varsity 61 Grandfather Grandpa
13 Memorandum Memo 62 Teenager Teen
14 Influenza Flu 63 Pop music Pop
Veterinary
15 Hippo 64 Vet
Hippopotamus Doctor
16 Bridegroom Groom 65 Gentlemen Gents
17 Fanatic Fan 66 Agriculture Agri
18 Demonstration Demo 67 Bicycle Cycle
19 Refrigerator Fridge 68 Daddy Dad
20 Public house Pub 69 Temperature Temp
21 Advertisement Ad / Advert 70 Caravan Van
22 Handkerchief Kerchief 71 Mayonnaise Mayo
23 Fountain pen Pen 72 Representative Rep
24 Gymnasium Gym 73 Parachute Chute
25 Kilogram Kilo 74 Store House Store
26 Suitcase Case 75 Tube light Tube
27 Taxicab Taxi 76 Centum Cent
28 Discotheque Disco 77 Brother Bro
29 Hamburger Burger 78 Cabriolet Cab
30 Spectacles Specs 79 Capsule Caps
31 Automobile Auto 80 Celebrities Celebs
32 Omnibus Bus 81 Dormitory Dorm
33 Paragraph Para 82 Information Info
34 Mobile phone Mobile 83 Exhibition Expo
35 Laboratory Lab 84 Jet aircraft Jet
Zoological
36 Zoo 85 Lube
garden Lubricate
37 Facsimile Fax 86 Market Mart
38 Pantaloons Pants 87 Perquisite Perk
39 Matriculation Matric 88 Mummy Mom
40 Telepathy Tele 89 Reference Ref
41 Raccoon Coon 90 Rhinoceros Rhino
42 Signature Sign 91 Stereophonic Stereo
43 Mathematics Maths 92 Debutante Debut
44 Alligator Gator 93 Umpire Ump
45 Professor Prof 94 Alchemist Chemist
46 Pyjamas Jams 95 Cinematography Cinema
47 Viva voce Viva 96 Diskette Disc
48 Husband Hubby 97 Doctor Doc
49 Information Info 98 Vegetarian Veg
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BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

S.No British American S.No British American

1 Pavement Sidewalk 47 Parking lot Car park
2 pull over Sweater 48 Anti-clockwise Counter clockwise
Pedestrian
3 Waist coat Vest 49 Crosswalk
crossing
4 Chips French-fries 50 Gallery Balcony
5 Flat Apartment 51 Boot (of a car) Trunk
6 Ground floor First floor 52 Chairman President
7 Underground Subway 53 Post code Zip code
8 Queue Line 54 Cooker Oven
9 Wind screen Wind shield 55 Hand Purse Valet
10 Indicator Turn signal 56 Cotton Thread
11 Timetable Schedule 57 Cupboard Wardrobe/closet
12 Post Mail 58 Curriculum vitae Resume
13 Holiday Vacation 59 Drapes Curtains
14 Autumn Fall 60 Shop Store
15 Lift Elevator/escalator 61 Storm Tempest
16 Nappy Diaper 62 Football Soccer
17 Full stop Period 63 Garden Yard
18 Loo Rest room 64 Tea cup Tea pot
19 Sweets Candy 65 Generator Dynamo
Garbage can /
20 Dust bin 66 Gum Glue
trash can
21 Aerial Antenna 67 Hand bag Purse
22 Railway Railroad 68 Torch light Flash light
23 Biscuits Cookies 69 Interval Intermission
24 Crisps Potato chips 70 Trumpet Horn
25 Film Movie 71 Jam Jelly
26 Lorry Truck 72 Jug Pitcher
27 Luggage Baggage 73 Veranda Porch
28 Mobile phone Cell phone 74 Washbasin Sink
29 Petrol Gasoline 75 Washing Laundry
30 Tap Faucet 76 Blind Window shade
31 Taxi Cab 77 Bonnet (of a car) Hood
32 Tin Can 78 Book stall/shop Book stand/store
33 Maize Corn 79 Break Recess
34 Terminus Depot 80 Carpet Rug
35 Porridge Oat meal 81 Casualty Emergency room
36 Chemist Druggist 82 Cloak room Check room
37 Goods Freight 83 Coffin Casket
38 Crackers Fireworks 84 Consultant Specialist
39 A thousand Grand 85 Corridor Passage
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S.No British American S.No British American

40 Going to Gonna 86 Cot Crib
41 Joking Kidding 87 Motorcar Automobile
An expression of
42 Gee 88 Nib Pen point
surprise
43 Awfully/very Awful 89 Pocket money Allowance
44 Mad Crazy 90 Primary school Elementary school
45 Notice board Bulletin board 91 Maths Math
46 Paraffin Kerosene 92 Elastoplast Band aid

SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS

1 Irregular forms 2 F/fe = ves 3 F=s

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Ox oxen Leaf leaves Chief Chiefs
Mouse mice Life lives Roof Roofs
Child children Knife knives Kerchief Kerchiefs
Person people Wife wives Proof Proofs
Louse lice Wolf wolves Belief Beliefs
Man men Loaf loaves Chef Chefs
4 Us - i 5 Um = a 6 Is = es
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Syllabus syllabi Datum data Analysis analyses
Radius radii Medium media Thesis theses
Alumnus alumni Memorandum memoranda Basis bases
Fungus fungi Curriculum curricula Axis Axes
Nucleus nuclei Bacterium bacteria Synthesis syntheses
Focus foci Erratum errata Paralysis Paralyses
Cactus cacti Agendum agenda Crisis Crises
7 Oo - ee 8 On - a 9 Ex/ix - ices/es
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
appendices/
Goose geese Criterion criteria Appendix appendixes
indices/
Foot feet Phenomenon phenomena Index indexes
Tooth teeth Matrix Matrices
Vowel letter + y - y +
10 A-a+e 11 Consonant letter + y - ies 12
s
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Formula formulae Baby babies Day Days
Larva larvae City cities Boy Boys
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Alga algae Sky skies Valley Valleys

Antenna antennae Spy spies Key Keys
Alumna alumnae Family families Guy Guys
Compound words -
13 14 Always plural 15 Same words
first part + s
Singular Plural Singular Plural Hair Species
Son-in-law sons-in-law Scissors scissors Food Audience
Daughter-in-law daughters-in-law Congratulations congratulations Fish Luggage
Father-in-law fathers-in-law Goods goods Deer Baggage
Mother-in-law mothers-in-law Spectacles spectacles Information Poultry
Sister-in-law sisters-in-law Headquarters headquarters Advice Aircraft
Brother-in-law brothers-in-law Cattle cattle Furniture Spacecraft
Passer-by passers-by Pants pants News Sheep
governors-
Governor-general general Genes genes Equipment Innings
Man servant men servants Trousers trousers Scenery Swine
Runner-up runners-up Series Means
Commander-in- commanders-
chief in-chief
16 O - es 17 O–s 18 Ss/sh/ch/z - es
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Hero heroes Radio radios Dress dresses
Zero zeroes Photo photos Class classes
Mango mangoes Piano pianos Wish wishes
Tomato tomatoes Audio audios Dish dishes
Volcano volcanoes Video videos Watch watches
Potato potatoes Auto autos Branch branches
Mosquito mosquitoes Portfolio portfolios Buzz buzzes
Memento mementoes Studio studios Quiz quizes
Buffalo buffaloes Dynamo dynamos

FOREIGN WORDS

1 Bonafide Genuine 36 Prima facie at first sight

2 Resume a summary 37 Bons mots witty remarks
3 Ad interim Temporarily 38 Genre a particular style
4 In toto Totally 39 Bamboo Wood
5 Adieu good bye 40 Guru Master
6 De facto in fact 41 Bandicoot kind of rat
7 En family as a family 42 Cheetah Uniquely marked
8 En route on the way 43 Avan garde new or modern ideas
9 In cognito in disguise 44 Liaison coordination of activities
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10 Sans Without 45 Alias otherwise known as

11 In camera secret session 46 carte blanche complete freedom to act
12 Erratum Error 47 Proforma For the sake of form
13 Versus Against 48 Bungalow a house in the Bengal style
14 Via by way of 49 Catamaran multi-hulled watercraft
15 Via media middle course 50 Ex gratia given as a favour or gift
ordering dishes from a
16 Verbatim exactly same words 51 A-la-carte menu
17 Viva voce a spoken examination 52 Bon voyage good luck and goodbye
18 Ad hoc for a particular purpose 53 Fait accompli an accomplished fact.
the present situation as it
19 Lingua franca a common language 54 Status quo is
20 Per capita for each person 55 Chutney a ground or mashed relish
21 En masse as a whole group 56 Bonhomie good natured/friendliness
22 In memoriam in memory of 57 Exparte on one side
23 Faux pas social blunder/serious mistake
24 Sine die postponed without a date being fixed
25 Par excellence better than all others of the same kind
26 Magnum opus the most important / best work of a writer/artist
27 De javu already experienced situation, previous experience
28 Elite the powerful/best/educated/trained group in a society
29 Alibi evidence that one was elsewhere at the time of a
30 Nouveau riche person who has recently become rich
31 Rapport a close relationship with good understanding
32 Protege a person supported and protected by an influential person.
33 Tete -a– tete an intimate/private conversation between two people
34 Persona grata one who is held in special favour
35 Veranda a roofed platform along the outside of a house

BLENDED WORDS

1 Splash + sputter Spluttered 38 Smack + mash smash

2 Alphabetic + numeric Alphanumeric 39 Vital + amin vitamin
3 Breakfast + lunch Brunch 40 High + technology hi-tech
4 Camera + recorder Camcorder 41 Information + systems Infosys
5 Mechanics + electronics Mechatronics 42 Education + satellite edusat
6 News + Broadcast Newscast 43 Medical + care Medicare
7 Smoke + fog Smog 44 Biology + electronic bionic
8 Binary + digit Bit 45 Telephone + conference teleconference
9 Electronic + mail E-mail 46 Work + alcoholic workaholic
10 Foreign + exchange Forex 47 Information + technology infotech
11 Motor + pedal cycle Moped 48 Melody + drama melodrama
12 Parachute + troops Paratroops 49 Hand + video camera handy cam
13 Fibre + tissue fibrous tissue 50 Oxford + Cambridge oxbridge
14 Muscle + pain muscular pain 51 Information + infotainment
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entertainment
15 Skeleton + system skeletal system 52 Internet + citizen netizen
16 Nerve + disorder nervous disorder 53 Picture + element pixel
17 Digestion + enzymes digestive enzymes 54 Diplomacy + economics diplonomics
surgical
18 Surgery + instrument 55 Modulator + demodulator modem
instruments
agonising
19 Agony + experience 56 Sky + laboratory sky lab
experience
20 Glory + victory glorious victory 57 Science + fiction scifi
21 Fancy + idea fanciful idea 58 Agriculture + business agribusiness
22 Emotion + song emotional song 59 Beauty + utility beautility
23 Sense + issue sensitive issue 60 Binary + table byte
24 International + police Interpol 61 Biography +picture biopic
25 Travel + catalogue Travelogue 62 Breath + analyzer breathalyzer
26 Electro + execute Electrocute 63 Emotion + icon emoticon
27 Helicopter + airport Heliport 64 Fantastic + fabulous fantabulous
28 Documentary + drama Docudrama 65 Friend + enemy frenemy
Education +
29 Edutainment 66 Laundry + automat Laundromat
entertainment
30 Motorway + hotel Motel 67 Man + animal manimal
31 Technology + wizard techno – wizard 68 Spoon + fork spork
32 Vegetable + hamburger Vegeburger 69 Television + photogenic telegenic
Information +
33 Informercial 70 Transfer + resistor transistor
commercial
34 Lecture + demonstration Lecdem 71 Volcanic + ash vash
35 Television + broadcast Telecast 72 Web + seminar webinar
36 Motor + bike Mobike 73 Wireless + fidelity wifi
37 Teleprinter + exchange Telex 74 Work + welfare workfare

POLITE ALTERNATIVE
(Euphemistic Expression/polite Expression)

1 Old person Senior citizen 25 Homeless On the streets

2 Jail Correctional facility 26 Drunk A little tipsy
3 Unemployed Between jobs/laid off 27 Genocide Ethnic cleansing

4 Handicapped/disabled Differently-abled 28 Accidental death Collateral damage

Low-income level/
working
class/economically
5 Poor disadvantaged 29 Prison camp Relocation centre
Already used/
owned by somebody
6 Second-hand else 30 Garbage man Sanitation engineer
7 Barber Hair dresser 31 Beating with a cane Corporal punishment
8 Lavatory Rest-room 32 Slow-learners Late-bloomers
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9 Housewife Homemaker 33 Overweight Big-boned/portly

10 Vomited Blow chunks 34 Public toilet Comfort station
11 Cheap Economical 35 Military attack Armed intervention
12 Coffin Casket 36 Firing someone Letting someone
13 Maid Domestic engineer 37 Before I die Before I go
14 Fat Full-figured 38 Undertaker Funeral director/Mortician
15 Blind Visually-challenged 39 Beggar Panhandler/homeless person
Thin on top/follicular
Deaf
16 Hearing impaired 40 Bald challenged
Chronologically-
Late
17 challenged 41 Used car Pre-enjoyed/pre-loved vehicle
18 Short Vertically-challenged 42 Old age Golden age/golden years
19 Pregnant In the family way 43 Stolen Fell off the back of a truck
Put to sleep/
Abortion Pregnancy termination put an animal to death
20 44 Euthanize humanely
Economical with the Mentally challenged/
Lar
21 truth 45 Stupid/retarded/idiot Intellectually challenged
Whacked/neutralizing the
Lazy target
22 Motivationally deficient 46 Killed /Wearing cement shoes
Passed away/
departed/bit the big one/
Lover
bit the dust/kicked the bucket/
23 Gentleman friend 47 Died breath one’s last/Croaked
24 Unqualified Partially proficient

SYLLABIFICATION
Syllabify only by the vowel sounds. Each syllable in a word carries only a single vowel sound.

1. Monosyllabic words (1 syllable)

• Queue, write, friend,

2. Disyllabic words (2 syllables)

• Daughter = Daugh-ter
• Runner = Run-ner

3. Trisyllabic words (3 syllables)

• Eccentric = Ec-cen-tric
• Entertain = En-ter-tain

4. Tetra syllabic words (4 syllables)

• Inspiration = In-spi-ra-tion
• Particular = Par-ti-cu-lar

5. Penta syllabic words (5 syllables)

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• Association = As-so-ci-a-tion
• Alliteration = Al-li-te-ra-tion

6. Poly syllabic words (6 or more syllables)

• Incomprehensible = In-com-pre-hen-si-ble
• Autobiographical = Au-to-bi-o-gra-phi-cal

DEFINITION FOR THE GIVEN TERM

1. psychologist - One who studies human minds and behavior

2. Pathologist - Studies diseases
3. Ornithologist - Studies birds
4. Entomologist - Studies insects
5. Archaeologist - Studies artefacts and physical remains
6. Sociologist - Studies functioning of human society
7. Geologist - Studies the matter that constitutes the earth
8. Linguist - Studies languages and their structure
9. Seismologist - Studies earthquakes
10. Herpetologist - Studies reptiles and amphibians
11. Meteorologist - Studies atmosphere, weather and climate
12. bibliophile - One who collects or has a great love of books
13. optimist - One who is hopeful and confident of the future
14. philanthropist - One who donates money
15. Globetrotter - One who wishes travelling all over the world
16. Ambidextrous - One who uses right and left hands equally well
17. Misanthrope - One who avoids all kinds of social activities.
18. polyglot - One who is well-versed and fluent in multiple languages
19. Nonagenarian - One who is in his nineties.
20. Thespian - A gifted theatre artist
21. Sadist - One who derives pleasure from inflicting pain on others
22. teetotaller - One who abstains from alcohol
23. Optimism - Hopeful feeling that all will turn out well
24. Patriotism - Love of country
25. Nationalism - The doctrine that your country’s interests are superior
26. Egocentrism - Concern for your own interests and welfare
27. Feminism - A doctrine that advocates equal rights for women
28.Criticism - A serious examination and judgement of something
29. Amateurism - Participating in sports as a hobby rather than for money
30. Barbarism - A brutal barbarous, savage act
31. Idealism - Belief that the best possible concepts should be pursued
32. Heroism - Exceptional courage when facing with danger
33. Absenteeism - Habitual failure to be present at work
34. Linguistics - The scientific study of a language
35. Numismatics - The study of money and coins
36. Electro Dynamics - The study of the way that electric current and magnetic
fields affect each other.
37. Phonetics - The study of speech sounds
38. Aesthetics - The study of principles of beauty
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39. Genetics - The study of genes

40. Statistics - The study of analysing information given in numbers
41. Politics - The study of government and using power in public life
42. Aeronautics - The study of building and flying air-craft
43. Informatics - The study of processing data for storage and retrieval
44. Kleptomania - Strong desire to steal
45. Bibliomania - A craze for books
46. Megalomania - Mental illness
47. Pyromania - Set fire to things
48. Squandermania - Spending money recklessly
49. Dipsomania - A strong desire for alcoholic drinks
50. Hydrophobia - Fear of water
51. Claustrophobia - Fear of enclosed space
52. Acrophobia - Fear of heights
53. Xenophobia - Fear of strangers or foreigners
54. Agarophobia - Fear of open/public places
55. Anglophobia - Fear of using English
56. Suicide - Killing of self
57. Homocide - Killing of another person
58. Genocide - Killing of people
59. Patricide - Killing of father
60. Matricide - Killing of mother
61. Infanticide - Killing of infant/child
62. Fratricide - Killing of sibling
63. Regicide - killing a member of a royal family/king
64. Insecticide - killing of insects
65. An introvert - one who is more interested in his own thought and does not
mix
66. Mean - one who is not willing to give or share
67. Reserved - one who is slow and unwilling to express opinions
68. Emotional - one who has strong feeling such as love or anger
69. A conservative - one who prefers traditional values to a sudden social change

ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

1. RAW - Research and Analysis Wing

2. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
3. MI6 - Military Intelligence Section – 6
4. Mossad - The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations
5. ASIS - Australian Secret Intelligence Service
6. MSS - Ministry of State Security
7. FSB - Federal Security Bureau of Russian Federation
8. IMF - Indian Mountaineering Foundation
9. RSC - Referee Stopped Contest
10. USA - United States of America
11. AIBA - Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur
12. IELTS - International English Language Testing System
13. GST - Goods and Services Tax
14. TNPSC - Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
15. STD - Subscriber’s Trunk Dialling
 15

