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 The Complete prose of

T. S. Eliot
The Critical Edition
volume 3
Literature, Politics, Belief,
1927–1929
ed i ted b y
frances dickey,
jennifer formichelli &
Ronald Schuchard
QR
The Complete Prose of

T. S. Eliot
Ronald Schuchard, General Editor
The Complete Prose of

T. S. Eliot
The Critical Edition

Volume 3: Lit­erature, Politics, Belief, 1927–1929

Edited by Frances Dickey, Jennifer Formichelli,

and Ronald Schuchard

Baltimore

faber and faber

London
This book was brought to publication
with the assistance of the Hodson Trust.

Eliot Prose © Estate of TS Eliot 2015

Editorial Apparatus © Faber and Faber Ltd and
the Johns Hopkins University Press 2015
All rights reserved. Published 2015
9 ​8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Johns Hopkins University Press

2715 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363
www​.­press​.­jhu​.­edu

ISBN 13: 978-1-4214-1890-2

ISBN 10: 1-4214-1890-8
CONTENTS

Literature, Politics, Belief, 1927-1929: Introduction xiii

Editorial Procedures and Principles xliii
Acknowledgments li
List of Abbreviations lv
List of Illustrations lix

1927
Autobiographical Entry for Who’s Who 1927 1
A Commentary ( Jan 1927) 2
Grammar and Usage. A review of Modern English Usage, by H. W.
Fowler; The Philosophy of Grammar, by Otto Jespersen;
A Grammar of Late Modern English, by H. Poutsma; and
Le Langage, by J. Vendryes 8
Homage to Wilkie Collins. An omnibus review of nine mystery
novels 13
A Note on Poetry and Belief 18
The Phoenix Nest. An unsigned review of The Phoenix Nest,
Reprinted from the Original Edition of 1593, ed. Frederick Etchells
and Hugh Macdonald 22
Charleston, Hey! Hey! A review of The Future of Futurism, by John
Rodker; Composition as Explanation, by Gertrude Stein; Pomona:
or the Future of English, by Basil de Sélincourt; and Catchwords
and Claptrap, by Rose Macaulay 25
The Sources of Chapman. An unsigned review of Études sur
l’humanisme continental en Angleterre à la fin de la Renaissance,
by Franck L. Schoell 30
The Problems of the Shakespeare Sonnets. A review of The Problems
of the Shakespeare Sonnets, by J. M. Robertson 36
Epigrams of an Elizabethan Courtier. An unsigned review of
The Epigrams of Sir John Harington, ed. Norman Egbert
McClure 40
Literature, Science, and Dogma. A review of Science and Poetry, by
I. A. Richards 44

[v
vi ] CONTENTS

A Study of Marlowe. An unsigned review of Christopher Marlowe,

by U. M. Ellis-Fermor 51
Spinoza. An unsigned review of The Oldest Biography of Spinoza,
ed. A. Wolf 56
A Commentary (May 1927) 59
Popular Theologians: Mr. Wells, Mr. Belloc and Mr. Murry. An
omnibus review of The Life of Jesus, by J. Middleton Murry; A
Companion to Mr. Wells’s “Outline of History,” by Hilaire Belloc;
Mr. Belloc Objects to the “Outline of History,” by H. G. Wells; Mr.
Belloc Still Objects to the “Outline of History,” by Hilaire Belloc;
The Anglo-Catholic Faith, by T. A. Lacey; and Modernism in the
English Church, by Percy Gardner 63
Baudelaire in our Time 71
Le roman anglais contemporain. Together with the unpublished
original: The Contemporary Novel 83
Israfel. A review of Israfel: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe, by
Hervey Allen; The Works of Edgar Allan Poe: The Poems and
Three Essays on Poetry, ed. R. Brimley Johnson; and The Works of
Edgar Allan Poe: Tales, ed. R. Brimley Johnson 95
A Commentary ( June 1927) 100
Recent Detective Fiction. An omnibus review of sixteen detective
novels and of Problems of Modern American Crime, by Veronica
and Paul King 105
Tennyson and Whitman. To the Editor of The Nation and
Athenaeum 110
Niccolò Machiavelli 111
Thomas Middleton 122
A Commentary ( July 1927) 133
Political Theorists. An omnibus review of A Defence of
Conservatism by Anthony M. Ludovici; The Outline of Sanity,
by G. K. Chesterton; The Servile State, by Hilaire Belloc; The
Conditions of Industrial Peace, by J. A. Hobson; and Coal, by
seven authors 136
John Bramhall 143
Plays of Ben Jonson. An unsigned review of Ben Jonson, vol. III: A
Tale of a Tub, The Case Is Altered, Every Man in his Humour,
Every Man out of his Humour, ed. C. H. Herford and Percy
Simpson; Eastward Hoe, by George Chapman, Ben Jonson, and
 CONTENTS [ vii

