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 RF Power Amplifiers

MARIAN K. KAZIMIERCZUK
Wright State University,
Dayton, Ohio, USA

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2008
 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by
the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names
and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This
publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.
It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional
advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kazimierczuk, Marian.
RF power amplifiers / Marian K. Kazimierczuk.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-77946-0 (cloth)
1. Power amplifiers. 2. Amplifiers, Radio frequency. I. Title.
TK7871.58.P6K39 2008
621.384
12 – dc22
2008032215

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-0-470-77946-0

Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
To My Mother
Contents

Preface xv
About the Author xvii
List of Symbols xix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Block Diagram of RF Power Amplifiers 1
1.2 Classes of Operation of RF Power Amplifiers 3
1.3 Parameters of RF Power Amplifiers 5
1.4 Conditions for 100 % Efficiency of Power Amplifiers 7
1.5 Conditions for Nonzero Output Power at 100 % Efficiency of
Power Amplifiers 10
1.6 Output Power of Class E ZVS Amplifier 11
1.7 Class E ZCS Amplifier 14
1.8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 16
1.9 Frequency Spectrum 19
1.10 Duplexing 21
1.11 Multiple-access Techniques 21
1.12 Nonlinear Distortion in Transmitters 22
1.13 Harmonics of Carrier Frequency 23
1.14 Intermodulation 25
1.15 Dynamic Range of Power Amplifiers 27
1.16 Analog Modulation 28
1.16.1 Amplitude Modulation 29
1.16.2 Phase Modulation 32
1.16.3 Frequency Modulation 33
1.17 Digital Modulation 36
1.17.1 Amplitude-shift Keying 36
1.17.2 Phase-shift Keying 37
1.17.3 Frequency-shift Keying 38
1.18 Radars 39
1.19 Radio-frequency Identification 40
1.20 Summary 40
viii CONTENTS

1.21 References 42
1.22 Review Questions 42
1.23 Problems 43

2 Class A RF Power Amplifier 45

2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Circuit of Class A RF Power Amplifier 45
2.3 Power MOSFET Characteristics 47
2.4 Waveforms of Class A RF Amplifier 52
2.5 Parameters of Class A RF Power Amplifier 56
2.6 Parallel-resonant Circuit 59
2.7 Power Losses and Efficiency of Parallel Resonant Circuit 62
2.8 Impedance Matching Circuits 66
2.9 Class A RF Linear Amplifier 69
2.9.1 Amplifier of Variable-envelope Signals 69
2.9.2 Amplifiers of Constant-envelope Signals 70
2.10 Summary 71
2.11 References 71
2.12 Review Questions 72
2.13 Problems 72

3 Class AB, B, and C RF Power Amplifiers 75

3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Class B RF Power Amplifier 75
3.2.1 Circuit of Class B RF Power Amplifier 75
3.2.2 Waveforms of Class B Amplifier 76
3.2.3 Power Relationships in Class B Amplifier 78
3.2.4 Efficiency of Class B Amplifier 80
3.3 Class AB and C RF Power Amplifiers 82
3.3.1 Waveforms of Class AB and C RF Power Amplifiers 82
3.3.2 Power of the Class AB, B, and C Amplifiers 86
3.3.3 Efficiency of the Class AB, B, and C Amplifiers 88
3.3.4 Parameters of Class AB Amplifier at θ = 120◦ 89
3.3.5 Parameters of Class C Amplifier at θ = 60◦ 91
3.3.6 Parameters of Class C Amplifier at θ = 45◦ 93
3.4 Push-pull Complementary Class AB, B, and C RF Power
Amplifiers 95
3.4.1 Circuit 95
3.4.2 Even Harmonic Cancellation in Push-pull Amplifiers 96
3.4.3 Power Relationships 97
3.4.4 Device Stresses 98
3.5 Transformer-coupled Class B Push-pull Amplifier 99
3.5.1 Waveforms 99
3.5.2 Power Relationships 102
3.5.3 Device Stresses 102
3.6 Class AB, B, and C Amplifiers of Variable-envelope Signals 105
3.7 Summary 107
3.8 References 107
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 CONTENTS ix