16. ISD - International Subscriber’s Dialling

17. MBA - Master of Business Administration
18. MHRD - Ministry of Human Resource Development
19. GPS - Global Positioning System
20. NSS - National Service Scheme
21. PTA - Parent-Teacher Association
22. NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation
23. ICU - Intensive Care Unit
24. IIM - Indian Institute of Management
25. MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
26. ECG - Electro Cardio Gram
27. NCC - National Cadet Corps
28. LED - Light Emitting Diode
29. CPU - Central Processing Unit
30. CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education
31. GDP - Gross Domestic Product
32. LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
33. NRI - Non-Resident Indian
34. IIT - Indian Institute of Technology
35. ITI - Industrial Training Institute
36. USB - Universal Serial Bus
37. KMVN - Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam
38. PC - Personal Computer
39. UGC - University Grants Commission
40. PSU - Public Sector Unit
41. RP - Received Pronunciation
42. TV - Television
43. HSS - Higher Secondary School
44. LTD - Limited
45. MON - Monday
46. NLC - Neyveli Lignite Corporation
47. BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation
48. MA - Master of Arts
49. Kg - Kilogram
50. MM - Millimetre
51. LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
52. CD - Compact Disc
53. VCR - Video Cassette Recorder
54. RPM - Revolutions Per Minute
55. FM - Frequency Modulation
56. UN - United Nations
57. WHO - World Health Organisation
58. SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation
59. CAD - Computer Aided Designing
60. LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
61. TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language
62. VIBGYOR - Violet-Indigo-Blue-Green-Yellow-Orange-Red
63. RADAR - Radio Detection And Ranging
64. AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
65. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
66. GATE - Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineering
 16

67. HUDCO - Housing Urban Development Corporation Limited

68. LAN - Local Area Network
69. OPEC - Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
70. TANSI - Tamil Nadu Small Industries
71. VIRUS - Vital Information Resources Under Siege
72. SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
73. UK - United Kingdom
74. GATT - General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
75. ATM - Automated Teller Machine
76. CVRDE - Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment
77. CLRI - Central Leather Research Institute
78. UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply
79. DTP - Desktop Publishing
80. AVADI - Armed Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India
81. IAS - Indian Administrative Service
82. MIT - Madras Institute of Technology
83. BHEL - Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
84. BC - Before Christ
85. AD - Anno Domini
86. BCE - Before Common Era/Before Christian Era
87. CE - Common Era
88. BPO - Business Process Outsourcing
89. BPT - Bachelor of Physio Therapy
90. BSNL - Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
91. CA - Charted Accountant
92. CCTV - Closed-Circuit Television
93. MNC - Multi National Company
94. NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
95. OPAC - Online Public Access Catalogue
96. PA - Personal Assistant
97. PAN - Permanent Account Number
98. PIN - Postal Index Number
99. ILO - International Labour Organisation
100. IPC - Indian Penal Code
101. LIC - Life Insurance Corporation
102. LKG - Lower Kindergarten
103. MCI - Medical Council of India
104. RAM - Random Access Memory
105. RRB - Railway Recruitment Board
106. SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
107. SR - Southern Railways /Service Record
108. SMS - Short Message Service
109. SSC - Staff Selection Commission
110. UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation
111. UNICEF - United Nations International Children Emergency Fund
112. UNO - United Nations Organisation
113. VAT - Value Added Tax
114. WWW - World Wide Web
115. ZIP - Zone improvement Plan
116. AICTE - All India Council for Technical Education
 17

117. BCCI - Board of Control for Cricket in India

118. CNN - Cable News Network
119. DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
120. EMAIL - Electronic Mail
121. CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
122. UNI - United News of India
123. CV - Curriculum Vitae
124. FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
125. PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
126. IMF - International Monetary Fund
127. JEE - Joint Entrance Examination
128. CAT - Common Admission Test
129. NAAC - National Assessment and Accreditation Council
130. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
131. ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization
132. IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development
133. IMO - International Maritime Organization
134. ITU - International Telecommunications Union
135. UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization
136. UPU - Universal Postal Union
137. IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
138. IDA - International Development Association
139. IFC - International Finance Corporation
140. WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization
141. WMO - World Meteorological Organization
142. UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organization

PHRASAL VERBS

1. Cut off - Remove/discontinue

2. Come upon - Meet by chance/unexpectedly
3. Draw up – Stop/prepare a document
4. Put out - Extinguish fire/stop
5. Pass out - Become unconscious/faint/distribute
6. Take off - Start/depart/remove clothing
7. Turn away/turn down – Refuse/reject
8. Stand by - Support/ready to do anything
9. Bank on/count on - Rely on/depend
10. Turn on - Open
11. Took over - Assume charge/take lead
12. see off - To go to station or airport to say goodbye to someone
13. stop over - To stay at a place for a short period of time
14. set off - Start/ begin a journey
15. get in - Enter a bus/train etc
16. get off - Leave a bus/train etc
17. get on - Arrive inside bus/train etc
18. get away - To go away from home for a vacation
19. check in - Arrive and register at airport or hotel
20. check out - Pay the bill when leaving a hotel
21. Stand for - Symbolise/represent
 18

22. Stand up - Be resistant/act in support of

23. Look into - Examine/investigate
24. Look at – Examine/consider
25. Look through - Go through/study
26. Run over – Exceed a limit
27. Run away - Escape
28. Run into - Collide with /meat by chance/experience a difficulty
29. Put on - Wear
30. Put off - Postpone
31. Put up - Display the skill /Offer something for sale
32. went about/went on – Continued
33. went out – Disappeared/ left
34. Break up – Separate/end a relationship
35. Break down - Cease to function/fail
36. Break in – Introduce/include
37. Broke out - Started suddenly/spread
38. Call up/call out – Summon
39. Call on – Visit
40. Call for – Demand
41. Call upon – Invite
42. Called off - Cancelled
43. cut short – Reduce/ shorten
44. cut up – Break into pieces
45. cut in – Interrupt
46. wait around – Stay in the same place
47. wait behind – To stay somewhere after everyone else has left.
48. wait on – Wait
49. wait up – Not going to bed until someone arrives
50. see over – Examine/tour
51. see through – Detect the true nature
52. see to/see about – Attend to/deal with
53. Keep away/keep off - Avoid
54. Keep up/keep on - Continue/maintain
55. Look up - Refer
56. Look after - Take care of
57. Look out - Be careful
58. Look over – Inspect/survey
59. look for – Search
60. Pick on – Criticise/treat unfair
61. Pick up – Improve
62. Pick over – Select/remove
63. Pick out – Recognize
64. Pull up – Stop/hault
65. Pull back – Move back
66. Pull through – Recover
67. Stand out - Continue to resist
68. Take to – Begin a habit
69. Take up – Begin doing
70. Take after – Resemble
71. Go against/Quarrel with - Oppose
72. Go by/abide by – Follow
 19

73. Go through – Search

74. Go ahead - Continue/maintain
75. cordoned off – Prevent people getting into an area
76. Emanated from – Spread out/flowed out
77. Fight back against – Resist actively
78. Put up with – Tolerate/endure
79. Hang around - Move with no aim
80. Eat out - Eat in a restaurant
81. Cope with - Deal with
82. Figure out/make out – Understand
83. Argue into – Convince/persuade someone
84. Bag off – Play truant
85. Cave in - Collapsed/broke
86. Engage in – Take part/participate
87. Hand down – Delivered/pause on
88. Hunt down – Search
89. Melt away - Disappear slowly/vanish
90. Nose around - Looking around for information
91. Pile on – Exaggerate to hurt
92. Revert to - Return
93. Get up - Rise from the bed
94. Get over - Recover
95. Give up - Abandon/stop
96. Go after – Chase
97. Stay of one’s toes - Be ready for something
98. Give in - Yield/accept/submit
99. Lay by - Keep for future use
100. Settle down - Lead a quiet life
101. Blow up - Explode
102. Get into - Involve
103. Make up - Compensate
104. Sent for - Call
105. Fall in - Asked
106. bring up - Rear
107. put down - Control
108. carry away - Take away/remove
109. give away - Distribute
110. give out - Omit
111. give over - Hand over
112. Push forward - Continue doing something with effort
113. Carry out - Fulfill
114. Take away - Remove
115. Break into - Enter by force
116. Bring about - Make something happen
117. Look forward - To be excited about something that’s going to happen
 20

IDIOMS

1. Cup of tea - Favourite activity

2. Wait for the dust to settle - To wait for a situation to become clear or certain
3. Get all your ducks in a row - To have made all the preparations/well organized
4. Fetch and carry - do little jobs for somebody like a servant
5. Do the math - To think carefully before doing something
6. Round the corner - Very near
7. The icing on the cake - Something extra added to make it better
8. Break the ice - To make people relaxed
9. Make good - Compensate for a wrong doing
10. Save one’s skin - To protect oneself from difficulty
11. Make both ends meet - Manage one’s expenses with in one’s income/ Live
within means
12. A bolt out of a clear sky - A sudden unexpected event
13. Go to grave - To exit the world
14. Have the whip hand - To be the most powerful
15. Under a cloud - Viewed with suspicion and distrust
16. Throw in the towel - To give up
17. In our corner - On your side in an argument or dispute
18. On the ropes - A state of near collapse or defeat
19. Below the belt - Unfair or unsporting behaviour
20. Square off - Prepare for a conflict
21. By the skin of one's teeth - A narrow escape
22. Tight corners - In a difficult situation
23. Shot his bolt - Exhaust / use one's effort or power or money
24. In a nice pickle - In a troublesome situation
25. Have cold feet - Feel nervous and anxiety
26. Alarm bells ringing - Sign of something going wrong
27. Back to the wall - In a serious difficulty
28. Grasp/clutch at straws - Try any method to overcome a crisis
29. Saved by the bell - Help at the last moment in difficult situation
30. Hang out to dry - Abandoning one who is in difficulty
31. Right up one’s alley - suitable to one’s interest/appealing
32. Drive one up the wall - Make one irritated, crazy, angry
33. Hit the road - Begin the journey again
34. Take one for a ride - Cheat somebody / Deceive
35. In panic mode - In a great fear
36. The Burning question - A crucial issue
37. In deep waters - In big trouble
38. Eleventh hour - Very last moment
39. Out of the blue - As a total surprise
40. A drop in the ocean - Very small, unimportant
41. Bed of roses - Pleasant/easy/luxurious position
42. Apple of one’s eye - One’s favorite person
43. Down to earth - Practical
44. Spill the beans - Give away a secret
45. A change of heart - A change in one's attitude or feelings
46. In two minds - Doubt /confusion
47. Taken a very hard line - Not giving in, strict view
48. To stand a chance - Have a chance
 21

49. Go a long way - To continue to a great extent

50. To give a piece of mind - Frankly express the disapproval
51. To be at logger heads - To disagree strongly
52. At the end of one’s tether - To have no power/ patience or endurance left
53. To be on cloud nine - To be extremely happy
54. A Bolt from the blue - Unexpected event/complete surprise
55. A yellow streak - Cowardice in one’s character
56. In the pink of health - Extremely healthy/in perfect condition
57. A shadow of one’s self - Not having the strength/former self influence
58. Honour bound - Do as a moral duty
59. Put on airs - Behave in unnatural way/show off
60. Told him flat - Expressed opinion directly
61. Holds good - Valid at the time of discussion
62. Tricks of the trade - The expertise of doing business
63. Give someone to understand - To explain
64. Do someone proud - To make someone feel proud
65. Cut no ice - Have no influence or effect
66. Bring the house down - Make an audience laugh
67. Be at large - Roaming freely
68. Play it by ear - Do something without special preparation
69. Going from bad to worse - Deteriorate further
70. Big way - On a large scale
71. Thick and fast - In large numbers
72. Call one’s face to mind - Recall something from memory, recognise
73. Armchair expert - Gives advice in a not active area
74. Clean slate - A past record without discredit
75. At close quarters - Very near
76. At the helm - In charge
77. Break even - Make no profit or loss
78. Feel the pinch - Feeling unpleasant
79. Fair and square - In a fair way
80. Loud and clear - Very clearly
81. By and by - As time goes by
82. In short supply - Less than needed
83. One thing leading to another - Sequence of events which are not planned
84. Once and for all - finally
85. A stone’s throw - A very short distance
86. Whys and wherefores - All the underlying causes and reasons
87. Draw a blank - To get no result or response
88. A wild goose chase - Search for something nonexistent/senseless
pursuit
89. Nip in the bud - Stop or Cut off in earliest stage
90. Under the sun - Anywhere on earth
91. Two sides of the same coin - Two contrasting characters in the same category
92. Pick some one’s brains - Use some one’s ideas
93. In hot pursuit - Chasing
94. In the face of danger - To take great risk
95. A hard nut to crack - Difficult problem to solve.
96. A man of noble blood - A noble family (high society)
97. Inside out - Examine thoroughly
98. It’s raining cats and dogs - It’s raining heavily
 22

99. Kicked the bucket - Passed away/died

100. Above board - Honest
101. Laid down their arms - Surrendered
102. Add insult to injury - To worsen an unfavourable situation
103. Lion’s share - Major share
104. All walks of life - Various activity
105. At snail’s pace - Very slowly
106. At the mercy of - Be helpless under the power of someone
107. Back bone - Apt people
108. Barking up the wrong tree - Accusing the wrong person
109. Be armed with - Be equipped with
110. Be hand and glove - Closely associated
111. Make fun of - Ridicule
112. Blank fired - Fire-shots in the air
113. Brought under control - Functioning smoothly
114. Can’t judge a book by its cover - Cannot judge something primarily on appearance
115. Pay for it - Punished for something
116. Pay one’s debt - Repay a loan
117. Point to point - One point to another
118. Red as fire - Eyes look red colour
119. Every cloud has a silver lining - Good things come after bad things
120. Eyewash Something - To deceive
121. Fall a prey to - Become a victim
122. From door to door - From start to finish of journey
123. To take the chair - To preside
124. To lose ground - Fail to hold one’s position
125. Hands and knees - Pleaded
126. Trial and error - To try many times to succeed
127. In a nutshell - Briefly
128. Whole nine yards - Everything, all of it
129. Chuckled to himself - Laughed softly to himself
130. Take cheer - To be encouraged
131. Raise the devil - To complain or scold
132. Black with anger - Become enraged
133. Take chances - Try one’s luck / take a risk
134. Needle in a haystack - Impossible thing to locate
135. A brain child - One’s original idea
136. Caught red handed - Caught when doing something wrong
137. Pain and regret - Mental suffering
138. Fool’s errand - A task that has no hope of success
139. Penny for thoughts - Asking what one is thinking about
140. As good as gold - Very well behaved
141. Cuckoo in the nest - An unwelcome intruder
 23

GENERAL COMPREHENSIONS
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS

1. Describe the process of making apple juice.

• Take a couple of apples and wash them well.
• Wipe them dry and cut into pieces of medium size.
• Remove the seeds and put the apples into the jar.
• Then add boiled milk and sugar.
• Crush the apples in the mixer.
• Finally, filter the fine apple juice and serve it in cups.

2. Describe the process of installing a computer

• First open the box and take out the computer parts
• Set the computer on a table.
• Plug both the computer and the monitor with a power cord
• Once you connect the CPU, connect the keyboard and mouse
• Check that all parts are connected to the CPU
• Finally turn on the power.
3. Describe the process of preparing your favourite dish
• Take two cups of rava and fry it.
• Boil three table spoon of oil in a pan.
• Add spices.
• Add water and boil it.
• Add salt and fried rava.
• Stir it for some time. Rava upma is ready.
4. Describe the process of organising a birthday party in your house.
• Decorate the house with balloons and colour papers.
• Arrange a table and place the birthday cake on it.
• Keep a knife and candles.
• Invite friends and relatives.
• Sing the birthday song and cut the cake.
• Share the cake pieces with all.
5. Describe the process of sending a letter by courier service
• After writing a letter, put it in a cover.
• write receiver’s full address with phone number on one side of the cover.
• On the other side, write your full address with phone number.
• Then close the cover with a sellotape.
• Take the cover to the courier collection centre.
• Pay the charges and thank the courier workers.
6. Describe the process of obtaining a demand draft from a bank.
• Visit a bank.
• Get a pay-in-slip.
• Fill in the slip.
• Give the filled pay in slip along with the cash at the cash counter.
• Your Demand Draft will be accepted.
• Pay the DD charge.
7. Describe the process of cleaning a flask.
• Pour a few drops of the cleaning liquid into the flask.
• Next, take a mug of hot water.
• Pour it into the flask, close it and shake well.
 24

• Then clean the inner surface of the flask with a gentle brush.
• Also clean the cap of the flask. Rinse well three or four times.
• Then allow the flask to dry.
8. Describe the process of making tea.
• Keep the tea pot on the stove.
• Pour water into it.
• Add tea powder and boil it.
• Add milk and sugar and heat it.
• Filter it using a sieve.
• Then serve in cups.
DIALOGUE WRITING
1. Write a dialogue between a student who wishes to open an account and a bank clerk.
Student : Good morning, madam.
Bank Clerk : Good morning, how can I help you?
student : I want to open an account.
Bank Clerk : Are you a student?
Student : I am a student of NGHS school Periyavalavadi.
Bank Clerk : Why do you want to open an account?
Student : It is to receive the scholarship.
Bank Clerk : Fill up this application form.
Student : Should I attach any document?
Bank Clerk : Yes. You should attach the bonafide certificate.
Student : Sure madam. I will submit the form tomorrow.
Bank Clerk : No problem.
Student : Thank you madam.
Bank Clerk : You are welcome.
2. Write a conversation between a passenger and a railway staff regarding the cancellation of the
reserved tickets.
Passenger: Good morning sir.
Rly staff : Good morning, How can I help you?
Passenger: I have to cancel two tickets from Madurai to Chennai.
Rly staff : Ok. Do you have the tickets?
Passenger: Yes sir, here they are.
Rly staff : When is the journey scheduled?
Passenger: It is scheduled on 15th May.
Rly staff : Ok. Your name please.
Passenger: I am Kathir, sir.
Rly staff : Please, fill in this form.
Passenger: Sure, sir. How much will I get back?
Rly staff : You can get 80% of your amount.
Passenger: Thank you sir.
Rly staff : you are welcome.
3. Write a dialogue between a salesman and a customer at an electronic shop.
Salesman : Welcome sir.
Customer : Good morning
Salesman : Good morning sir, how can I help you sir ?
Customer : I want to buy a mobile phone
Salesman : Good. Which brand do you like sir?
Customer : I want Samsung brand.
Salesman : What is the price range sir?
 25

Customer : Please show me the models below Rs.15,000.

Salesman : Sir, this is Galaxy A-12. It is Rs.12,700.
Customer : That's good. Is there any discount?
Salesman : sir, I'll make it 12,500 for you.
Customer : Ok. Is there any compliments with this phone?
Salesman : Yes sir. We provide 8GB memory card free for New year.
Customer : Wow! Then pack it. I will pay the money.
4. Write a dialogue between a father and his daughter about the advantages of the habit of
newspaper-reading.

Daughter: Dad! Come here, let’s play.