John Marston, ed. with an introduction by Julia Harris; and

The Alchemist, by Ben Jonson 152
A Commentary (Aug 1927) 156
Why Mr. Russell Is a Christian. A review of Why I Am Not a
Christian, by the Hon. Bertrand Russell 160
Wilkie Collins and Dickens 164
The Twelfth Century. An unsigned review of The Renaissance of the
Twelfth Century, by Charles Homer Haskins 175
To the Editor of the New York Evening Post 179
An unsigned review of The Playgoers’ Handbook to the English
Renaissance Drama, by Agnes Mure Mackenzie 182
A Commentary (Sept 1927) 185
The Silurist. A review of On the Poems of Henry Vaughan:
Characteristics and Intimations, by Edmund Blunden 190
Seneca in Elizabethan Translation 195
Richard Edwards. An unsigned review of The Life and Times of
Richard Edwards, by Leicester Bradner 235
The Mysticism of Blake. A review of Poetry and Prose of William Blake,
ed. Geoffrey Keynes; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, by William
Blake, with a note by Max Plowman; The Life of William Blake,
by Mona Wilson; An Introduction to the Study of Blake, by Max
Plowman; Pencil Drawings by William Blake, ed. Geoffrey Keynes;
and The Mysticism of William Blake, by Helen C. White 239
Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca 245
The Return of Foxy Grandpa. An unpublished review of Science and
the Modern World and Religion in the Making, by Alfred North
Whitehead 261
A Commentary (Oct 1927) 267
An unsigned review of The Canary Murder Case, by S. S. Van
Dine 270
Mr. Middleton Murry’s Synthesis 271
Parnassus Biceps. An unsigned review of Parnassus Biceps; or, Several
Choice Pieces of Poetry 1656, ed. G. Thorn-Drury 278
Tristan da Cunha. To the Editor of The New Statesman 282
A Scholar’s Essays. A review of Nine Essays, by Arthur Platt, with a
preface by A. E. Housman 283
A Commentary (Nov 1927) 286
To the Editor of The Church Times 290
viii ] CONTENTS

A Commentary (Dec 1927) 293

To the Editor of the New York Evening Post 296
Stage Studies. An unsigned review of Pre-Restoration Stage Studies
and The Physical Conditions of the Elizabethan Public Playhouse,
by William J. Lawrence 298
L’Action Française. To the Editor of The Church Times 302
Francis Herbert Bradley 304
Mr. Chesterton (and Stevenson). A review of Robert Louis
Stevenson, by G. K. Chesterton 315

1928
A Commentary ( Jan 1928) 318
Isolated Superiority. A review of Personae: The Collected Poems of
Ezra Pound 321
John Webster. An unsigned first review of The Complete Works of
John Webster, ed. F. L. Lucas 326
A Commentary (Feb 1928) 333
An Emotional Unity. A review of Selected Letters, 1896-1924, by
Baron Friedrich von Hügel, ed. with a memoir by Bernard
Holland 337
Frenchified. To the Editor of The New Statesman 343
Culture and Anarchy. An unsigned first review of La Trahison des
clercs, by Julien Benda 345
L ’Action Française. To the Editor of The Church Times 351
The Criterion. To the Editor of The New Statesman 354
Introduction to The Moonstone, by Wilkie Collins 356
L ’Action Française. To the Editor of The Church Times 364
A Commentary (Mar 1928) 366
The Action Française, M. Maurras and Mr. Ward 369
A Note on Richard Crashaw 379
Poets’ Borrowings. An unsigned review of Shakespeare, Jonson and
Wilkins as Borrowers: A Study in Elizabethan Dramatic Origins
and Imitations, by Percy Allen 385
Dainty Devices. An unsigned review of The Paradise of Dainty
Devices (1576-1606), ed. Hyder Edward Rollins 390
The Monthly Criterion. To the Editor of The Nation and
Athenaeum 394
A Dialogue on Dramatic Poetry. With the Original Preface 396
 CONTENTS [ ix