3.9 Review Questions 108

3.10 Problems 108

4 Class D RF Power Amplifiers 109

4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Circuit Description 110
4.3 Principle of Operation 114
4.3.1 Operation Below Resonance 115
4.3.2 Operation Above Resonance 118
4.4 Topologies of Class D Voltage-source RF Power Amplifiers 119
4.5 Analysis 121
4.5.1 Assumptions 121
4.5.2 Series-resonant Circuit 121
4.5.3 Input Impedance of Series-resonant Circuit 124
4.5.4 Currents, Voltages, and Powers 124
4.5.5 Current and Voltage Stresses 129
4.5.6 Operation Under Short-circuit and Open-circuit
Conditions 133
4.6 Voltage Transfer Function 134
4.7 Bandwidth of Class D Amplifier 136
4.8 Efficiency of Half-bridge Class D Power Amplifier 137
4.8.1 Conduction Losses 137
4.8.2 Turn-on Switching Loss 138
4.8.3 Turn-off Switching Loss 142
4.9 Design Example 144
4.10 Class D RF Power Amplifier with Amplitude Modulation 146
4.11 Transformer-coupled Push-pull Class D Voltage-switching RF
Power Amplifier 147
4.11.1 Waveforms 147
4.11.2 Power 150
4.11.3 Current and Voltage Stresses 150
4.11.4 Efficiency 150
4.12 Class D Full-bridge RF Power Amplifier 152
4.12.1 Currents, Voltages, and Powers 152
4.12.2 Efficiency of Full-bridge Class D RF Power Amplifier 156
4.12.3 Operation Under Short-circuit and Open-circuit Conditions 156
4.12.4 Voltage Transfer Function 157
4.13 Phase Control of Full-bridge Class D Power Amplifier 158
4.14 Class D Current-switching RF Power Amplifier 160
4.14.1 Circuit and Waveforms 160
4.14.2 Power 162
4.14.3 Voltage and Current Stresses 163
4.14.4 Efficiency 163
4.15 Transformer-coupled Push-pull Class D Current-switching RF
Power Amplifier 165
4.15.1 Waveforms 165
4.15.2 Power 167
4.15.3 Device Stresses 168
4.15.4 Efficiency 168
x CONTENTS

4.16 Bridge Class D Current-switching RF Power Amplifier 171

4.17 Summary 175
4.18 References 176
4.19 Review Questions 177
4.20 Problems 178

5 Class E RF Zero-voltage-switching RF Power

Amplifier 179
5.1 Introduction 179
5.2 Circuit Description 179
5.3 Circuit Operation 181
5.4 ZVS and ZDS Operation of Class E Amplifier 182
5.5 Suboptimum Operation 184
5.6 Analysis 185
5.6.1 Assumptions 185
5.6.2 Current and Voltage Waveforms 185
5.6.3 Current and Voltage Stresses 187
5.6.4 Input Impedance of the Series Resonant Circuit 188
5.6.5 Output Power 189
5.6.6 Component Values 189
5.7 Maximum Operating Frequency 190
5.8 Choke Inductance 191
5.9 Summary of Parameters at D = 0.5 191
5.10 Efficiency 192
5.11 Design of Basic Class E Amplifier 195
5.12 Impedance Matching Resonant Circuits 198
5.12.1 Tapped Capacitor Downward Impedance Matching
Resonant Circuit π 1a 199
5.12.2 Tapped Inductor Downward Impedance Matching
Resonant Circuit π 2a 202
5.12.3 Matching Resonant Circuit π 1b 205
5.12.4 Matching Resonant Circuit π 2b 208
5.12.5 Quarter-wavelength Impedance Inverters 211
5.13 Push-pull Class E ZVS RF Amplifier 214
5.14 Class E ZVS RF Power Amplifier with Finite DC-feed Inductance 216
5.15 Class E ZVS Amplifier with Parallel-series Resonant Circuit 219
5.16 Class E ZVS Amplifier with Nonsinusoidal Output Voltage 221
5.17 Class E ZVS Power Amplifier with Parallel Resonant Circuit 226
5.18 Amplitude Modulation of Class E ZVS RF Power Amplifier 231
5.19 Summary 233
5.20 References 234
5.21 Review Questions 237
5.22 Problems 237

6 Class E Zero-current-switching RF Power Amplifier 239

6.1 Introduction 239
6.2 Circuit Description 239
6.3 Principle of Operation 240
 CONTENTS xi

6.4 Analysis 243

6.4.1 Steady-state Current and Voltage Waveforms 243
6.4.2 Peak Switch Current and Voltage 245
6.4.3 Fundamental-frequency Components 245
6.5 Power Relationships 247
6.6 Element Values of Load Network 247
6.7 Design Example 248
6.8 Summary 249
6.9 References 249
6.10 Review Questions 249
6.11 Problems 250

7 Class DE RF Power Amplifier 251

7.1 Introduction 251
7.2 Analysis of Class DE RF Power Amplifier 251
7.3 Components 257
7.4 Device Stresses 258
7.5 Design Equations 258
7.6 Maximum Operating Frequency 258
7.7 Class DE Amplifier with Only One Shunt Capacitor 260
7.8 Components 263
7.9 Cancellation of Nonlinearities of Transistor Output Capacitances 264
7.10 Summary 264
7.11 References 264
7.12 Review Questions 265
7.13 Problems 265

8 Class F RF Power Amplifier 267

8.1 Introduction 267
8.2 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Third Harmonic 268
8.2.1 Maximally Flat Class F3 Amplifier 271
8.2.2 Maximum Drain Efficiency Class F3 Amplifier 276
8.3 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Third and Fifth Harmonics 281
8.3.1 Maximally Flat Class F35 Amplifier 281
8.3.2 Maximum Drain Efficiency Class F35 Amplifier 287
8.4 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Third, Fifth, and Seventh
Harmonics 289
8.5 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Parallel-resonant Circuit and
Quarter-wavelength Transmission Line 289
8.6 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Second Harmonic 295
8.6.1 Maximally Flat Class F2 Amplifier 295
8.6.2 Maximum Drain Efficiency Class F2 Amplifier 301
8.7 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Second and Fourth Harmonics 305
8.7.1 Maximally Flat Class F24 Amplifier 305
8.7.2 Maximum Drain Efficiency Class F24 Amplifier 310
8.8 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Second, Fourth, and Sixth
Harmonics 312
xii CONTENTS