Father : I am reading newspaper. Please wait.
Daughter: Newspaper reading is boring dad. Please come.
Father : No dear, it is very useful.
Daughter: How is it useful dad?
Father : We can get knowledge about politics, education, sports and so on.
Daughter: What is the use of it?
Father : You can speak and write on any topic with rich information.
Daughter: Is it dad?
Father : Yes, You can always get the first prize in speech and essay competitions.
Daughter: Wow! Then I will read newspaper daily.
Father : That’s good.
5. Write a dialogue between two friends about the NSS camp which they are going to attend.

Varun: Hi Varma! What is your plan for the vacation?

Varma: I am leaving for NSS camp.
Varun: How many days?
Varma: One week.
Varun: Where are you going?
Varma: We are going to Madagupatti.
Varun: That village has no facility and it is ugly.
Varma: Yes. That’s why we are going there to help them.
Varun: What will you do?
Varma: We will deepen the pond, clean the streets and remove the unneeded thorny
bushes.
Varun: That is a lot of work.
Varma: We will conduct a medical camp with the help of doctors.
Varun: That’s great. Do well. Bye.
Varma: Thank you. Bye.
 26

NON-VERBAL REPRESENTATION
1. Study the pie chart given and answer the questions that follows.

Questions:

1. What are the two types of movies liked by equal percentage of people?
Science fiction and comedy.
2. Which type of movie is preferred by most number of people?
Romance.
3. Which type is least enjoyed and favoured by people?
Drama.

2. Tourist center preferences

Questions:
1. Which type of tourist centre is preferred by the second largest number of tourists?
Beach resorts.
2. Which type of tourist centre is preferred by the least number of tourists?
Theme parks.
3. Give your own reasons for more tourists preferring to visit Hill station?
The hill stations are more beautiful than the plains.

3. The composition of Hostellers in VVV Higher Secondary School, Trichy.

Questions:
 27

1. Which district has the highest number of hostellers?

Trichy.
2. Which three districts combined strength is less than the hostellers from Thanjavur?
Dindigul, Perambalur and Madurai.
3. Which district has three times the strength of hostellers from Madurai?
Dindigul.

4. Types of Transportation used by students

Questions:
1. What is the major source of transportation?
Bicycle.
2. What is the percentage of students who do not walk to school?
85%.
3. Which is the source of transportation that 30% of students use?
Bus.
5. Players who play different games

Questions:
1. Which are the two most popular games?
Cricket and Hockey.
2. Which game is two and a half times more played than tennis?
Hockey.
3. Which two games are played equally to that of Cricket?
Tennis and Hockey

6. Favourite TV Shows
 28

Questions:
1. What do more than half the people watch?
Sports and Drama.
2. How many people do not prefer watching sports
65% of the people.
3. How many people do not watch the reality show
90% of the people.

7. TV - Viewership

Questions:
1. Mention the two channels that enjoy equal viewership?
The Sun and Vijay TV.
2. Which TV channel has the least number of viewers?
BBC.
3. Pogo channel is watched by________(Children/adults)
Children

EXPAND THE NEWS HEADLINES

1. India wins 70 medals at Asian games.
Our Indian players won 70 medals at Asian games in New Delhi.
2. 4 policemen selected for Anna medal.
Four policemen were selected for Anna medal for their best services.
3. Committee to monitor new policy on Education.
The Central Government appointed a committee to monitor new policy on Education.
4. Rain delays AI flight landing.
 29

Rain delayed Air India flight landing yesterday at Coimbatore. The passengers suffered a lot.
5. Govt. declare 2 day holiday.
The Tamil Nadu Government declared a two-day holiday for schools due to the by-election in Madhurai.
6. Heavy rains lash Chennai.
Last night heavy rain lashed Chennai and it affected the normal life.
7. Neet classes to begin on Sep.20th.
The Centre co-ordinator informed that (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) coaching classes for
Government School students will begin on September 20th.
8. 12 injured as buses collide.
About 12 people were injured because two buses collided with each other near Udumalpet.
9. Municipal elections in December.
The State Election Commission announced that municipal elections would be held in December.
10. Telephone customers to get video phone.
Telecom minister announced that the telephone customers would get video phone facility soon.
11. Card license to replace paper driving license.
The Tamil Nadu Transport Minister announced that paper driving licenses would be replaced with
card license soon.
12. ATM without security guards to close.
The Reserve Bank of India instructed all the banks to close Automated Teller Machine centers
without security guards.
13. Hima wins Gold for India.
Indian athlete Hima won the gold medal for long jump in Asian games.
14. New scheme for Women announced by the Ministry.
Our Indian Finance Minister announced new scheme “Mahila Siksha Dhana” for women’s
educational loan in Lok Sabha yesterday.
15. Temperature falls down by 1 degree this summer.
According to meteorological department, the temperature of Tamil Nadu fell down by 1 degree this summer.
16. Jewels stolen from a house in Salem.
Jewels worth Rs.50,000 were stolen from a house in Salem.
17. Indian awarded Nobel prize for physics.
Dr. Chander, eminent Indian scientist has been awarded Nobel prize for physics.
18. Independence Day celebrated at secretariat.
The Independence Day was celebrated at the secretariat in Tamil Nadu in a very grand manner.
19. 40% of seats in private engineering colleges vacant.
In private engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu 40% of seats were vacant this year.
20. Fire breaks out at ATM center, none hurt.
None was hurt when fire broke out at Automated Teller Machine center.
21. Hero injured while performing stunt sequence.
Mr. Vikram, a famous Tamil hero, was injured while performing stunt sequence.
22. Plastics danger to environment.
The government banned the usage of plastic as it is dangerous to the environment.
23. Prevention activities for Dengue.
The government has begun the prevention activities for the prevention of Dengue.
24. Rain water harvesting - Campaign.
Rain water Harvesting campaign was launched by the Rotary Club of Udumalpet.
25. Passengers injured in road accident.
Five passengers were injured in a road accident near Udumalpet this morning.
26. Road safety campaign held.
The government transport authorities organised a campaign on road safety in Chennai.
27. India wins Test series against Australia.
India won the Test series against Australia by 4 – 0.
28. Diabetic day celebrated with free check up.
 30

The Apollo Hospitals celebrated Diabetic day with free check up yesterday.
29. PM to attend UNO meet.
Our Prime Minister will attend the United Nations Organisation meet at China next week.
30. Heavy rush for seats in Arts colleges.
There has been a heavy rush for seats in Government Arts colleges this year.
31. India win the final ODI.
India won the final one-day International defeating Srilanka by 5 wickets.
32. Students rally on Dengue awareness.
The government school students participated in a rally to create awareness on Dengue fever.
33. Collector suspends Health officer.
The collector of Thirupur suspended a health officer for negligence of duty.
34. Railway fares to go up says Railway Minister.
The Railway Minister announced that Railway fares will go up from next week.
35. Earthquake in Turkey - over 250 dead.
A severe earthquake in Turkey this morning killed Over 250 people.
36. Mobile phones banned in schools.
Mobile phones are banned in all educational institutions from the 3rd of June 2016.
37. Tata motors hikes vehicle prices.
The Tata motors has hiked its vehicle prices by 10% due to GST.
38. Smart cards to be distributed on Dec.
School students in Thirupur will be distributed smart cards on Dec. 19, 2021.
39. Five teachers selected for Best Teacher Award.
Five teachers from Thirupur were selected for Best Teacher Award for this academic year.
40. NEET rescheduled.
National Entrance Eligibility Test has been rescheduled by the Central Government.
41. Monument in Paris decorated with light for Christmas.
All monument in Paris were decorated with colourful lights for Christmas.

DRAFT A MAIL
1. Write an e-mail to your uncle thanking him for the gift that he had sent from abroad.
To: [email protected]
Subject: Thanks for the gift
Dear uncle,
How are you? I am fine. Last week I received your gift, the laptop on my birthday. It is very
useful for my studies. It helps me a lot in my science project. Thank you very much. Take care.
With regards,
XXXX
2. Write an e-mail to a charitable trust requesting for a scholarship.
To: [email protected]
Subject: Requesting for a scholarship
Dear Sir,
I am xxx. I have completed my twelfth standard with 98 % marks. I have cleared NEET. Due to my
poor family background, I am unable to pay the fees. Kindly do me a favour by providing your charity
 31

scholarship. Please find attached the photo copies of my twelfth marksheet, NEET exam certificate,
M.B.B.S. admission call letter and my father's income certificate.
With regards,
XXXX
3. You are the Principal. Draft a mail to [email protected] to invite him to the annual sports day
celebration
To: [email protected]
Subject: Invitation - Annual Sports Day
Dear Sir,
Our school is celebrating the twenty fifth annual sports Day on 5th January, 2023. We are happy and
honoured to invite you. Our students are eager to see you. We expect your esteemed presence by 5
p.m. at the stadium. Please find attached a copy of our invitation.
With regards,
Principal, ABC GHSS
PROVERBS
1 Covet all, lose all 74 All is well that ends well
2 Haste makes waste 75 All the world's a stage
3 Make hay while the sun shines 76 Art is long but life is short
4 Blood is thicker than water 77 Bare words buy no barley
5 Where there is a will, there is a way 78 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
6 Empty vessels make much noise 79 Bend the twig bent the tree
7 Union is strength 80 Blue are the hills that are far away
8 Waste not, want not 81 Cast no pearls before swine
9 A stitch in time saves nine 82 Charity begins at home
10 One flower makes no garland 83 Too much of anything is good for nothing
11 Seeing is believing 84 Coming events cast their shadow before
12 Honesty is the best policy 85 You must walk before you run
13 Too many cooks spoil the broth 86 Diamond cuts diamond
14 Many a drop makes a mighty ocean 87 Don't look a gift horse in the mouth
15 Truth alone triumphs 88 Do well what you have to do
16 Borrowed garments never fit well 89 Don't try to walk before you can crawl
17 Brevity is the soul of wit 90 Eagles don't catch flies
18 Barking dogs seldom bite 91 East or west home is the best
19 Call a spade a spade 92 Effort never fails
20 Speech is silver, Silence is gold 93 Even a pin is good for something
21 No man is an island 94 Every ass loves his bray
22 Enough is as good as a feast 95 Every cloud has a silver lining
23 Slow and steady wins the race 96 Every cock will crow upon his own dunghill
24 Rolling stone gathers no moss 97 Every tide has its ebb
25 It is no use crying over spilt milk 98 An idle mind is a devil’s workshop
26 When in Rome do as Romans do 99 Experience/ Nature is the best teacher
27 Don’t put the cart before the horse 100 Face is the index of the mind
28 A soft answer turns away wrath 101 Laughter is the best medicine
29 Rome was not built in a day 102 Failure is the stepping stone to success
 32

30 Even Homer nods 103 Familiarity breeds contempt

31 Look before you leap 104 Fine feathers make fine birds
32 All that glitters is not gold 105 First deserve, then desire
33 As you sow, so you reap 106 Fish begins to stink at the head
34 Birds of same feather flock together 107 Hear much, speak little
35 Health is wealth 108 Hearty laugh dispels disease
36 Every dog has its day 109 Humility is the best virtue
37 Man proposes God disposes 110 If you play with fire you'll get burned
38 Strike while the iron is hot 111 Knowledge is power
39 Pen is mightier than the sword 112 Lamb at home and the lion at the chase
40 To err is human; to forgive is divine 113 Like father, like son
41 Work is worship 114 Little strokes fell great oaks
42 Reading makes a perfect man 115 Live and let live
43 Manners maketh a man 116 Money makes many things
44 Better late than never 117 Necessity is the mother of invention
45 No pain no gain 118 No smoke without fire
46 Beggars cannot be choosers 119 Old is gold
47 Misfortune never comes single 120 Once bitten, twice shy
48 Fortune favours the brave 121 Out of sight out of mind
49 Practice what you preach 122 Prevention is better than cure
50 Cut your coat according to the cloth 123 Self-help is the best help
51 Still water runs deep 124 Small rudders guide great ships
52 The child is the father of the Man 125 Stolen fruit is the sweetest
53 When one door shuts, another opens 126 Take time by the forelock
54 Out of debt, out of danger 127 The law-maker should not be a law-breaker
55 Life is not a bed of roses 128 The mills of God grind slow
56 Well begun is half done 129 The pot calls the kettle black
57 War begets war 130 Example is better than precept
58 Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown 131 Time and tide wait for no man
59 A bad workman blames his tools 132 Time is gold
60 A bird in hand is worth two in the bush 133 Tit for tat
61 A burnt child dreads fire 134 Truth is bitter
62 A friend in need is a friend indeed 135 Wasted time never returns
63 A hungry man is an angry man 136 History repeats itself
64 A picture is worth a 1000 words 137 Add fuel to fire
65 Early bird catches its worm 138 There is no place like home
66 Don’t judge a book by its cover 139 Easy come easy go
67 A sound mind in a sound body 140 Pride goes before a fall
68 As is the father so is the son 141 What cannot be cured must be endured
The wearer only knows where the shoe
69 Actions speak louder than words 142 pinches
70 Cleanliness is next to godliness 143 Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
71 Practice makes perfect 144 A cat has nine lives
72 After a storm comes a calm 145 An empty purse frightens away friends
73 All are not saints that go to church 146 Better be happy than wise
 33

WANTED LETTER
WANTED
A textile goods exporting company near Hosur requires MBA degree holders
for the post of Administrative Assistants. Send your resume to

THE TIMES OF INDIA, POST BOX NUMBER:2345, BANGALORE – 35

xxx,

8th March 2024.

From

xxxx,

yyyy.

To

The Times of India,

Post Box number:2345,

Bangalore – 35.

Respected sir,

Sub: Application for the post of Administrative Assistant- reg

Ref: Your advertisement in the Hindu dt 7th March 2024.

I read your advertisement in the Hindu dt 7th March 2024. I wish to apply for the post of
Administrative Assistant. Here with I have enclosed my biodata for your reference. If I am appointed,
I assure you that I will discharge my duties to your entire satisfaction.

Thanking you,

Yours truly,

xxxxx.

Address on the envelope:

To
The times of India,
Post Box number : 2345,
Bangalore – 35.
 34

BIO-DATA

Name : xxx

Father’s name :

Date of birth:

Age:

Gender: Male/Female

Marital status: Unmarried

Languages known: Tamil, English and Hindi

Nationality: Indian

Adress: xxxxx,

yyyyy.

Education qualification: B.com, M.com

Other qualifications: Typewriting, computer knowledge and fluency in Tamil and English

Experience: Five years

Salary expected: Negotiable

Special talents: Singing and drawing

Hobbies: Reading and watching television

Declaration

I assure you that the above given details are true to the best of my knowledge.

Signature

xxxxx

PREPARE A NOTICE
1. Prepare a notice to be displayed on the notice-board of your school for the students of Class
11th, 12th informing them about their mandatory attendance for the Workshop on Precis Writing
that has been arranged.
NGHS School, Periyavalavadi.
Workshop on Precis Writing
8th March 2024

This is to inform all the students of Class XI and XII that a workshop on Precis Writing, will be
held at 9.00 a.m. on 9th March 2024, in the school auditorium. It is mandatory for all the students to
attend the workshop. For any type of query, please contact the under-signed

XXXX
School pupil leader
 35

2. Prepare a notice to be displayed on the notice board of your school for the students of class 11,
informing them about the educational tour that has been arranged for them the next month.
NGHS School, Periyavalavadi.
EDUCATIONAL TOUR.
8th March 2024
This is to inform class 11 students that an educational tour has been arranged to
Mahabalipuram and Puducherry on 2nd june. Interested students can contact the under signed for
further details.

XXXX
School Pupil Leader.

3. Write a notice about the inauguration of a laughter club in your school.

NGHS School, Periyavalavadi.
Laughter club
8th March 2024
This is to inform all the students that the inauguration of laughter-club will be held at 9.00 a.m. on
9th March 2024 in the school auditorium. It is mandatory for all the students to attend the function.

XXXX
School Pupil Leader

SPOT THE ERRORS

Important clues

(Prefer, prior, senior, junior, Each/every/every one/no one

1 superior, inferior) than/over – to 10 singular noun + singular verb
A Ram is junior than me a Every man and woman were happy
Ram is junior to me Every man and woman was happy.
B Children prefer TV games than story books b Everyone admire the Taj Mahal.
Children prefer TV games to story books. Everyone admires the Taj Mahal.
C Mary is superior than Jose in drawing. c No one know the answer
Mary is superior to Jose in drawing. No one knows the answer.
No 's' after advice, furniture, Use ‘the’ before superlative/single
2 meal, information, luggage. 11 thing/ musical instrument/rivers
A He gave a lot of advices a John is best student in the class.
He gave a lot of advice. John is the best student in the class.
B I bought new furnitures b It is oldest university in Europe.
I bought new furniture. It is the oldest university in Europe.
C He has finished his meals c Sun rises in the east
He has finished his meal. The sun rises in the east.
D I collected much informations. d He plays piano well
I collected much information. He plays the piano well
E He carried the luggages. e Ganges is the largest river in India.
 36

He carried the luggage. The Ganges is the largest river in India.

3 Though/Although……. But ……. 12 Ing word ……. and ……
A Though he is poor but he is happy. a Working hard and he passed
Though he is poor he is happy. Working hard he passed.
4 As/because/since ….. so …… 13 No ‘the’ before language names
A As he was ill so he went to a doctor a We speak the English
As he was ill he went to a doctor We speak English.
5 Neither...nor, either...or + sing verb 14 Physics,Mathematics, News + singular verb.
A Neither you nor he are active a Mathematics are my favourite subject.
Neither you nor he is active. Mathematics is my favourite subject.
B Either Sam or Ram have to pay the fine. b The news are very good
Either Sam or Ram has to pay the fine. The news is very good.
One of the/each of/neither of/none Use ‘a’ before consonant sound.
6 of Plural noun + Singular verb 15 Don't look at the letter.
A One of the boy is happy a He gave me an one-rupee note.
One of the boys is happy He gave me a one-rupee note.
B One of the boys look happy b The cow is an useful animal.
One of the boys looks happy The cow is a useful animal.
C Ram is one of the best student in the class c He joined an European University
Ram is one of the best students in the class. He joined a European University
D Each of these boys have passed. d He made an universal appeal to all.
Each of these boys has passed. He made a universal appeal to all.
E Neither of the boys are guilty e The workers formed an union
Neither of the boys is guilty The workers formed a union
F None of you know the answer. f Ram is an university scholar
None of you knows the answer. Ram is a university scholar.
confident of, hope for, Use an before vowel sound/
met with, on foot, congratulate on, abbreviation starting with
7 suffering from, angry with, died of 16 M/H/F/L/N/R/S
A He is confident on his success a We bought an car
He is confident of his success We bought a car
B Let us hope through the best b Ram is a M.Sc. Student.
Let us hope for the best. Ram is an M.Sc. Student.
C I met in an accident. c I bought a HMT watch.
I met with an accident I bought an HMT watch.
D He goes to school by foot. d The police filed a FIR
He goes to school on foot. The police filed an FIR
E He congratulated him of his success e He is a NRI
He congratulated him on his success He is an NRI
F I am suffering with fever. f I bought a LPG stove
I am suffering from fever. I bought an LPG stove
G She is angry at her husband. g Ram is a honest man
She is angry with her husband. Ram is an honest man.
 37

H He died with pneumonia h Please wait for a hour

He died of pneumonia Please wait for an hour
8 No prepo after Discuss/enter/told/despite 17 Other models
A They discussed about politics a Two and two make four
They discussed politics. Two and two makes four.
B I enter into the room b Slow and steady win the race.
I enter the room. Slow and steady wins the race.
C They told to me c He is my cousin brother
They told me. He is my cousin.
D Despite of his riches he is humble d She kept the book in the table.
Despite his riches he is humble. She kept the book on the table.
9 Noun + as well as/along with + sing verb 18 Question tag
A Abdul as well as Karim deserve praise a I am a teacher, isn't I?
Abdul as well as Karim deserves praise I am a teacher, aren't I?
B The principal with all teachers are present. b I have not met you before, isn't it?
The principal with all teachers is present. I have not met you before, have I?
C Mithra as well as her sons enjoy singing c We rarely go to the park, don’t we?
Mithra as well as her sons enjoys singing We rarely go to the park, do we?
19 Conditional clause
If they had contacted me, I would help
Unless you study well, you will pass.
A them. d
If they had contacted me, I would have helped Unless you study well, you will not pass.
them. If you study well, you will pass.
B If I was a bird, I would fly. e If I had time, I would have taught you.
If I were a bird, I would fly. If I had time, I would teach you.
C If I were a bird, I will fly. If I had had time, I would have taught you.
If I were a bird, I would fly.