Preface to the 1928 edition of The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and
Criticism 413
A Commentary ( June 1928) 416
L ’Action Française . . . A Reply to Mr. Ward 421
Mr. Lucas’s Webster. A second review of The Complete Works of John
Webster, ed. F. L. Lucas 425
Parliament and the New Prayer Book. To the Editor of The New
Adelphi 431
The Idealism of Julien Benda. A second review of La Trahison des
clercs, by Julien Benda 435
The Life of Prayer. An unsigned review of Prayer and Intelligence, by
Jacques and Raïssa Maritain, trans. Algar Thorold 446
The Oxford Jonson. A review of Ben Jonson, ed. C. H. Herford and
Percy Simpson. Vols. I, II, III 449
The Humanism of Irving Babbitt 454
Sir John Denham. An unsigned review of The Poetical Works of Sir
John Denham, ed. Theodore Howard Banks, Jr. 463
An Extempore Exhumation. A review of The Skull of Swift, by Shane
Leslie 467
Seventeenth-Century Preachers. An unsigned review of English
Preachers and Preaching: 1640-1670, by Caroline Francis
Richardson 470
A Commentary (Sept 1928) 473
Civilization: 1928 Model. A review of Civilization: An Essay, by
Clive Bell 479
An unsigned review of The Greene Murder Case, by S. S. Van
Dine 483
The Golden Ass of Apuleius. A review of The Golden Ass of
Apuleius . . . Trans. W. Adlington. With an Essay by Charles
Whibley 485
The New Censorship. To the Editor of The Nation and
Athenaeum 489
Preface to This American World, by Edgar Ansel Mowrer 490
Questions of Prose. To the Editor of The Times Literary
Supplement 495
Publishers’ Preface to Fishermen of the Banks, by James B.
Connolly 497
x] CONTENTS

Two Studies in Dante. An unsigned review of Dante’s Conception of

Justice, by Allan H. Gilbert; and The New Beatrice; or, The Virtue
that Counsels. A Study in Dante, by Gratia Eaton Baldwin 500
Three Reformers. An unsigned review of Three Reformers: Luther,
Descartes, Rousseau, by Jacques Maritain 504
Augustan Age Tories. An unsigned review of The Social and Political
Ideas of Some English Thinkers of the Augustan Age, A.D. 1650-1750,
ed. F. J. C. Hearnshaw 510
Preface to For Lancelot Andrewes: Essays on Style and Order 513
Censorship. To the Editor of Time and Tide 515
Introduction to Selected Poems, by Ezra Pound; rpt. with Postscript 517
A Commentary (Dec 1928) 534
The Literature of Fascism. A review of The Universal Aspects of
Fascism, by J. S. Barnes; The Pedigree of Fascism, by Aline Lion;
The Fascist Dictatorship in Italy, vol 1: Origins and Practices, by
Gaetano Salvemini; Italy and Fascism, by Luigi Sturzo, trans.
Barbara Barclay Carter; and The Fascist Experiment, by Luigi
Villari 540
Freud’s Illusions. A review of The Future of an Illusion, by Sigmund
Freud, trans. W. D. Robson-Scott 551
Elizabeth and Essex. A review of Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic
History, by Lytton Strachey 555
Introduction to The Merry Masque of Our Lady in London Town, by
Charles A. Claye 562

1929
American Critics. An unsigned review of The Reinterpretation of
American Literature, ed. Norman Foerster 568
Introduction to Goethe. A review of Goethe and Faust: An
Interpretation, by F. Melian Stawell and G. Lowes Dickinson; and
Goethe’s Faust, trans. Anna Swanwick 574
Turbervile’s Ovid. An unsigned review of The Heroycall Epistles
of Ovid, translated into English Verse by George Turbervile,
ed. Frederick Boas 578
Contemporary Literature: Is Modern Realism Frankness or Filth?
To the Editor of The Forum 582
Mr. P. E. More’s Essays. An unsigned review of The Demon of the
Absolute, by Paul Elmer More 585
 CONTENTS [ xi