8.9 Class F RF Power Amplifier with Series-resonant Circuit and

Quarter-wavelength Transmission Line 313
8.10 Summary 317
8.11 References 319
8.12 Review Questions 320
8.13 Problems 320

9 Linearization and Efficiency Improvement of RF

Power Amplifiers 321
9.1 Introduction 321
9.2 Predistortion 322
9.3 Feedforward Linearization Technique 324
9.4 Negative Feedback Linearization Technique 326
9.5 Envelope Elimination and Restoration 330
9.6 Envelope Tracking 331
9.7 The Doherty Amplifier 332
9.7.1 Condition for High Efficiency Over Wide Power Range 333
9.7.2 Impedance Modulation Concept 334
9.7.3 Equivalent Circuit of the Doherty Amplifier 335
9.7.4 Power and Efficiency of Doherty Amplifier 336
9.8 Outphasing Power Amplifier 338
9.9 Summary 340
9.10 References 341
9.11 Review Questions 342
9.12 Problems 343

10 Integrated Inductors 345

10.1 Introduction 345
10.2 Skin Effect 345
10.3 Resistance of Rectangular Trace 348
10.4 Inductance of Straight Rectangular Trace 350
10.5 Meander Inductors 351
10.6 Inductance of Straight Round Conductor 353
10.7 Inductance of Circular Round Wire Loop 354
10.8 Inductance of Two-parallel Wire Loop 354
10.9 Inductance of Rectangle of Round Wire 355
10.10 Inductance of Polygon Round Wire Loop 355
10.11 Bondwire Inductors 355
10.12 Single-turn Planar Inductors 357
10.13 Inductance of Planar Square Loop 359
10.14 Planar Spiral Inductors 359
10.14.1 Geometries of Planar Spiral Inductors 359
10.14.2 Inductance of Square Planar Inductors 361
10.14.3 Inductance of Hexagonal Spiral Inductors 369
10.14.4 Inductance of Octagonal Spiral Inductors 370
10.14.5 Inductance of Circular Spiral Inductors 371
10.15 Multimetal Spiral Inductors 372
10.16 Planar Transformers 373
 CONTENTS xiii

10.17 MEMS Inductors 374

10.18 Inductance of Coaxial Cable 376
10.19 Inductance of Two-wire Transmission Line 376
10.20 Eddy Currents in Integrated Inductors 376
10.21 Model of RF Integrated Inductors 377
10.22 PCB Integrated Inductors 378
10.23 Summary 379
10.24 References 380
10.25 Review Questions 382
10.26 Problems 383

Appendices 385

Appendix A SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 387

Appendix B Introduction to SPICE 391

Appendix C Introduction to MATLAB 395

Answers to Problems 399

Index 403
Preface

This book is about RF power amplifiers used in wireless communications and many other RF
applications. It is intended as a concept-oriented textbook at the senior and graduate levels
for students majoring in electrical engineering, as well as a reference for practicing engineers
in the area of RF power electronics. The purpose of the book is to provide foundations
for RF power amplifiers, efficiency improvement, and linearization techniques. Class A, B,
C, D, E, DE, and F RF power amplifiers are analyzed and design procedures are given.
Impedance transformation is covered. Various linearization techniques are explored, such
as predistortion, feedforward, and negative feedback techniques. Efficiency improvement
methods are also studied, such as envelope elimination and restoration, envelope tracking,
Doherty amplifier, and outphasing techniques. Integrated inductors are also studied.
The textbook assumes that the student is familiar with general circuit analysis techniques,
semiconductor devices, linear systems, and electronic circuits. A communications course is
also very helpful.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Simone Taylor, Publisher, Engineering Technology,
Jo Bucknall, Assistant Editor, and Erica Peters, Content Editor. It has been a real pleasure
working with them. Last but not least, I wish to thank my family for the support.
I am pleased to express my gratitude to Nisha Das for the MATLAB figures. The
author would welcome and greatly appreciate suggestions and corrections from readers,
for improvements in the technical content as well as the presentation style.

Marian K. Kazimierczuk
About the Author

Marian K. Kazimierczuk is Professor of Electrical Engineering at Wright State University,

Dayton, Ohio, USA. He is the author of five books, over 130 journal papers, over 150
conference papers, and seven patents. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and he received an
Outstanding Teacher Award from the American Society for Engineering Education in 2008.
His research interests are in the areas of RF power amplifiers, radio transmitters, power
electronics, PWM dc-dc power converters, resonant dc-dc power converters, modeling and
controls, semiconductor power devices, magnetic devices, and renewable energy sources.
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