1 Neither Ramya is a singer nor a dancer.

Ramya is neither a singer nor a dancer.
2 Scarcely had the workers stepped out, than the building collapsed.
Scarcely had the workers stepped out, when the building collapsed.
3 No sooner did the power resume, when the children screamed in joy
No sooner did the power resume, than the children screamed in joy
4 My friend can type so fast as I
My friend can type as fast as I
5 Sitha had no other assignment, but that of collecting the data.
Sitha had no other assignment, than that of collecting the data.
6 Rekha cooks like her mother does.
Rekha cooks like her mother
7 Professor Usha is not only a writer but an orator.
Professor Usha is not only a writer but also an orator.
8 Your neighbours are not so wicked like you think.
Your neighbours are not so wicked as you think.
 38

9 Three years have passed when my cousin resigned his job.

Three years have passed since my cousin resigned his job
10 The girl both won an award and a scholarship.
The girl won both an award and a scholarship.
11 My grandfather is well-known in the village for his nobel deeds.
My grandfather is well-known in the village for his noble deeds.
12 I had my evening meals in a restaurant near my office.
I had my evening meal in a restaurant near my office.
13 The boss had full confidence on his manager for successful completion of the project.
The boss had full confidence in his manager for successful completion of the project.
14 After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped of complete recovery.
After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped for complete recovery.
The new health care scheme announced by the government will bring relief to the children
15 suffering with acute tuberculosis.
The new health care scheme announced by the government will bring relief to the children
suffering from acute tuberculosis.
16 In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream carrier.
In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream career.
17 Oxygen is more heavier than hydrogen.
Oxygen is heavier than hydrogen.
18 Very few indoor games are more interesting than chess.
Very few indoor games are as interesting as chess.
19 Henry is the most strongest of all the players in the team.
Henry is the strongest of all the players in the team.
20 Faster you run, sooner you get tired.
The faster you run, the sooner you get tired.
21 Diamond is more precious than any gem.
Diamond is more precious than any other gem.
22 Mr. Sridhar is wiser than all men in our family.
Mr. Sridhar is the wisest of all men in our family.
23 The biology lab in our school is spacious than the chemistry lab.
The biology lab in our school is more spacious than the chemistry lab.
24 This is one of the busier streets in our town.
This is one of the busiest streets in our town.
25 The sparrow is the most unique bird.
The sparrow is a unique bird.
26 Beema is stronger among the five Pandava brothers.
Beema is the strongest among the five Pandava brothers.
27 An ounce is lesser than a gallon.
An ounce is lesser than a gallon.
28 Let me introduce my oldest daughter to you all.
Let me introduce my eldest daughter to you all.
29 Of the two sisters, Helen is the prettiest.
Of the two sisters, Helen is the prettier.
30 This is the most least mark I have ever scored.
 39

This is the least mark I have ever scored.

31 Ten thousand rupees a month are an insufficient income
Ten thousand rupees a month is an insufficient income
32 Neither Veena nor her sisters has been informed of the accident
Neither Veena nor her sisters have been informed of the accident
33 He took up gymnastic when he was seven years old.
He took up gymnastics when he was seven years old.
34 My company has delayed to give pay rise due to economic problems.
My company has delayed giving pay rise due to economic problems.
35 There’s someone to talk on the phone, but they cannot hear me.
There’s someone talking on the phone, but they cannot hear me.
36 No sooner did I switched on the tv when my parents returned home
No sooner did I switched on the tv than my parents returned home
37 The letter was written partially in English and partially in Tamil
The letter was written partly in English and partly in Tamil
38 She distributed the sweets between the students 80 He had written the letter by pen
She distributed the sweets among the students He had written the letter with pen
39 Some parents keep their children with control 81 Where is my scissors?
Some parents keep their children under control Where are my scissors?
40 To carry a heavy pile of book, she tripped and fell. 82 The trains often are late
Carrying a heavy pile of book, she tripped and fell. The trains are often late
41 Taj Mahal is one of the greatest wonder of the world. 83 The cat was sitting in a wall
Taj Mahal is one of the greatest wonders of the world. The cat was sitting on a wall
42 A group of twelve students are travelling together 84 I bought a umbrella
A group of twelve students is travelling together I bought an umbrella
43 To make a promise and then not to keep it are dishonesty 85 The wages of sin are death
To make a promise and then not to keep it is dishonesty The wages of sin is death
44 We need not apply for a bank loan, do we? 86 My scissors is missing
We need not apply for a bank loan, need we? My scissors are missing
45 The teacher along with students attend the function 87 Sheela is junior than me.
The teacher along with students attends the function Sheela is junior to me.
46 My friends and I were sitting in a café and to talk. 88 It was a shame breaking up
My friends and I were sitting in a café and talking. It was a shame to break up
47 As I am suffering from fever, so give me two days leave. 89 Ramesh went to abroad.
As I am suffering from fever, give me two days leave. Ramesh went abroad.
48 Bread and butter are his wholesome breakfast 90 Guilty must be punished.
Bread and butter is his wholesome breakfast The guilty must be punished.
49 One or the other of those men have lodged a complaint 91 He come late to school
One or the other of those men has lodged a complaint He comes late to school.
50 Each leaf and each flower were stripped off the tree 92 She made me to cry
Each leaf and each flower was stripped off the tree She made me cry
51 Supposing if you go to the library, return this book 93 He sold his furnitures
If you go to the library, return this book He sold his furniture
52 Thirukkural has been translated to many languages 94 She took a X-ray
 40

Thirukkural has been translated into many languages She took an X-ray
53 There are no reliable evidences to show that he is guilty 95 A number of books is missing
There is no reliable evidence to show that he is guilty A number of books are missing
54 My sister was recently operated for appendicitis 96 He knows how to play flute
My sister was recently operated upon for appendicitis He knows how to play the flute
55 There is always a heavy traffic during peak hours 97 Sekar or his brothers has done it
There is always heavy traffic during peak hours Sekar or his brothers have done it
56 The teacher says, “He is making a good progress in studies” 98 Sixty miles are a long distance
The teacher says, “He is making good progress in studies” Sixty miles is a long distance
57 Kevin has been working here from 2003 99 He congratulated me for winning the election
Kevin has been working here since 2003 He congratulated me on winning the election
58 The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting 100 My mother looks over my sister very well
The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting My mother looks after my sister very well
59 Manoj were present along with his parents. 101 She wants to continuing her studies abroad
Manoj was present along with his parents. She wants to continue her studies abroad
Many a student were awarded at the
60 One of his men were caught by the police 102 function
One of his men was caught by the Police Many a student was awarded at the function
61 My father gave me a lot of advices. 103 You, who is my friend, should help me
My father gave me a lot of advice. You, who are my friend, should help me
62 It will be a waste throwing the food away 104 2 years courses are useful
It will be a waste to throw the food away 2 year courses are useful
63 A honest man is always respected 105 He wears a HMT watch
An honest man is always respected He wears an HMT watch
64 A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye 106 She said that she can drive a car
A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye She said that she could drive a car
65 An apple a day keeps a doctor away 107 My uncle will come on next Monday
An apple a day keeps the doctor away My uncle will come next Monday
66 On seeing the snake and he ran away 108 The angry man entered into the room
On seeing the snake, he ran away The angry man entered the room
67 Earth revolves around the sun 109 I never do any work behind 10 P.M
The earth revolves around the sun I never do any work after 10 P.M
68 I can speak English beside Hindi 110 The dog jumped in the well
I can speak English besides Hindi The dog jumped into the well
69 I have ordered for a cup of coffee 111 Though Ram is rich but he is a miser
I have ordered a cup of coffee Though Ram is rich he is a miser
70 There is no friendship among Ravi and Raju 112 Each one of us were given a prize
There is no friendship between Ravi and Raju Each one of us was given a prize
71 How much boys attended the class? 113 One should keep his promises
How many boys attended the class? One should keep one’s promises
72 He ran fastly in the race 114 In spite of his being clever and he failed
He ran fast in the race In spite of his being clever he failed
73 We saw an European yesterday 115 How much pages did you read?
We saw a European yesterday How many pages did you read?
74 I was angry that I make such a mistake 116 I bought a blue colour shirt and a tie
 41

I was angry that I made such a mistake I bought a blue shirt and a tie
75 Malathi sings very well yesterday 117 I can’t able to understand this problem
Malathi sang very well yesterday I can’t understand this problem
76 Everybody appreciate Ram for his honesty 118 His salary is Rs.20,000 per year
Everybody appreciates Ram for his honesty His salary is Rs.20,000 a year
77 One of the dacoits were shot dead 119 I am not on talking terms with him
One of the dacoits was shot dead I am not on speaking terms with him
78 I am not understanding the problem 120 He was proclaimed as a traitor by the king
I don’t understand the problem He was proclaimed a traitor by the king
79 He invited us to stay a few days with him 121 We are unable to locate the mistake
He invited us to spend a few days with him We are unable to identify the mistake

IDENTIFY THE FIELD

CLUES

1. Weather - Cloudy, fog, breezy, windy, humid, hurricane, tornado, drizzle, storm,

cyclone.

2. Education - Dropout, competency, curriculum, three Rs, pedagogy, enrolment,

stagnation, syllabus, examination, illiteracy, life skills.

3. Sports - Olympics, French open, athletics, umpire, innings, century, wicket, match,
golf, polo, billiards, squash, javelin, ice hockey, baseball, boundary, referee.

4. Space - Satellite, orbit, the milky way galaxy, comet, shuttle, landing, launch planet,

astronaut, rocket, star.

5. Agriculture - Fertilizer, pesticide, manure, ploughing, tilling, harvest, hybrid, crop, paddy,

irrigation, yield.

6. Media - Press, guest column, cover story, gossip, thriller, editorial, box office.

7. Nutrition & Dietetics- Diet, vitamins, in take, calorie, spicy food, junk food, carbohydrates,

rice, apple.

8. Computer - UPS, CPU, mouse, modem, keyboard, monitor, website, internet, chat,

software, hardware, linux, microsoft, desktop, surfing, download, password,

menu, browse, bit, e mail.

9. Commerce and Business - Invest, profit, loss, stock, inflation, expenditure, returns,

dividend, margin, fluctuation, economic, shares, high price.

10. Politics - Manifesto, campaign, candidate, ballot, election, vote, contest, franchise.

11. Law - Court, case, file, adjourn, convict, advocate, judge, affidavit, suit, penalty,
 42

12. Religion - Church, temple, mosque, god, worship, faith, festival, priest.

13. Travel - Jet, visa, embassy, ferry, luxury guise, motel, hotel, yacht, resort.

14. Medicine - Physician, surgeon, diabetes, pills, diagnosis, paediatrician, typhoid,

penicillin.

15. Literature - Shakespeare, plays, epics.

16. Science - Cloning, robot, technology.

17. Cooking - Tasty, roast, culinary, barbecue, boil, fried, edible.

18. Music - Michael Jackson, pop, melody, song, concert.

Identify each sentence with the field given below

1) a. The flight was cancelled owing to fog.

b. Cloning has proved that it is possible to replicate human beings.

c. An Indian is invited to referee the French Open.

d. The world will have to live with high oil prices and their negative impact on economic growth.

e. The committee discussed development of ideal teacher training curriculum.

(Weather, Agriculture, Commerce, Science, Politics, Education, Sports)

2) a. Ram at his fluent best, put Ranjit in his place with three boundaries in one over.

b. The improvement in our margins and profitability has been achieved, overcoming the challenge

of record high crude oil prices.

c. The deadlock over the agenda for the peace talks continued with no agreement between the two

leaders.

d. The centre was directed to file and affidavit within two days giving details of the constitutional

process it had followed.

e. A hybrid derivative of the cross between CO5 and N 331, the improved fodder cowpea is semi-
spreading, erect in early stage of growth and later on creeping.

(Agriculture, Medicine, Sports, Politics, Nutrition & dietetics, Law, Commerce)

3) a. Walt Disney's land of fun and fantasy, the vision that gives pleasure to kids and adults alike,

turns fifty this year,

b. Maruti Udyog improved its operating margins by 2.4 per cent in 2004-05.

c. People use the binary system, which is able to represent any number using only two digits

0 and a.

d. Every plant organ has a definite form and structure and also performs certain specific functions.
 43

e An Indian woman was honoured for her leadership in starting a bank for poor women.

(Social Service, Entertainment, Business, Botany, Computer)

4) a. Spicy food can cause acidity in the stomach.

b. On our way to Ooty we stayed in a hotel for a night.

c. The Agricultural College and Research Institute in Coimbatore, has studied the effect of planting

system on yield, quality and economics of banana.

d. Life skills should be realised through curriculum objectives.

e. Halley's comet has an orbital period of about 76 years.

(Agriculture, Education, Environment, Nutrition and Dietetics, Space science, Media, Travel)

5) a. The board had decided to give the shareholders a dividend of 25 percent.

b. A salaried employees in the highest slap pays income tax at 33.66 per cent (Including surcharge

and education)

c. For programming, people use the binary system.

d. Every plant organ has a definite form and structure and performs certain specific functions.

e. "My goal is winning a Grand Slam," says Sania Mirza.

(Botany, Sports, Politics, Taxation, Business, Computer, Religion)

6) a. My friend received an e-mail from his brother who is in the States.

b. The quality of tea produced in the experimental automated factory is encouraging.

c. Every physician knows that even a negative report contributes a diagnosis.

d. In this competitive world, one should have good communication skills to get a job.

e. He was hit for a huge six in the very first over of the match.

(Politics, Sports, Medicine, Science, Computer, Industry, Education)

7) a. Organic fertilizers have increased the produce of the land.

b. The Prime Minister visited France for talks on the nuclear deal.

c. Faith in God helps one to lead a peaceful life.

d. The Nilgiri's Biosphere has been affected by pollution.

e. Indian athletes have performed well in the final of the World Championships,

(Religion, Sports, Space, Environment, Agriculture, Medicine, Politics)

8) a. As in January 2005, the rate of inflation came down to 3%.

b. At the international level, global warming has increased the anxiety of many nations.

c. A new rocket launching station is commissioned in Andhra Pradesh.

 44

d. Your monitor is not working. Get it repaired.

e. Mr. Venkatraghavan is one of the best umpires in the world.

(Science, Travel, Computer, Sports, Law, Commerce, Environment)

9) a. Isolated rain or thunder showers are likely to occur on the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu.

b. Vitamin B3, controls the levels of cholesterol.

c. There is no drop-out in schools now.

d. Inflation risk means the risk that money will buy less in the future than it does today.

e. The V-2 missile was by far the greatest single achievement in the history of rockets and missiles

(Space, Economy, Media, Weather, Science, Health, Education)

10) a. She applied for visa to go to America.

b. He is an expert in using pedagogical methods.

c. The yield of cash crop is increasing due to rain.

d. Primary market is concerned with issue of new shares.

e. Manual data processing involves use of papers at each stage.

(Education, Weather, Agriculture, Travel, Business, Computer, Commerce)

11) a. Shakespeare's plays are read by many people.

b. Everybody is expecting a bumper crop this year because of good rains.

c. Young people these days are interested more in junk food.

d. He went to England on a tourist visa.

e. The last goal was scored in the last minute.

(Nutrition and Dietetics, Travel, Sports, Cooking, Literature, Agriculture, Law)

12) a. An astronaut has to undergo vigorous training to go to space.

b. The gallstones have to be removed by the laparoscopic operation.

c. Hockey is our national game.

d. Rice contains more carbohydrates.

e. Michael Jackson is known as the King of Pop.

(Music, Medicine, Commerce, Sports, Weather, Space, Nutrition & Dietetics)

13) a. She is appearing for the competitive examination.

b. Internet is the boon to the knowledge seekers.

c. We can raise a second crop in the lands where we had only a single crop a year.

d. Aryabhatta was India's first satellite.

 45

e. She was appreciated for singing melodiously.

(Agriculture, Media, Music, Education, Politics, Computer, Space)

14) a. Robots are steadily moving from fiction to fact.

b. Examination should evaluate all aspects of learning.

c. Indian players have performed well in the Commonwealth Games.

d. Napolean Bonaparte was considered an enlightened monarch of France.

e. Health is Wealth' but pollution takes it all away.

(Sports, Travel, Environment, History, Literature, Science, Education.)

15) a. India is marching towards 0% illiteracy.

b. She is planning to visit the U.S. on tourist visa.

c. Owing to recession, value of shares came down.

d. E-governance has reduced the usage of paper.

e. Monsoon rains cheered up the prospects of good harvest.

(Travel, Computer, Sports, Commerce, Agriculture, Education, Politics)

16) a. Last year the harvest was very rich.

b. Sunitha Williams spent six months in the space.

c. To be healthy, we must take balanced diet.

d. Slow - learners should be given individual attention.

e. During the summer holidays, we had been to Agra to see the Taj Mahal.

(Space, Medicine, Agriculture, Education, Sports, Travel, Nutrition and Dietetics)

17) a. General Elections take place after every five years in India.

b. The Reserve Bank revised the interest rate.

c. One thousand internet connections were given in Pollachi.

d. The new serial will begin on Monday.

e. Athletics rarely gets coverage in the Media.

(Commerce, Politics, Law, Sports, Media, Computer, Agriculture)

18) a. The ghat route on the hills has many hair-pin bends

b. The Ozone layer protects us from the rays of the sun

c. The rhyme scheme of this poem is wonderful

d. ISRO has successfully launched Mangalyaan to space

e. Billiards and squash are costly indoor games

 46

(Space, Religion, Sports, Education, Travel, Literature, Environment)

19) a. He got a diploma in Personnel Management.

b. The unpleasant weather turned cold.

c. Gandhiji appreciated the strong will power of women.

d. Eating spicy food is not good.

e. The hybrid variety of paddy was a failure.

(History, Agriculture, Commerce, Nutrition and Dietetics, Education, Politics, Weather)

20) a. Shakespeare's plays are read by many people.

b. The yield of wheat has increased.

c. Fast food is a growing health hazard.

d. My brother is planning to go to the U.S.

e. Raina was declared the Man of the Match.

(Nutrition and Dietetics, religion, Travel, Sports, Literature, Law, Agriculture)

21) a. China - Russia border trade gets a boost.

b. India bags a gold medal in wrestling.

c. The Health Department is taking remedial measures to curb Ebola infection.

d. Farmers learn mite control measures.

e. English learning lab was opened for the students.

(Medicine, Travel, Commerce, Agriculture, Computer, Education, Sports)

22) a. Mahatma Gandhi wrote "My Experiments with Truth”.

b. My friend received an e-mail from his brother who is in the U.S.

c. The morning walk keeps us fit.

d. Organic pesticides increase the produce of the land.

e. Objectives should be clear before designing any curriculum.

(Health, Education, Travel, Literature, Agriculture, Media, Computer)

23) a) We took a bus to the Chepauk stadium and proceeded to the beach on foot.

b) violent storms are predicted in coastal areas tomorrow.

c) Swami Dayanand who founded the Arya Samaj wanted to put an end to idol worship.

d) Roger Federer wins Wimbledon for a record eighth time.

e) The judge dismissed the case due to lack of evidence.

(Religion, Commerce, Weather, Travel, Medicine, Sports, Law)

 47

Answers

1) a. Weather b. Science c. Sports d. Commerce e. Education

2) a. Sports b. Commerce c. Politics d. Law e. Agriculture

3) a. Entertainment b. Business c. Computer d. Botany e. Social Service

4) a. Nutrition and Dietetics b. Travel c. Agriculture d. Education e. Space science

5) a. Business b. Taxation c. Computer d. Botany e. Sports

6) a. Computer b. Industry c. Medicine d. Education e. Sports

7) a. Agriculture b. Politics c. Religion d. Environment e. Sports

8) a. Commerce b. Environment c. Science d. Computer e. Sports

9) a. Weather b. Health c. Education d. Economy e. Space

10) a. Travel b. Education c. Agriculture d. Commerce e. Computer

11) a. Literature b. Agriculture c. Nutrition and Dietetics d. Travel e. Sports

12) a. Space b. Medicine c. Sports d. Nutrition & Dietetics e Music

13) a. Education b. Computer c. Agriculture d. Space e. Music

14) a. Science b. Education c. Sports d. History e. Environment

15) a. Education b. Travel c. Commerce d. Computer e. Agriculture

16) a. Agriculture b. Space c. Nutrition and Dietetics d. Education e. Travel

17) a. Politics b. Commerce c. Computer d. Media e. Sports

18) a. Travel b. Environment c. Literature d. Space e. Sports

19) a. Education b. Weather c. History d. Nutrition and Dietetics e. Agriculture

20) a. Literature b. Agriculture c. Nutrition and Dietetics d. Travel e. Sports

21) a. Commerce b. Sports c. Medicine d. Agriculture e. Education

22) a. Literature b. computer c. Health d. Agriculture e. Education

23) a. Travel b. Weather c. Religion d. Sports e. Law

ROUTE MAP
 48

1. Guide Salim to the Post office. Here you find a road-map. Write three instructions.

• Go straight Turn right.

• Walk along the Netaji Road.
• You will find the Post Office opposite to Balaji Bhavan.

2. Guide the oldman to the post office. Here you will find a road map. Write three instructions.

• Go straight.
• Turn right, Walk along the Bharathi salai.
• Turn left you will find the post office on your left.

3. Guide Mr.Raja to the Canara Bank, Here you find the road-map. Write three instructions.

• Go straight Turn left.

• Walk along the main road.
• You will find the Canara Bank on your right. Opposite to the Saravana Store.

4. A man approaches you to direct him to a nearby theatre. Here you find the roadmap. Write three
instructions by way of helping him.
 49

• Go straight, cross the Post office.

• Walk along the road.
• You will find the theatre on your right opposite to the hospital.

5. Guide Miss Susan to the Book Shop. Here you find the road map. Write three instructions.

• Go straight.
• Cross the signal.
• You will find the book shop on your right opposite to the Bus stop.

6. Guide Mr. Joseph to Ram Hospital. Here you find the road-map. Write three instructions.

• Go straight, turn left.

• Walk along Prasad Road.
• Turn left. You will find Ram Hospital on your right opposite to the Park.

7. A man approaches you to direct him to the collectorate. Here you find the road map. Write three
instructions by way of helping him.
 50

• Go straight. Turn left.

• Cross the bus stop and the Govt.HSS.
• You will find the collectorate on your left opposite to the Town Hall.

8. A stranger approaches you and requests you to direct him to the near by pharmacy. Write three
instructions by way of helping him. See the road map given below.

• Go straight. Turn right.

• Cross the Indian bank walk upto the signal.
• Turn left, Cross the cafe. You will find the pharmacy opposite to the NAP Hospital.
 51

LETTER WRITING
1. You are the head of the English department in a renowned institution. You are invited to
preside over the inauguration of the English Literary club in your alma mater. Respond to the
letter you have received either accepting the invitation or expressing your inability to attend the
function

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.

To
The Principal,
ABC college,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: Accepting the invitation for the inauguration of the English Literary club

I received your invitation for the inauguration of the literary club in your institution. I studied
my graduation in this renowned institution. I am honoured to preside over the function. I will be
there on time.

Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
The Principal,
Abc college,
Valavadi - 1.

2. Write a letter to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to help you obtain a duplicate
mark sheet of class XII, which you lost while travelling.
 52

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.

To
The Head Master,
ABC school,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: Requesting for a duplicate mark sheet

I am XXX. I studied XII standard in our school in the year 2022-23. I lost my XII s standard
mark sheet while travelling. I request you to kindly provide me the duplicate mark sheet.
Thanking you,
Yours obediently,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
The Head Master,
Abc school,
Valavadi - 1.

3. Write a letter to AZ Company requesting them to replace the defective juicer that you bought
recently. Include the following details: the problem, date of purchase, receipt number, model and
warranty.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
XXXX
YYYYY.
 53

To
The manager,
AZ company,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: Requesting to replace the defective juicer

I bought a juicer from your company yesterday. But it is defective. Please provide me a
replacement juicer. I have enclosed the product details.

• Problem - The motor is not functioning

• Date of purchase - 04th March 2024
• Receipt number - 11.22.33.44
• Model - 2024.1
• Warranty - One year

Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXX.

Address on the envelope:

To
The manager,
AZ company,
Valavadi - 1.

4. You wish to become a pilot. Write a letter to a college enquiring about the details of the pilot
training course offered by the college. Include the following details in your enquiry: duration of
the course, fee structure, scholarships, hostel facilities and placement details.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx
Yyyyy.
 54

To
The manager,
ABC college,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: enquiring about the details of the pilot training course
My ambition is to become a pilot. I would like to join the pilot training course in your
institution. Kindly provide me the following details.

• Duration of the course

• Fee structure
• Scholarships
• Hostel facilities
• Placement details

Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.

Address on the envelope:

To
The manager,
Abc college,
Valavadi - 1.

5. Write a letter to the manager of Waves Furniture Company ordering furniture for a coaching
centre. Include the following details: description of the furniture, number of pieces, mode of
payment, time and delivery options.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
 55

To
The manager,
Waves furniture company,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: Ordering furniture for coaching centre

We are in need of the following furniture for our coaching centre. Kindly send them through
ABC parcel within a week. We will make online payment.

• Table - 20 Nos
• Chair - 40 Nos
• Bookstand - 2 Nos
• Cupboard - 2 Nos

Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.

Address on the envelope:

To
The manager,
Waves furniture company,
Valavadi - 1.

6. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the nuisance created by the roadside vendors
blocking the pavements and occupying the parking zone.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
 56

To
The Editor,
The Hindu Daily,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: The nuisance created by the roadside vendors
I am living in Anna Nagar. The roadside vendors are blocking the pavements and occupying the
parking zone. They create nuisance to the passers by and the motorists. Please take necessary
action.

Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.

Address on the envelope:

To
The Editor,
The Hindu Daily,
Valavadi - 1.

7. Write a letter to your relative or friend who is admitted in hospital for treatment of jaundice.
Advise him/her not to worry about the illness and be positive. Assure him/her of your
psychological and financial help during the crisis.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
Dear friend,

I am sad that you have been admitted in hospital for treatment of jaundice. Don’t worry. You will
be alright soon. I will visit you tomorrow. Please feel free to ask me for financial help. Take care.

Yours lovingly,
XXXXX.
 57

Address on the envelope:

To
------,
5th street,
Valavadi - 1.

8. You had been to your Grandma’s house during the summer holidays. You enjoyed your stay in
her company. Write a letter to your Grandma stating how much you miss her after returning to
your home.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
Dear grandma,
Hi grandma! All are fine here. How are you? How is grandpa? I enjoyed my summer vacation with
you. I miss you very much. I miss your stories. I miss your food. And I miss your home-made sweets. I
will visit you during my next summer vacation. Take care of your health.

Yours lovingly,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
------,
5th street,
Valavadi - 1.

9. You have chosen Computer Science in the Higher Secondary Course. Write a letter to your friend
giving reasons for your choice.

XXX,
5th March 2024.
Dear friend,

I am fine. How are you? I have chosen Computer Science in the Higher Secondary Course. I would
like to become a software engineer. My ambition is to establish a software company. All the best for
your Data Science course.

Yours lovingly,
XXXXX.
 58

Address on the envelope:

To
------,
5th street,
Valavadi - 1.

10. Write a letter to a bookseller requesting him to supply some books for your school
library.
XXX,
8th March 2024
From
XXXXX,
YYYYY.
To
The manager,
ABC book company,
Valavadi - 1.
Respected Sir,
Sub: Ordering books for the school library
I would like to place an order for our school library. Kindly send the books through TVS
parcel as early as possible. Please send your bank details for online payment.
• Year books – 10 nos
• Atlases – 10 nos
• Moral stories – 20 nos
• Abdul Kalam’s ’Wings of Fire’ – 20 nos
• Steps to success – 10 nos
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
The manager,
ABC book company,
Valavadi - 1.
 59

11. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the need to wear seat belts while driving.

XXX,
8th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
To
The Editor,
The Hindu daily,
Valavadi - 1.
Respected Sir,
Sub: Awareness about the need to wear seat belts while driving
I am living at Anna Nagar near Valavadi. People are rich here. All have cars. But they don’t wear
the seat belts while driving. So accidents are happening from time to time. Please publish this news in
your editorial and make awareness about the need to wear seat belts while driving.
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
The Editor,
The Hindu daily,
Valavadi - 1.

12. Write a letter to the commissioner of the corporation complaining about the sanitary
condition of the streets in your locality.
XXX,
8th March 2024.

From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
 60

To
The Corporation Commissioner,
Valavadi - 1.

Respected Sir,
Sub: Complaining about the sanitary condition

I am living at Anna Nagar near Valavadi. People are suffering due to insanitary condition. The
drainage is open. There are a lot of mosquitoes. People are suffering from fever. Please take action to
solve this problem.
Thanking you,
your’s truly,
XXXXX

Address on the envelope:

To
The Corporation Commissioner,
Valavadi - 1.

13. Write a letter to a sports company ordering sports items for the Physical Education
Department of your school.
XXX,
8th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
To
The manager,
Abc Sports company,
Valavadi - 1.
Respected Sir,
Sub: Ordering sports articles
I would like to place an order for our school. Kindly send us the following sports articles
through TVS parcel service as early as possible. Please send your bank details for online payment.
 61

• Volley ball - 20 Nos

• Football - 20 Nos.
• Tennis ball - 10 Nos
• Double colour Tennis ball - 40 Nos.
• Chess board - 50 Nos
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.

Address on the envelope:

To
The manager,
Abc sports company,
Valavadi - 1.

14. Write a letter to the Chief Reservation Supervisor of Railways requesting him to grant
concession for your educational tour.
XXX,
8th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.
To
The Chief Supervisor,
Reservation Dept.,
Valavadi station
Respected Sir,
Sub: Requesting to grand concession for educational tour

I am xxx, the school pupil leader of ABC school. We go to Agra next month on an educational tour.
We are a team of 50 students and 5 teachers. Most of the students are from poor family. Kindly give
us concession and make our visit useful and memorable. I have enclosed the visit details.
Thanking you,
 62

Yours truly,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:
To
The Chief Supervisor,
Reservation Dept.,
Valavadi station.

15. Write a letter to the curator of the museum seeking permission for a school visit.

XXX,
8th March 2024.
From
Xxxxx,
Yyyyy.

To
The Curator,
Gandhi Museum,
Madurai.
Respected Sir,
Sub: Seeking permission for school visit
I am xxx, the school pupil leader of ABC school. We would like to visit Gandhi Museum next
week. We are a team of 50 students and 5 teachers. Kindly give us permission and make our Visit
useful and memorable. I have enclosed the visit details.
Thanking you,
Yours truly,
XXXXX.
Address on the envelope:

To
The Curator,
Gandhi Museum,
Madurai.
 63

BASIC GRAMMAR
Helping verbs
Auxiliary verbs Modal verbs Semi
modals
[I]Am/was Is Can Could Need
Are/were Was May Might Used to
Have Has Will Would Dare
Do Does Shall Should Ought to
Had Did Must

Auxiliary verbs
Be verbs : Am, is, are, was, were

Usage
1. Condition

2. Continuous tense

3. Position

Examples
He is tired.

We are playing cricket.

My father is a doctor.

Have verbs : Has, have, had

Usage
1. Possession

2. Perfect tense

Examples
We have a fridge in our house.

I have watched this movie before.

Do verbs : Does, do, did

Usage
1. action

2. Questions
 64

3. Negative form

Examples
I do exercise daily.

Where did you go yesterday?

He does not like tea.

Verb splitting
V1 = present verb

V2 = past verb

V3 = past participle verb

1. v1 = do + v1

2. v1 + s/es = does + v1

3. v2 = did + v1

Examples
Speak = do + speak

Speaks = does + speak

Spoke = did + speak

Get = do + get

Gets = does + get

Got = did + get

Try = do + try

Tries = does + try

Tried = did + try

Fly = do + fly

Flies = does + fly

Flew = did + fly

Verb joining
1. Do + v1 = v1

2. Does + v1 = v1 + s/es
 65

3. Did + v1 = v2

Examples
Do + move = move

Does + move = moves

Did + move = moved

Do + walk = walk

Does + walk = walks

Did + walk = walked

Do + drive = drive

Does + drive = drives

Did + drive = drove

Do + bring = bring

Does + bring = brings

Did + bring = brought

FRAMING QUESTIONS
Wh word questions
Form – Question word + hv + subject + mv + …?

Examples
Where do you live?

What does he want to drink?

Where did you go yesterday?

Question words with meanings

What என்ன Whose யாருடைய For யாருக்காக
whom
Who யார் Why ஏன் How எப்படி

Which எது எந்த To யாருக்கு How எத்தடன

whom many
Where எங்கக By யாரால் How எவ்வளவு
 66

whom much
When எப்பபாழுது With யாருைன் How எவ்வளவு
whom long காலம்

Whom யாடர For எதற்காக How far எவ்வளவு

what தூரம்

How எத்தடன
often முடை

Yes or no questions
Form – Hv + subject + mv + …?

Examples
Do they have a new bag?

Does he like cricket?

Did you go to the park yesterday?

Answer
Form – Subject + verb[hv + mv] + …

Examples
I live in a village.

He wants to drink tea.

I went to temple yesterday.

Yes, they have a new bag.

No, they do not have a new bag.

Yes, he likes cricket.

No, he does not like cricket.

Yes, I went to the park yesterday.

No, I did not go to the park yesterday.

WORD ORDER
Subject + action + object + place + time + manner[how] + reason[why]

Examples
We play cricket in the ground every evening happily to pass the time. [svoptmr]

The baby cried loudly. [svm]

I saw him at the bus stop. [svop]

He always helps others. [stvo]

 67

Every day we go to school. [tsvp]

He always gets up early in the morning. [stvt]

We should eat a lot of vegetables to be healthy. [svor]

Sentence pattern
‘Sentence pattern’ refers to the structure of a sentence in English. We use word order to frame a
sentence with correct pattern. A sentence pattern basically consists of the following.

Subject [S]

Verb [V]

Object [O]

Direct object [Do]

Indirect object [IO]

Adjunct [A]

Complement [C]

Subject
Subject is the doer of the action. Something that is talked about is the subject.

Examples
Mithun drew a picture. (s)

This book is interesting. (s)

Verb
Verb refers to the action or state of something.

Examples
I watch tv. (v)

I am happy. (v)

The tea is hot. (v)

Object
Object refers to the receiver of the action. It gives answer to the questions ‘which’ and ‘whom’.

Examples
Ravi cut the tree. (o)

I saw him at the bus stop. (o)

Direct and indirect object

 68

The direct object gives answer to the question ‘what’. The indirect object gives answer to the
question ‘to whom’. ‘To’ is added before the indirect object when it comes after the direct object.

Examples
My friend gave me a gift. (io) (do)

I gave a chocolate to my friend. (do) (io)

Adjunct
Adjunct refers to the place, time, manner, reason or frequency of an action. It gives answer to the
questions ‘where, when how, why, how often’.

Examples
We went to the bus stop. (a)

The meeting was conducted on Tuesday. (a)

Complement
A complement refers to the quality, position or condition of the subject or the object. It completes a
sentence. Often it comes after be form verbs. In ‘svc’ pattern ‘s’ and ‘c’ are the same. In ‘svoc’
pattern ‘o’ and ‘c’ are the same.

Examples
My father is a doctor. c

Ice is cold. C

Honey tastes sweet. C

We elected Raju the precedent. (o) c

Articles
‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are articles. ‘a’ ‘and ‘an’ are the indefinite articles. ‘the’ is the definite article.

‘a’
It is written before the noun that begins with consonant sound.

Example
A car, A table, A tree

‘an’
It is written before the noun that begins with vowel sound.

Example
An elephant, An apple, An umbrella

Note
A union, A useful, A university (Consonant sounds)
 69

‘h’ is silent in the following words

An hour, An honourable, An honest, An heir

‘h’ is not silent in the following words.

A hospital, A hostel, A heavy

‘the’
It is used when a thing is talked about for the second time. It is also used when we refer to a
particular thing.

Examples
I saw a man near my house. The man was tall.

The man who is wearing a blue shirt is my father.

‘the’ is also used before superlative degree, unique thing, famous books, rivers, seas, oceans,
deserts, mountain ranges, group of islands and musical instruments.

Examples
The largest, The sun, The Bible, The Ganges, The Bay of Bengal, The Indian ocean, The Himalayas,

The flute

Determiners
Determiners introduce nouns. They come before nouns and adjectives.

Examples:
The dog, These trees, Many clouds, My new friend

Types of determiners
1. Demonstratives

2. Quantifiers

3. Possessives

4. Numerals

5. Ordinals

1. Demonstratives
This, That, These, Those

This and that are used for the things that are close. These and those are used for the things that are
far away.

Examples:
This shirt looks nice.

That tree is very tall.

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These tables are brown in colour.

Those flowers are beautiful.

2. Quantifiers
Quantifiers tell the quantity of an object without providing the number.

Much, Many, Several, Most, A lot of.

Examples:
There is much food left.

There are many apples left.

I ate the most food.

I ate the most apples.

There is a lot of sand.

There are a lot of animals.

A few, Few, A little, Little, A bit, Some, Any

Examples:
There are a few chocolates in his hand.

I have few grapes.

I like a little milk in my tea.

I have little knowledge about space.

There is a bit of water left.

There is some rice in the sack. (positive)

There isn’t any spoon. (negative)

Is there any spoon? (question)

How many chocolates do you want?

How much sugar do you need in the tea?

3. Possessives
Possessives show the ownership.

My, Our, Your, His, Her, Their

Examples:
This is my book.

That is your bag.

That is their garden.

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4. Numerals
Numerals tell the number of a noun.

Example:
I have two chocolates.

There are five trees.

5. Ordinals
Ordinals show the position of a noun in a series.

First, Second, Next, Last

Examples:
She has got the first prize.

I am the second son to my parents.

Question tag
Question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement. It is used for confirmation. The
positive statement ends with the negative tag. The negative statement ends with the positive tag.

Negative tag
Form – Positive statement, hv + n’t + pronoun of the subject?

Note: When the subject is ‘there’, use ‘there’ in place of pronoun in question tag.

Examples
Ajit is a good boy, isn’t he?

I can swim well, can’t I?

Akash writes fast, doesn’t he?

Short forms in tag:

Do + not = don’t

Does + not = doesn’t

Did + not = didn’t

Is + not = isn’t

Are + not = aren’t

Was + not = wasn’t

Were + not = weren’t

Have + not = haven’t

Has + not = hasn’t

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Had + not = hadn’t

Can + not = can’t

Will + not = won’t

Shall + not =shan’t

May + not = mayn’t

Could + not = couldn’t

Would + not = wouldn’t

Should + not = shouldn’t

Might + not = mightn’t

Must + not = mustn’t

Need + not = needn’t

Dare + not = daren’t

Ought to + not = oughtn’t to

Short forms in statement:

I’m = I am

I’ll = I will

I’ve = I have

I’d + v3 = I had

I’d + v1 = I would

He’s + v3 = he has

He’s = he is

It’s = it is

You’re = you are

They’re = they are

Note: The proper understanding of all the verb tenses is needed to expand the short forms.
Positive tag
Form – Negative statement, hv + pronoun of the subject?
Negative words
A negative statement has one of the following negative words.

Not, never, none, no, nobody, neither of, rarely, hardly, seldom, scarcely, no longer, occasionally.

Examples
 73

Seeta never sleeps late in the morning, does she?

We don’t go to temple very often, do we?

He seldom visits his relatives, does he?

I am not talking to my brother, am I?

He hardly worked late in the night, did he?

Exceptions
1. I am, aren’t I?

E.G . I am a good student, aren’t I?

Note:
I am + negative word = am I?

2. Let’s/let us – shall we?

E.G. Let’s go to the park this evening, shall we?

3. Commands/requests/advice – will you?

Examples
Don’t go out at night, will you?

Please give me your book, will you?

Take the umbrella when you go out, will you?

4. Each, every, somebody, some one, every one, nobody, none – Plural hv + plural pronoun?

Examples
Every one is happy, aren’t they?

None of us knows the answer, do we?

Conditional clause
A conditional clause consists of a condition part and a result part. The condition part begins with ‘if’
or ‘unless’.

E.G. If you play well, you will win the match.

Type Conditional clause Main clause

Zero condition If + S + v1 S + v1
Type 1 If + S + v1 S + will + v1
(can/may/shall)
Type 2 If + S + v2 S + would + v1
(could/might/should)
Type 3 If + S + had + v3 S + would have + v3
(could/might/should)
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Zero condition
This condition is used in general and scientific truth.

E.G . If you heat ice, it melts.

Type 1
This condition talks about the possible situation in the future.

E.G . If I behave well during the function, my father will buy me a toy.
Type 2
This condition talks about an imaginary situation in the past.

E.G . If they sold their house, they would become rich.

If I were a fish, I would swim happily in the sea.

Type 3
This condition talks about a different past that did not happened.

E.G . If he had participated in the competition, he would have won the first prize.
Unless = if + not
Unless he had participated in the competition, he would not have won the first prize.

If he had not participated in the competition, he would not have won the first prize.

Unless you play well, you can’t win.

Combine the sentences into a single sentence using conditional clause.

He did not walk fast. He did not catch the bus.

If he had walked fast, he would have caught the bus.

He did not have the entry pass. He could not visit the exhibition.

If he had had the entry pass, he could have visited the exhibition.

I am not a bird. I can’t fly.

If I were a bird, I would fly.

Voice
Active voice
It has active subject. The focus is on the doer of the action.

E.G. Ravi drank coffee.

Passive voice
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It has inactive subject. The focus is on the receiver of the action.

E.G. Coffee was drunk by Ravi.

Active voice to passive voice
Active form = S + av + O + a +…

Passive form = O + pv + by + S + a + …

Pronoun changes
Active Passive Active Passive
I Me He him
We Us She her
You You It it
They Them

S. No Tense Active voice Passive voice

1 Simple present S + v1/v1 + s/es S + am/is/are + v3
2 Simple past S + v2 S + was/were + v3
3 Simple future S + will + v1 S + will be + v3
Present
4 continuous S + am/is/are + ing verb S + am/is/are + being + v3
5 Past continuous S + was/were + ing verb S + was/were + v3
6 Present perfect S + have/has + v3 S + have/has + been + v3
7 Past perfect S + had + v3 S + had + been + v3
8 Future perfect S + will have + v3 S + will have + been + v3

Examples
1. I watch a movie every day. (spr)

A movie is watched by me every day.

2. I watched a movie yesterday. (spa)

A movie was watched by me yesterday.

3. I will watch a movie tomorrow. (sf)

A movie will be watched by me tomorrow.

4. I am watching a movie now. (prc)

A movie is being watched by me now.

5. I was watching a movie when my friend came. (pac)

A movie was being watched by me when my friend came.

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6. I have watched a movie just now. (prpf)

A movie has been watched by me just now.

7. I had watched a movie when my friend came. (papf)

A movie had been watched by me when my friend came.

8. I will have watched a movie by this time tomorrow. (fpf)

A movie will have been watched by me by this time tomorrow.

Request
Positive
Active form = Please + v1 + o + a

Passive form = Let + o + be kindly + v3 + a

You are requested to + v1 + o + a

Examples:
Please throw the dust outside. (act)

Let the dust be kindly thrown outside. (pas)

You are requested to throw the dust outside. (pas)

Please give him a paper. (act)

Let a paper be kindly given to him. (pas)

Negative
Active form + Please + don’t + v1 + o + a

Passive form = Let + O + not + be kindly + v3 + a

You are requested not to + v1 + o + a

Examples:
Please don’t waste your time. (act)

Let your time not be kindly wasted. (pas)

You are requested not to waste your time.

Command
Positive
Active form = V1 + o +a

Passive form = Let + o + be + v3 + a

Examples:
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Call the ambulance immediately. (act)

Let the ambulance be called immediately. (pas)

Negative
Active form = Don’t + v1 + o + a

Passive form = Let + o + not + be + v3 + a

Examples:
Don’t close the door. (act)

Let the door not be closed. (pas)

Questions
Active form = Question word + hv + S + v + o + a…?

Passive form = Question word + hv + o + v + by + S +a…?

Examples:
When did you plan this trip? (act)

When was this trip planned by you? (pas)

Who helped Ravi? (act)

By whom was Ravi helped? (pas)

Which movie are you watching now? (act)

Which movie is being watched by you now? (pas)

Are you playing cricket? (act)

Is cricket being played by you? (pas)

Why did you visit your grandparents last week? (act)

Why were your grandparents visited by you last week? (pas)

Degrees of comparison
There are three degrees of comparison in English. They are positive degree, comparative degree and
superlative degree. We use adjective and adverb for comparison.

Adjective
An adjective is a describing word. It describes a noun’s quality, condition, shape, size, colour or
number.

E.G. Tea is hot.

Adverb
An adverb adds more to the verb.
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E.G. He ran fast.

Forms of adjectives
Positive = as + adj + as/not so + adj + as

Comparative = adj + er than/more + adj + than

Superlative = The + adj + est/the most + ad

Positive Comparitive Superlative

Cold colder The coldest
Costly costlier The costliest
Important More important The most important

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE
S Positive Comparitive Superlative
No
1 Good/Well Better Best
2 Old Elder/older Eldest/Oldest
3 Far Farther Farthest
4 Bad Worse Worst
5 Little Less Least
6 Many More Most

Type 1
Positive = N1 + v + as + adj + as + n2

Comparitive = N2 + v + not + adj + er than n1

Examples:
Madurai is as hot as Coimbatore. (p)

Coimbatore is not hotter than Madurai. ©

Type 2
Positive = No other + n1 + v + as + adj + as + n2

Comparitive = N2 + v + adj + er than any other + n1

Superlative = N2 + v + the adj + est + n1

Examples:
No other planet in the solar system is as large as Jupiter. (p)

Jupiter is larger than any other planet in the solar system. ©

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. (s)

Type 3
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Positive = Very few + n1 + v + as + adj + as n2

Comparitive = N2 + v + adj + er than many other/most other + n1

Superlative = N2 + v +one of the + adj + est + n1

Examples:
Very few cricketers in the world are as popular as Dhoni. (p)

Dhoni is more popular than many other cricketers in the world. ©

Dhoni is one of the most popular cricketers in the world.

REPORTED SPEECH
Direct speech to indirect speech
Direct speech
The direct speech gives the exact words of the speaker. It is written within double quotation marks.

Example
Ramesh said to Mukesh, “I am happy today.”

Indirect speech
The indirect speech says what someone spoke.

Example
Ramesh told Mukesh that he was happy that day.

Steps to remember
1. Change the reporting verb according to the kind of sentence.

2. Remove comma and quotation marks.

3. Add suitable conjunction.

4. Change the first letter of the sentence within quotation marks to small letter except ‘I’ and names.

5. Make pronoun changes, verb changes and adverb changes.

6. Don’t change the verb tense of proverbs/universal truth/scientific truth or when the reporting
verb is say/says/will say.

Pronoun changes
1. First and second person pronouns are changed to third person pronouns.

2. When the listener is first or second person, use first or second person pronouns.

Examples
Gopi said to Somu, “I will become a doctor.” [d]

Gopi told Somu that he would become a doctor. [id]

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My friends said to me, “You look tired.” [d]

My friends told me that I looked tired. [id]

The coach said to us, “You should play really well to win the match.” [d]

The coach told us that we should play really well to win the match. [id]

Subjective Objective Possessive

I Me My
We Us Our/ours
You You Your/yours

He Him His
She Her Her/hers
It It Its
They Them Their/theirs

Verb changes
1. Change the present verb into past verb.

2. When there are two or more verbs together, change only the first verb.

3. Don’t change the infinitives [to + v1]

4. Change the past verb into past perfect verb.

Examples
I play cricket. [d]

I played cricket. [id]

I am watching a movie. [d]

I was watching a movie. [id]

I attended an interview. [d]

I had attended an interview. [id]

Modal verb changes

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Can Could Must Had to
May Might Used to Used to
Will Would Ought to Ought to
Shall Should
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Adverb changes

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

This That Yesterday The previous day/ Ago Before
the day before
These Those Last week The previous week/ Thus So
the week before

Today That day Last month The previous The next The following week
month/ week
the month before
Tonight That night Now Then Hence Thence

Tomorrow The following day/ Here There

the next day/
the day after

Sentence type Statement Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

Speech Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
Exclaimed
with
asked/requested/ happiness/
ordered/ exclaimed
Reporting said/ said/ advised/ said/ with
verb said to told said/said to asked said to suggested said to sorrow
to (positive
question sentence)
word/ not to (negative
Conjunction that if/whether sentence) that
Exclamatory
word + s + v
/exclamatory s + v/
question v/don't word + adj + s + v +
Form s+v s+v form s+v +v V s+v very + adj
Punctuation

Statement
Examples

Then said to Kani, “We will go for a picnic tomorrow.” [d]

Then told Kani that they would go for a picnic the next day. [id]

Murugan said to Sahana, “We are going to temple now.” [d]

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Murugan told Sahana that they were going to temple then. [id]

Shiva said to me, “You are a good boy.” [d]

Shiva told me that I was a good boy. [id]

Interrogative [Questions]
Examples

Neelan said to Prabu, “Do you like to drink coffee with me?” [d]

Neelan asked Prabu if he liked to drink coffee with him. [id]

My friend said to me, “What is your problem?” [d]

My friend asked me what my problem was. [id]

Imperative [Request/command]
Examples
My mother said to me, “Don’t play outside for a long time.” [d]

My mother ordered me not to play outside for a long time. [id]

The doctor said to the patient, “Take these tablets. You will be alright soon.” [d]

The doctor advised the patient to take those tablets and he would be alright soon. [id]

Reka said to us, “Please give me your lunch.” [d]

Reka requested us to give her our lunch. [id]

Exclamatory
Examples
The boys said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” [d]

The boys exclaimed with happiness that they had won the match. [id]

The grandma said, “Alas! I have lost my purse.” [d]

The grandma exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her purse. [id]

The man said to us, “How beautiful your house is!” [d]

The man exclaimed that our house was very beautiful. [id]

Indirect speech to direct speech

Steps to remember
1. Use the reporting verb ‘said to’ if there is a listener; use ‘said’ if there no listener.
2. Remove the conjunction and add comma and quotation marks.
3. Write the first letter in capitals after the quotation mark.
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4. Make all the changes in the reverse order of changing direct speech to indirect speech.
5. End with The suitable punctuation mark according to the kind of sentence.
6. Don’t change the verb tense of proverbs/universal truth/scientific truth or when the reporting
verb is say/says/will say.

Statement
Examples

Venu told Somu that the climate was very nice that day. [id]

Venu said to Somu, “The climate is very nice today.” [d]

My friend told me that his father would buy him a new bicycle the next day.[id]

My friend said to me, “My father will buy me a new bicycle tomorrow.” [d]

Interrrogative [questions]
Examples

My friend asked me if I could help him.’ [id]

My friend said to me, “Can you help me?” [d]

Sister asked brother where he had gone the previous day. [id]

Sister said to brother, “Where did you go yesterday?” [d]

Imperative [request/command]
Examples

Father instructed son not to play mobile games for a long time. [id]

Father said to son, “Don’t play mobile games for a long time.” [d]

Suman requested his friend to lend him his book for a day. [id]

Suman said to his friend, “Please lend me your book for a day.”[d]

Exclamatory
Examples

My friend exclaimed that our garden was very beautiful. [id]

My friend said, “How beautiful your garden is!” [d]

My friend said, “Wow! Your garden is very beautiful.” [d]

My grandpa regretted that a lot of people had died due to covid-19. [id]

My grandpa said, “Alas! A lot of people have died due to covid-19.” [d]

My sister exclaimed with happiness that she had got the first prize in the essay competition. [id]

My sister said, “Hurrah! I have got the first prize in the essay competition.” [d]
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Kinds of sentences
Phrase:
Prase is a group of word. There is no subject and finite verb. It has no complete meaning.

Example:
On the wall

Walking on the road

Along the river

Sitting on the chair

Inside the room

Because of tiredness

Clause:
A clause has subject and finite verb. It gives complete meaning. It is basically a sentence.

Examples:
I went to the shop.

I watched a movie.

Simple sentence:
A simple sentence is a single sentence. It may also have a phrase attached to it.

E.G. On seeing the cat, the rat ran away.

Complex sentence:
A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

E.G.As it was very hot, I drank a lot of water.

Compound sentence:
A compound sentence has two main clauses connected by a linker.

E.G .You should study well, then only you can pass the exam.
Type 1
Simple - On + ing verb + o s + v + o +…

Complex - When/as soon as + s + v + o s + v + o +…

Compound - s + v + o + and/and at once s + v + o +…

Example:

On getting the cake the child was very happy. [sml]

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When the child got the cake, it was very happy. [cmx]

The child got the cake and it was very happy. [cpd]

Type 2
Simple - After + ing verb + o/having + v3 + o s + v + o +…

Complex - After + s + had + v3 + o s + v + o +…

Compound - s + v + o + and then s + v + o +…

Example:

After getting the cake the child was very happy. [sml]

After the child had got the cake, it was very happy. [cmx]

The child got the cake and then it was very happy. [cpd]

Type 3
Simple - Because of being + adj/on account of/due to/owing to + pr + n s + v + o +…

Complex - As/because/since + s + v + o s + v + o +…

Compound - s + v + o + and/and so/therefore s + v + o +…

Example:

Because of tiredness he did not go to play. [sml]

As he was tired, he did not go to play. [cmx]

He was tired and so he did not go to play. [cpd]

Type 4
Simple – In spite of/despite + pr + being + adj/in spite of/despite + pr + n/in spite of/despite + pr +
ing verb + n/adj s + v + o +…

Complex - Though/although/even though + s + v + adj s + v + o +…

Compound - s + v + adj + but/yet/still s + v + o +…

Example:

In spite of tiredness he went to play. [sml]

Though he was tired, he went to play. [cmx]

He was tired but he went to play. [cpd]

Type 5
Simple - In case of/in the event of + pr + ing verb s + can/will v + o +…

Complex - If + s + v + o s + can/will + v + o +…

Compound - S + must/should + v + o + and then only s + can/will + v + o +…

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Example:

In the event of having the ticket you can watch the movie. [sml]

If you have the ticket, you can watch the movie. [cmx]

You must have the ticket and then only you can watch the movie. [cpd]

Type 6
Simple - In case of/in the event of + pr + not + ing verb/without + ing verb s + cannot/will not + v +
o +…

Complex - Unless + s + v s + will not/cannot + v + o +

Compound - S + must/should + v + o + or/or else/otherwise s + can’t/won’t + v + o +

Example:

In the case of not having the ticket you can’t watch the movie. [sml]

Unless you have the ticket, you can’t watch the movie. [cmx]

You must have the ticket or you can’t watch the movie. [cpd]

Type 7
Simple - S + v + too + adj + for + pr to + v1

Complex - S + v + so + adj + that pr + cannot/could not + v + pr

Compound - S + v + very + adj + and so pr + cannot/could not + v + pr

Example:

Sachin was too tired to play. [sml]

Sachin was so tired that he could not play. [cmx]

Sachin was very tired and so he could not play. [cpd]

Type 8
Simple - S + v + o in order to/to + v1 + …

Complex - S + v + o That s + can/will + v1 + …

Compound - S + v + o and so s + can/will + v1 + …

Example:

Rita eats a lot of vegetables to become healthy. [sml]

Rita eats a lot of vegetables that she can become healthy. [cmx]

Rita eats a lot of vegetables and so she can become healthy. [cpd]

Type 9
Simple - Besides being + n/besides + ing verb s + v + o +…
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Complex - S + v + not only + n/s + not only + v but also + n/v + …

Compound – S + v + n + as well as + n

Example:

Besides being a director Sam is an actor. [sml]

Sam is not only a director but also an actor. [cmx]

Sam is a director as well as an actor. [cpd]

Type 10
Simple – S + v + adj + noun

Complex – S + v + noun + rpr + v + adj

Compound – S + v + noun + and pr + v + adj

Example:

We watched a wonderful movie. [sml]

We watched a movie which was wonderful. [cmx]

We watched a movie and it was wonderful. [cpd]

POETRY
THE CASTLE
APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

1. All through the summer at ease we lay,

And daily from the turret wall
We watched the mowers in the hay
a. Who does "we" refer to?
The soldiers in the castle.
b. How did the soldiers spend the summer days?
They had no fear.
c. What could they watch from the turret wall?
Mowers.
2. Our gates were strong, our walls were thick,
So smooth and high, no man could win.
a. How safe was the castle?
The castle had strong gates and walls.
b. What was the firm belief of the soldiers?
No man could enter the castle.
3. A foothold there, no clever trick
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Could take us dead or quick,

Only a bird could have got in.
a. What was challenging?
Entering the castle was challenging.
b. Which aspect of the castle’s strength is conveyed by the above line?
The castle had strong gates and walls.
4. Oh then our maze of tunneled stone
Grew thin and treacherous as air.
The castle was lost without a groan,
The famous citadel overthrown,
a. Bring out the contrast in the first two lines.
The strong castle became week.
b. What is the rhyme scheme of the given stanza.
Abaa
5. We could do nothing, being sold.
a. Why couldn't they do anything?
Gold was the real enemy.
b. Why did they feel helpless?
They had no arms to fight with gold.

Additional questions
1. Who is the narrator in the poem?
The narrator is a soldier.
2. How long had the soldiers been in the castle?
The soldiers had been in the castle all through the summer.
3. Why were the soldiers in the castle fearless?
They had a lot of arms and food.
4. Where were the enemies?
The enemies were half a mile away.
5. Why does the narrator say that the enemy was no threat at all?
The enemies were half a mile away.
6. Did the soldiers fight with the enemy face to face?
No, the soldiers did not fight with the enemy face to face.
7. Who had let the enemies in?
The old gate keeper had let the enemies in.
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8. How did the enemies enter the castle?

The old gate keeper let the enemies inside the castle for gold.
9. Why were the secret galleries bare?
The enemies looted the secret galleries.
10. What was the "shameful act"?
The old gate keeper let the enemies inside the castle for gold.
11. Why didn't the narrator want to tell the tale to anybody?
It was the shameful tale.
12. Why did the narrator feel helpless?
They had no arms to fight with gold.
13. Who was the real enemy?
Gold was the real enemy.

PARAGRAPH
The soldiers protected the castle. They had no fear. The enemies were far away. The castle had strong
gates and walls. No man could enter the castle. The old gate keeper let the enemies inside the castle.
It was for gold. The castle was lost. Gold was the real enemy.

OUR CASUARINA TREE

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

1. A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound

No other tree could live.
a. Which tree is referred to in the above lines?
Casuarina tree is referred to in the above lines.
b. How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?
Casuarina tree is very strong.
c. Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?
A creeper grows upwards.
2. The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung
In crimson clusters all the bough among!
a. Who is the giant here?
Casuarina tree is the giant here.
b. Why is the scarf colourful?
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The creeper has colourful flowers.

3. “Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton,
And Time the shadow”, and though weak the verse
That would thy beauty fain, oh, fain rehearse,
May Love defend thee from oblivion’s curse.
a. What does the poet mean by the expression ‘May love defend thee from oblivion’s curse?’ or
the casuarina tree will be remembered for ever. Why?
The poet’s love for the tree will save it from forgetting.
b. What does the expression ‘fain’ convey?
Eagerness.
c. What does the poet convey through the expression ‘Fear, trembling hope’?
The poet with her siblings has had all the experience under the tree.

Additional questions

1. What is the creeper compared to?

The creeper is compared to a python.
2. How does the creeper appear on the tree?
The creeper has colourful flowers. So, it is like a colourful scarf.
3. Describe the garden during the night.
The garden is filled with a sweet song during the night.
4. How does the poet spend her winter?
The poet spends her winter watching the baboons, the kokilas, the sleepy cows and the water lilies.
5. Name the bird that sings in the poet’s garden.
Kokila.
6. Why is the casuarina tree dear to poet’s heart?
The tree makes her remember her siblings.
7. Does nature communicate with human beings?
Yes.
8. What has Wordsworth sanctified in his poem?
Wordsworth has sanctified the Yew tree in his poem
9. To whom does Toru Dutt want to consecrate the tree’s memory?
Toru Dutt wants to consecrate the tree’s memory to her siblings.

PARAGRAPH
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Casuarina tree is very strong. A creeper is round the tree. It is like a giant. The
poet remembers her sisters. They have played under the tree. So, she likes it.
The poet makes the tree deathless. So, people will not forget it.

ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

1. Then the whining school-boy, with his satchel

And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school.
a. Which stage of life is being referred to here by the poet?
The school boy stage is being referred to here by the poet.
b. What are the characteristics of this stage?
Laziness and unwillingness.
c. How does the boy go to school?
The boy goes to school unwillingly.
d. Which figure of speech has been employed in the second line?
Simile.
2. Then a soldier,
full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth.
a. What is the soldier ready to do?
The soldier is ready to fight for a short-lived fame.
b. Explain ‘bubble reputation’.
A short-lived fame.
c. What are the distinguishing features of this stage?
The soldier is ready to fight for a short-lived fame.
3. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
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a. Whom does justice refer to?

Judge.
b. Describe his appearance.
He has round belly and beard of formal cut.
c. How does he behave with the people around him?
He is serious with the people around him.
d. What does he do to show his wisdom?
His wise saws and modern instances show his wisdom.

Additional questions
1. What is the world compared to?
The world is compared to a stage.
2. What do the words ‘exits’ and ‘entrances’ mean?
‘exits’ means death. ‘entrances’ means birth.
3. What is the first stage of a human’s life?
Infant is the first stage.
4. Describe the second stage of life as depicted by Shakespeare.
School boy is the second stage. The boy goes to school unwillingly.
5. How does a man play a lover’s role?
He composes poems.
6. Bring out the features of the fourth stage of a men as described by the poet.
Soldier is the fourth stage. He is ready to fight for a short-lived fame.
7. When does a man become a judge? How?
In the fifth stage a man becomes a judge. Because he is wise.
8. Which stage of man’s life is associated with the ‘shrunk shank’?
The sixth stage of man’s life, the old age, is associated with the ‘shrunk shank’.
9. Why is the last stage called second childhood?
In the last stage man loses his senses. He becomes like a child again.

PARAGRAPH
World is a stage. All are actors. Man acts in seven stages. Infant is the first stage. Next is school boy.
The boy goes to school unwillingly. Next is lover. Man composes poems. Next is soldier. Man likes
short lived fame. Next is judge. Man is wise. Next is old age. Man is very weak. Second childhood is
the last stage. Man departs the world.
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ULYSSES
APPRECIATION QUESTIONS
1. I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and
know not me.
a. What does Ulysses do?
Ulysses gives rewards and punishments to the people.
b. Did he enjoy what he was doing? Give reasons.
No, Ulysses hates being a king. He wants to travel to new places.
2. Yet all experience is an arch wherethrough
Gleams that untravelled world, whose
margin fades
For ever and for ever when I move.
a. What is experience compared to?
Experience is compared to an arch.
b. How do the lines convey that the experience is endless?
Even at the old age, Ulysses wants to travel to new places to gain new experience.
3. Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
a. How is every hour important to Ulysses?
Ulysses learns something new every hour.
b. What does the term ‘Little remains’ convey?
Only a little time remains before death.
4. This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle
Well-loved of me,
a. Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to, in his absence?
His son.
b. Bring out the significance of the ‘sceptre’.
The significance of the sceptre is kingly power.
5. That ever with a frolic welcome took
 94

The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed

a. What do ‘thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer to?
Bad times and good times.
b. What do we infer about the attitude of the sailors?
The sailors welcome both the bad times and good times equally.
6. Death closes all: but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
a. The above lines convey the undying spirit of Ulysses. Explain.
Ulysses wants to do something great before his death.
b. Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.
Noble, note
7. …………………for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
a. What was Ulysses’ purpose in life?
Ulysses’ purpose in life was to travel to new places to gain new experience and knowledge.
b. How long would his venture last?
His venture would last till his death.
8. One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in
will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
a. Though made weak by time and fate, the hearts are heroic. Explain.
Ulysses and the sailors are old and weak. But they have the heart to face anything.
b. Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.
Heroic, hearts weak, will strive, seek

Additional questions
1. ‘Ulysses is not happy to perform his duties as a king.’ Why?
Because he wants to travel to new places to gain new knowledge.
2. What does he think of the people of his kingdom?
He thinks that the people of his kingdom are savage.
3. What has Ulysses gained from his travel experiences?
Ulysses has gained knowledge of different places, cultures, climates and governments.
 95

4. Pick out the lines which convey that his quest for travel is unending.
‘I cannot rest from travel’
‘Forever and forever when I move’
5. ‘As tho’ to breathe were life!’ – From the given line what do you understand of Ulysses’
attitude to life?
Ulysses thinks that life is not just for breathing; it is for adventure.
6. What does Ulysses yearn for?
Ulysses yearns for travel.
7. Who does the speaker address in the second part?
The speaker addresses the readers.
8. Why did Ulysses want to hand over the kingdom to his son?
Because He wanted to travel to new places to gain new experience and knowledge.
9. How would Telemachus transform the subjects?
Telemachus would transform the subjects from rugged to mild.
10. ‘He works his work, I mine’ – How is the work distinguished?
Ruling the kingdom is the work of Telemachus. Travelling to new places is the work of Ulysses.
11. In what ways were Ulysses and his mariners alike?
Even at the old age, Ulysses and his mariners want to travel to new places to gain new experience.
12. What could be the possible outcomes of their travel?
They may die or they may meet the great Achilles.

Paragraph
Ulysses is a king. He hates being a king. He is old. But he wants to travel to new places. He makes his
son the king. He calls the sailors for a new adventure. They have strong mind. The adventure will last
till death. They will never give up.

A FATHER TO HIS SON

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

1. “Life is hard; be steel; be a rock.”

a. How should one face life?
One should face life like a rock.
b. Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Metaphor
2. “Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.”
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And this too might serve him.

a. Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
Life is also soft.
b. Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Metaphor
3. Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong
and the final decisions are made in silent rooms.
a. Can being in solitude help a strong human being? How?
Yes, solitude is creative.
b. Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Personification.
4. Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.
Tell him to be a fool ever so often
a. Why does the poet suggest that time can be wasted?
Time for relaxing is not a waste.
b. Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Simile
5. Tell him to be a fool ever so often
and to have no shame over having been a fool
yet learning something out of every folly
hoping to repeat none of the cheap follies
a. Is it a shame to be a fool at times?
No.
b. What does one learn from every folly?
One learns not to repeat the folly.
6. -----------------------Free imaginations
Bringing changes into a world resenting change.
a. How does free imagination help the world?
Free imaginations change the world.
b. Identify the figure of speech.
Transferred Epithet

Additional questions
1. How would the poet’s advice help his son who is at the threshold of the manhood?
 97

The poet’s advice would help his son change the world.
2. ‘A tough will counts.’ Explain.
The strong mind will help one withstand the hard times.
3. What happened to the people who wanted too much money?
People who wanted too much money were dead before their burial.
4. What has twisted good men into thwarted worms?
The money gained in dishonourable way has twisted good men into thwarted worms.
5. How would his being alone help the boy?
Being alone helps him to be creative.
6. Where are the final decisions taken?
The final decisions are taken in silent rooms.
7. What are the poet’s thoughts on ‘being different’?
One should be different if it comes natural to him.
8. Why does the poet advise his son to have lazy days?
Because he can understand himself.

INCIDENT OF THE FRENCH CAMP

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS
1. Legs wide, arms locked behind,
As if to balance the prone brow
Oppressive with its mind.
a. Whose action is described here?
Napoleon’s action is described here
b. What is meant by prone brow?
Eye brow fixed downward.
c. What is his state of mind?
His state of mind is oppressive.
2. ‘You’re wounded!’ ‘Nay’, his soldier’s pride
Touched to the quick, he said:
a. Why did the boy contradict Napoleon’s words?
The boy was going to die.
b. Why was his pride touched?
Napoleon asked him if he was wounded.
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3. A film the mother-eagle’s eye

When her bruised eaglet breathes
a. Who is compared to the mother eagle in the above lines?
Napoleon is compared to the mother eagle.
b. Explain the comparison.
Napoleon saw the soldier sadly like the mother eagle seeing its dying eaglet.

Additional questions
1. Who do you think is the narrator of the poem?
The narrator is a French soldier.
2. Where was the narrator when the incident happened?
The narrator was at the French camp.
3. Who took the city of Ratisbon by storm?
The French army took the city of Ratisbon by storm.
4. Where was Napoleon standing on the day of attack on the city of Ratisbon?
Napoleon was standing on a mound.
5. Describe the posture of Napoleon.
Napoleon was standing on a mound with neck out thrust, legs wide, arms locked behind and with
the prone brow.
6. Who came galloping on a horse to Napoleon?
A young French soldier came galloping on a horse to Napoleon.
7. What does the phrase ‘full galloping’ suggest?
At the top speed.
8. Why was the rider in a hurry?
To convey the news of victory to Napoleon before his death.
9. What did the rider do when he reached Napoleon?
He stood erect before Napoleon. He said that the French army had won.
10. Why did the rider keep his lips compressed?
To prevent blood coming out of his mouth.
11. Where did the rider plant the French flag after Ratisbon was captured?
The rider planted the French flag in the market place of Ratisbon.
12. What was Napoleon’s reaction on hearing the news of victory?
Napoleon’s eyes flashed in joy.
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13. When did the narrator find that the boy was badly wounded?
As soon as Napoleon heard the news of victory.
14. Why did Napoleon’s eyes become soft as a mother eagle’s eyes?
Because the young soldier was badly wounded.
15. How did the young soldier face his end?
He had a smile of pride. He fell dead near Napoleon.

PARAGRAPH
Napoleon was waiting for the result of the war. A young soldier came and stood before him. He gave
the winning news. He planted the French flag. Napoleon was happy. But he was sad that the soldier
was wounded. The soldier said that he was going to die for his nation. With a smile, he fell down
dead.

PROSE
TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?
The narrator met Nicola and Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona.
2. Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
The boys looked shabby.
3. The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?
The boys needed money for their sister’s treatment.
4. Were the boys saving money to go to the States? How do you know?
No, they had other plans.
5. Why did the author avoid going to Lucia's room?
The author did not want to disturb the boys and their sister.
6. What was Lucia suffering from?
Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis.
7. What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?
The hatred for the Germans made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans.
8. What made the boys work so hard?
The boys needed money for their sister’s treatment.
9. Why did not the boys disclose their problem to the author?
The boys wanted no help out of pity.
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10. Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.

They looked shabby. They had brown skin and untidy hair.
11. What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?
The little boys sold fruits and newspapers.
12. How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?
By dropping the boys in Poleta, the narrator helped the boys on Sunday.
13. Who took the author to the cubicle?
The nurse took the author to the cubicle.
14. Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.
The girl was their sister. She was about twenty years old. Her eyes were soft and tender.
15. Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
Paragraph.
16. The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself.
Why? Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
To make the boys feel that they had safely kept their secret.

Paragraph
Nicola and Jacopo were brothers in Verona. They were small boys. They looked shabby. They lost
their father and mother. Their sister was suffering from tuberculosis. They needed money for their
sister’s treatment. So, the boys sold fruits and newspapers. They are the two gentlemen of Verona.

A NICE CUP OF TEA

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What seems curious to the author?
Preparing tea is missing in the cookery books.
2. why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery
books?
Because tea is a part of life in many nations.
3. Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.
England, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.
4. Which tea does the author prefer_ China tea or Indian tea:
Indian tea.
5. According to the author, what does the phrase "a nice cup of tea" refer to?
Indian Tea.
 101

6. What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?

Make tea in a teapot.
7. How does army tea taste?
Army tea tastes of grease and whitewash.
8. Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Tea lovers generally like strong tea.
9. Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Because tea should mix well in the hot water.
10. Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
The cylindrical cup can keep the tea hotter.
11. What should be poured into the cup first-tea or milk?
Tea should be poured into the cup first.
12. Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?
It gives a bad taste to tea.
13. Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.
No, sugar affects the true taste of tea.
14. Why does the author refer to himself as being in a minority'?
Because very few people drink tea without sugar like the author.
15. Whom does the author call misguided people? What is his advice to them?
Those who drink tea with sugar are misguided people.
16. What are the author's views on China tea?
We can drink China tea without milk. But there is no much stimulation in it.
17. How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?
Adding sugar affects the true taste of tea.
18. Elucidate the author's ideas about teapots.
Tea should be made in a teapot made of China or earthenware.

PARAGRAPH
Golden rule 1
Drink Indian tea.
Golden rule 2
Make tea in a teapot.
Golden rule 3
Heat the teapot first.
Golden rule 4
 102

Make strong tea.

Golden rule 5
Put the tea in hot water.
Golden rule 6
Take the teapot to the kettle.
Golden rule 7
Shake the teapot.
Golden rule 8
Use cylindrical cup to drink tea.
Golden rule 9
Remove cream from milk.
Golden rule 10
Pour the tea first into the cup.
Golden rule 11
don’t add sugar in tea.

IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. what thoughts troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard as he neared the end of his career as a heart
surgeon?
The suffering of people troubled Dr. Christiaan Barnard.
2. What were Dr. Barnard's feelings when he was hospitalized after an accident?
Dr. Barnard felt pain and anger.
3. When and where did the accident occur?
The accident occurred on the street a few years ago.
4. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect their routine?
Dr. Barnard could not attend to the patients. His wife could not look after her young baby.
5. How was Dr. Barnard's attitude to suffering different from that of his father's?
According to Barnard's father, suffering was god’s will. According to Barnard, suffering was cruel.
6. How was the unattended trolley put to use?
7. What roles did the duo take up?
8. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for the boys?
Two boys drove a trolley. One boy was blind. The other was a boy with one hand.
9. Who encouraged the boys and how?
The rest of the patients encouraged the boys with laughter and shouts.
10. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?
Dr. Barnard compares this entertainment to Indianapolis 500 car race.
11. What happened in the grand finale?
In the grand finale, the plates were scattered.
 103

12. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley's driver?
Dr Barnard new the boy because he had closed a hole in his heart a few years ago.
13. What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys?
The business of living is the celebration of being alive.
14. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has given in his speech.
Out of 125 million children born, 12 million will die before the age of one. Another six million will
die before the age of five. Of the rest, many will end up as mental or physical cripples.
15. What happened when the doctor couple were crossing the street?
A car hit Dr. Barnard into his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and was hit by another car.
16. What injuries did the doctor couple sustain in the accident?
Dr. Barnard had eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His wife had a badly fractured shoulder.
17. Dr. Barnard couldn't find any nobility in suffering. Why?
Suffering was unkind. So, Dr. Barnard couldn't find any nobility in suffering.
18. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heart breaking?
Dr. Barnard finds suffering of children heart breaking because of their total trust in doctors and
nurses.
19. How did the boy who played the mechanic lose his eyesight?
In a quarrel the boy's mother threw a lantern at his father. But the lantern broke over the boy's head
and shoulder. He suffered third degree burns and lost his eyesight.
20. Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a "Walking horror"?
The boy had a disfigured face. A long flap of skin hung from the side of his neck to his body.
21. What were the problems the trolley driver suffered from?
The trolley driver had a malignant tumour of the bone, so his shoulder and arm were amputated.

PARAGRAPH
Dr. Barnard met with an accident. Suffering was unkind. He visited a children’s hospital. Two boys
drove a trolley. One boy was blind. The other was a boy with one hand. It was like Indianapolis 500
car race. The boys were happy and laughing. Barnard understood that the business of living is the
celebration of being alive.

THE SUMMIT
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What did Hillary do with his wet boots?

Hillary heated his wet boots.

 104

2. Name an equipment and a tool carried by the climbers during their expedition.

Oxygen set and ice axe.

3. Why did Hillary become clumsy-fingered and slow-moving?

The oxygen set was going to run out.

4. What did Hillary find in a tiny hollow?

Hillary found two oxygen bottles in a tiny hollow.

5. When did Hillary feel a sense of freedom and well being?

When the oxygen set was light, Hillary felt a sense of freedom and well-being.
6. What did Hillary mean by saying "We had had enough to do the job, but by no means too much.‘?

Hillary had enough oxygen but it ran out just short of the tent.

7. How did the mountaineers belay?

They fixed a pin in the snow. They tied a rope to it. Then they climbed up holding the rope.
8. Why was the original zest fading away?
Time was passing and there were a lot of ridges. So, the original zest was fading away.
9. What did Edmund Hillary do to escape the large overhanging ice cornices?
Edmund Hillary cut a line of steps where the snow met the rocks.
10. What did Tenzing and Edmund Hillary gift to the God of lofty Summit? How did
they do it?
Tenzing made a hole in the snow. He placed a chocolate, biscuits and lollies. Hillary placed a crucifix
near it.

11. What did the photograph portray?

The photograph portrayed the North Coal and the old route which had been made famous by the
great climbers of 1920's and 1930's.

12. The soft snow was difficult and dangerous. Why?

The soft snow came apart due to their weight.

13. How did the firm snow at the higher regions fill them with hope?
The firm snow was solid, so the belaying was easier.

THE CHAIR
SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What was put on the family agenda?

Making a new chair was put on the family agenda.
2. Who visited the family?
Their family friend, a sub-judge visited the family.
3. Describe the stool that the narrator's family had.
 105

The stool had three legs.

4. What was Pedanna's suggestion to their father?
Buying a new chair was Pedanna's suggestion to their father.
5. What was offered to Maamanaar by their mother?
Buttermilk was offered to Maamanaar by their mother.
6. Why were the two chairs compared to Rama-Lakshmana?
The two chairs looked the same.
7. When did the children shy away from the chair?
The villagers used the chair to keep the dead body. This made the children shy away from the chair.
8. How did Maamanaar handle the chair at home?
Maamanaar handled the chair with utmost care.
9. What happened to the visitor when he sat on the stool?
The visitor slipped and rolled over.
10. Why did the family find it difficult to make a chair?
There was not a model chair in the village.
11. What was grandmother's suggestion of wood? Why?
Teak was grandmother's suggestion of wood. It is strong.
12. How was the chair made and how did the villagers react to it?
The chair was made of black wood. All the villagers came to see the chair.
13. When did the children get over the fear of sitting on the chair?
Suganthi put his baby brother on the chair. Then, the children got over the fear of sitting on the chair.
14. Why did Maamanaar hand over the chair to the villagers to retain it?
The villagers needed a chair to keep the dead body.

PARAGRAPH
1. Narrate the humorous events that happened in the narrator’s family before and after the
arrival of the chair.
2. Compare and contrast the characters of Maamanaar and Pedanna.
The narrator’s family made Two chairs. One chair was sent to their Maamanaar. The family was
happy. The villagers used the chair to keep the dead body. So, the family feared to sit on it. The
villagers asked the chair. Pedanna sent them to Maamanaar’s house. Maamanaar gave the chair to the
villagers to keep it. The narrator was sad for being selfish.
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ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road?
Liberty made the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road.
2. What would be the consequence of the old lady's action?
The universal chaos would be the consequence of the old lady's action.
3. What does the 'rule of the road' mean?
The 'rule of the road' means that the liberties of everybody must be curtailed in order that the liberties
of all may be preserved.
4. Why should individual liberty be curtailed?
Too much of individual liberty may affect public liberty.
5. How would a reasonable person react when his actions affect other person's liberty?
A reasonable person would Curtail the private liberty.
6. Define Liberty as perceived by the author.
Liberty is not just a personal affair. It is a social contract.
7. According to the author, what are we more conscious of?
According to the author, we are more conscious of the mistakes of others.
8. What is the foundation of social conduct
A reasonable consideration for others is the foundation of social conduct.
9. How can we sweeten our life's journey?
The little habits of common place sweeten our life's journey.
10. What does the traffic policeman symbolize?
The traffic policeman symbolizes public liberty.
11. What is "liberty according to the old lady?
According to the old lady, liberty is private liberty.
12. How would liberty' cause universal chaos?
Too much of private liberty would cause universal chaos.
13. Why is there a danger of the world getting "liberty drunk?
If the private liberty is not reduced, there is a danger of the world getting "liberty drunk.
14. 'Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order? Do you agree?
Yes, I agree. Because too much of private liberty may affect the public liberty.
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SUPPLEMENTARY READER PARAGRAPH

GOD SEES THE TRUTH, BUT WAITS

Aksionov was arrested for murder. But he was not the real criminal. He worked in the mines. Makar
was the real criminal. But Aksionov saved Makar in jail. Makar was sorry for Aksionov. He told the
truth. But Aksionov died before his release.

LIFE OF PI

Pi was on a lifeboat. It was the ocean. There was a Bengal tiger. It could not move. Pi had no food
and water for three days. Water bottles were near the tiger. He took them with fear. He drank the
water. He came back to life. He survived 124 days with water alone. Finally, a ship found Pi at shore.

THE HOUR OF TRUTH

Baldwin was a bank cashier. Gresham was the president of the bank. They were close friends.
Gresham made a crime. Baldwin was the witness. He rejected the offer of Gresham. Gresham
accepted his crime. Baldwin was very honest. So, he got a job in Mr. Marshall’s bank.

THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR

Ausable and Max were spies. Ausable saw Max in his room at midnight. Ausable was sad about the
balcony. Max asked the secret papers. There was a tap on the door. Max jumped on the balcony to
escape from police. It was only the waiter. There was no balcony. Max fell down from the sixth floor.
He died. Thus, Ausable outwitted Max.

ALL SUMMER IN A DAY

A few school children live on the Venus. It always rains there. The sun is going to come after seven
years. Margot knows the sun well. The angry children lock her inside a room. The sun comes. They
play under the sun. The sun fades. The rain starts. They are sad about Margot. They release her.

REMEMBER CAESAR
Weston was a judge. There was a paper in his pocket. It had the words ‘Remember Caesar’. He took it
as a warning to kill him. He closed all the doors and windows. Mr. Caesar came. He was a gardener.
He had an appointment to visit Weston’s garden. Weston wrote a reminder. But he forgot that.
 108

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

PROSE 1
S. No WORD SYNONYM TRANSLATION ANTONYM TRANSLATION

1 Shrugged Raised உயர்த்துதல் Lowered தாழ்த்துதல்

2 Slackened Reduced குடைத்தல் Increased/tightened அதிகரித்தல்
3 Artless Innocent/guileless அப்பாவியான Cunning தந்திரமான
4 Hawked Sold things loudly கூவி விற்ைல் Bought வாங்குதல்
5 Deserted Uninhabited/ காலியான Inhabited/occupied ஆகிைமிக்கப்பட்ை
Unoccupied
6 Emigrate Take up citizenship நாட்டிலிருந்து Return/immigrate/ பவளிநாட்டில்
of/migrate/leave settle
பவளிகயறுதல் குடிகயறுதல்
7 Vexation Annoyance/irritation எரிச்சல் Patience/calm பபாறுடம/
அடமதி
8 Chatter Sound/talk சத்தமான Quiet அடமதி
கபச்சு
9 Intrude Enter/disturb தடலயிடுதல் Exit பவளிகயறுதல்
10 Cautious Careful/watchful/alert கவனமான Careless/neglecting கவனமற்ை
11 Disapprove Refuse/deny/ மறுத்தல் Accept/approve ஏற்றுக்பகாள்தல்
Condemn
12 Brisk Quick/active சுறுசுறுப்பான Slow/inactive சுருசுருப்பற்ை
13 Engaging Attracting/captivating/ ஈர்க்கதக்க Hateful/repulsive பவறுக்கத்தக்க
Appealing
14 Humble Ordinary/modest சாதாரணமான Proud பபருடமயான
15 Eager Enthusiastic/keen/ ஆர்வமான Unenthusiastic/ ஆர்வமற்ை
Interesting reluctant
S. No WORD SYNONYM TRANSLATION ANTONYM TRANSLATION

16 Resistance Opposition/struggle/ எதிர்ப்பு Cooperation/ ஏற்றுக்பகாள்தல்

Conflict acceptance
17 Persuade Convince/encourage/ ஊக்குவித்தல் Dissuade/discourage தாழ்த்துதல்
influence/induce
18 Scarce Rare/inadequate/ அரிதான/பற்ைா Abundant/plenty/ அதிகமான
Insufficient sufficient
க்குடையான
19 Nobility Dignity/honour/virtue உயர்வான/ Dishonour தாழ்ந்த/
மதிப்புமிக்க மதிப்பற்ை

20 Tunic Outer garment கமலாடை

21 Vestibule Labby/entrance hall நுடைவு அடை
22 Demeanor Appearance/ கதாற்ைம்/
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behaviour நைத்டத
23 Rubble Debris/remains/broke உடைந்த
n bricks
பாகங்கள்

PROSE 2

S. No Word Synonym Translation Antonym Translation

1 Curious Interesting ஆர்வமான Indifferent அலட்சியம்
2 Controversial Arguable சர்ச்டசக்குரிய Agreeable ஏற்றுக்பகாள்ளக்கூடிய
3 Virtues Admirable qualities நற்பண்புகள் Vices தீயகுணங்கள்
4 Stimulation Excitement உற்சாகம் Dull கசார்வு
5 optimistic Positive/hopeful நம்பிக்டகயான pessimistic அவநம்பிக்டகயான
6 Dangling Hanging/suspended பதாங்குதல் Steadily நிடலயாக
7 Mysterious Incomprehensible மர்மமான Obvious/Evident பவளிப்படையான
Socially accepted
8 Etiquette behaviour பண்பாடு Rudeness/indecency ஒழுங்கின்டம
9 Disputes Conflicts/Arguments சண்டை /விவாதம் Agreements ஒப்பந்தம்
10 civilization Advanced society முன்கனைியசமூகம்

11 Stimulated Motivated ஊக்கம் Discouraged தாழ்த்துதல்

S. No Word Synonym Translation Antonym Translation
12 Stray Loose நிடலயற்ை Stay/remain நிடலயான
13 Liable Likely பபரும்பாலும் Unlikely நைக்காத
14 Dispised Hated/disliked பவறுத்தல் Liked/desired விரும்புதல்
15 Shallow Superficial ஆைமற்ை Deep ஆைமான
16 Arrival Advent/entry வருதல் Departure புைப்படுதல்
17 Sufficient Enough கபாதுமான Inadequate பற்ைாக்குடையான
18 Cauldron Big pot பபரிய பாடன
Restricting the
19 Rationing consumption பங்கீ டு
20 Spout Pipe like opening குைாய்

Prose 3

S. No Word Synonyms Translation Antonym Translation

1 Career Profession த ொழில்
2 Gloomy Sorrowful/sad/, despondency ச ொகமொன Cheerful/happy மகிழ்ச்சியொன
3 Nobility Decency உயர்வொன Dishonour ொழ்ந்
4 Fate Destiny விதி
5 Commandeered Hijacked/took control இயக்குதல்
6 Encouragement Motivation ஊக்கம் Discouragement ொழ்த்து ல்
7 Severe Serious மிகுந் Minor/gentle சிைிய
பொதிக்கப்பட்ட
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8 Important Significant முக்கியமொன Trivial/unimportant முக்கியமொற்ற

9 Prevalent Common தபொதுவொன Rare/uncommon/ அரி ொன
Unique
10 Sophisticated Well-advanced/modern முன்சனரிய Premitive/unworldly பழமமயொன
11 Fact Truth/reality உண்மம Fiction கற்பமன
12 Intrepid Bold/daring/fearless யிரியமொன Fearful அச் ம் மிகுந்
13 Malignant Harmful/life threatening தீங்கு Benign/harmless தீங்கற்ற
விமைவிக்கும்
14 Confidence Trust/belief/faith நம்பிக்மக
Diffidence/distrust நம்பிக்மகயற்ற
15 Amusement Entertainment Boredom லிப்பு
பபாழுதுகபா
க்கு
16 Appreciate Admire/recognise Criticize விமர்சித் ல்
பாராட்டுதல்
17 Consideration Careful thought Negligence அலட்சியம்
கவனத்தில்
பகாள்தல்
18 Cripples Disabled/differently abled இயலொ வர்கள்
19 Agony Great pain/suffering வலி Pleasure/joy மகிழ்ச்சி
20 Perforated Torn/damaged துமையிடப்பட்ட Closed மூடப்பட்ட
21 Ennobles Elevate உயர்த்து ல் Degrade ொழ்த்து ல்
S. No Word Synonym Translation Antonym Translation
22 Thrashed around Move about restlessly பரபரப்பாக
நகர்தல்
23 Mutilating Removal of tissue ம மய Join இமைத் ல்
அகற்று ல்
24 Grand Prix International motor racing ர்வச
சமொட்டொர்
பந் யம்
25 Solace Comfort/consolation ஆறு ல் Distress சவ மன

26 Finale Final/climax/exciting end இறுதி Commencement த ொடக்கம்

27 Disfigured Spoiled/marred in appearance சிம ந் Beautiful அழகொன
28 Tumour Diseased growth கநாய் கட்டி
29 Amputated Cut off/remove அகற்று ல் Joined இமைத் ல்
30 Profound Very great சிறந் Trivial முக்கியமற்ற

Prose 5

S. No Word Synonym Translation Antonym Translation

1 subsided Diminished குமறத் ல்/மமற Intensify/rise அதிகரித் ல்
ல்
2 Sturdy Strong வலிமமயொன Weak/frail பலவீனமொன
3 Impudent Disrespectful மரியொம யற்ற Respectful மரியொம தகொண்ட
4 Seasoned Mixed/added கலத் ல் Removed அகற்று ல்
5 Bereavement Mourning/grieve கவமல Comfort/ ஆறு ல்
consolation
6 Anticipation Expectation/hope எதிர்பொர்பு Ignorance அறியொமம
7 Fortuitously Fortunately/casual அதிர்ஷ்டவ மொக Unfortunately துரதிர்ஷ்டவ மொக
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8 Splendour Magnificence அற்பு ம் Simplicity எளிமம

9 Unmatched Superior சமலொன Inferior தாழ்ந்த
10 Banter சகலி Flattery புகழ்ச்சி
Repartee/teasing
11 Portly Stocky/stout /fat குண்டொன Lean/slim ஒல்லியொன
12 Spluttered Cackled/laughed சிரித் ல்
13 Expounded Explained விைக்கு ல் Confuse குழப்பு ல்
/complicate
14 Languorously Lethargically ச ொர்வொக Energetic சுறுசுறுப்பொக
15 Hordes Crowd/masses கூட்டம் கொலியொக
Uncrowded/
deserted
16 Exasperatedly Annoyingly எரிச்சலாக Delightedly மகிழ்ச்சியாக
/pleasingly
17 Paraphernalia Things/stuff தபொருட்கள்
18 Gait Pace/style of நடக்கும் வி ம்
walking

Prose 6

S. No Word Synonym Translation Antonym Translation

1 Confusion Mess குழப்பம் Clarity பதளிவு
2 Peril Risk/danger ஆபத்து Safety பாதுகாப்பு
3 Pedestrians Passers by/walkers வழிப்சபொக்கர்கள் Driver ஓட்டுனர்
4 Chaos Confusion குைப்பம் Clarity த ளிவு
Lawlessness/
5 Anarchy
Rebellion அராஜகம் Lawfulness சட்ைப்படி
Abandoned/
6 Preserved Maintained பாதுகாக்கப்பட்ை பாதுகாப்பற்ை
destructible

குமறத் ல் Increased/
7 Curtailed Reduced/controlled அதிகரித் ல்
uncontrolled
8 Tyranny Autocracy தகொடுங்சகொன்மம Democracy ஜனநொயகம்
Softness/
9 Insolence Rudeness மூர்க்கம் politeness பமன்டம
10 Interfere Hinder மலயிடு ல் Ignore/free தபொருட்படுத் ொமம
Commitment/
11 Contract
Agreement ஒப்பந்தம் Disagreement மறுத்தல்
unconcerned/ அக்கமரயற்ற
Concerned/
12 Indifferent அக்கமறயொன
uninterested interested
Hatred/
13 Fancy Desire விருப்பம் despise பவறுப்பு

14 Shandy Lemonade எலுமிச்டச பானம்

Serious/
15 Ridiculous Comical/foolish ககலிபசய்யதக்க intelligent
தீவிரமொன

16 Conventional normal/usual வழக்கமொன Odd/unusual வித்யொ மொன

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Abandon/
17 Accommodate Fit in with தபொருத்து ல் மகவிடு ல்
unfit
Negligence/
18 Consideration Scrutiny/rumination எண்ணிப்பொர் ல் புறக்கணித் ல்
ignorance