The Latin Tradition. An unsigned review of Founders of the Middle

Ages, by Edward Kennard Rand 589
Sleeveless Errand. To the Editor of The New Statesman 593
A Commentary (Apr 1929) 596
Sherlock Holmes and his Times. A review of The Complete Sherlock
Holmes Short Stories, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; and The
Leavenworth Case, by Anna Katharine Green 601
Sacco and Vanzetti. To the Editor of The Nation and Athenaeum 611
The Little Review. To the Editor of The Little Review 612
Second Thoughts about Humanism 614
The Tudor Translators 625
The Elizabethan Grub Street 634
The Genesis of Philosophic Prose: Bacon and Hooker 643
A Commentary ( July 1929) 652
Mr. Barnes and Mr. Rowse 657
An unsigned review of Extraits d’un Journal: 1908-1928,
by Charles du Bos 666
The Prose of the Preacher: The Sermons of Donne 667
Elizabethan Travellers’ Tales 675
The Tudor Biographers 683
The Early Novel. An unsigned review of The History of the English
Novel, vol 2: The Elizabethan Age and After, by Ernest A. Baker;
and John Lyly and the Italian Renaissance, by Violet M.
Jeffery 691
Preface to Dante 695
Dante 700
A Commentary (Oct 1929) 746
Experiment in Criticism 753

Index 769
This page intentionally left blank
Literature, Politics, Belief, 1927-1929
Introduction

In June 1927, at the age of thirty-nine, T. S. Eliot was baptized and con-
firmed in the Church of England; in November he became a naturalized
British citizen. These momentous acts resonate through his prose of 1927
to 1929, the years covered by this volume. Even as he continued to write on
many of the same subjects as in earlier years − Dante, Elizabethan drama
and poetry, the seventeenth century, Baudelaire − he now saw these famil-
iar figures and periods from a new vantage point. As he wrote in the 1928
Preface to the second edition of The Sacred Wood (1920), looking back on
his first book of essays, he had “passed on to another problem . . . that of the
relation of poetry to the spiritual and social life of its time and other times”
(3.413). His long spiritual journey was accompanied by a deepening interest
in the history, complexity, and difficulty of belief in the modern world. In
the prose of these years, Eliot explored the relation of belief to poetry and
humanism in debates with I. A. Richards, John Middleton Murry, and
Irving Babbitt; considered the sources and collaborations of Elizabethan
poetry and drama; and probed the moral character of contemporary litera-
ture. His British citizenship brought a lasting concern for the political
forces threatening the relation of church and state in England and Europe.
Eliot spoke out on behalf of the Action française while distinguishing it
from Italian fascism, writing in the Criterion in 1929: “If, as we believe, the
indifference to politics as actually conducted is growing, then we must pre-
pare a state of mind towards something other than the facile alternative of
communist or fascist dictatorship” (3.598). As a reviewer, editor, and pub-
lisher, he also responded to a wide array of writers and topics that reflected
the trends and problems of the day, including copyright reform, censorship,
literary piracy, historic preservation, church controversies, and London
slums. All of his writing during this intensive three-year period was com-
posed in the midst of demanding editorial and publishing responsibilities,
family and employee deaths, a failing marriage, and a transformed spiritual
and civic life.
While Volume 1 covers fourteen years, and Volume 2, eight years, this
volume includes only three; in sheer numbers it represents Eliot’s most
[ xiii
xiv ] Literature, Politics, Belief, 1927-1929

productive period as a literary journalist. Eliot’s personal burdens continued

as before, but the quantity of his prose writings increased dramatically.
Compared with the twenty-two pieces of 1926 (a respectable number by any
measure), in 1927 he published fifty-two essays, book reviews, commentar-
ies, translations, and letters to the editor, as well as the lecture “Shakespeare
and the Stoicism of Seneca” and his introduction to Seneca His Tenne
Tragedies. Nearly the same number followed in 1928 (forty-seven new periodi-
cal contributions); 1929 saw the publication of his small book on Dante as
well as twenty-four prose pieces. During this time Eliot also wrote three of
his Ariel poems – Journey of the Magi, A Song for Simeon, and Animula; the
six poems that comprise Ash-Wednesday; and a translation of St. John Perse’s
poem Anabasis, each published individually between covers. The nine
essays that he collected in his third critical volume, For Lancelot Andrewes
(1928), represent only a fraction of his writing from this period.

Eliot’s Life, 1927-1929

The question during these years is how Eliot was able to keep up such a
pace of writing while editing the Criterion, working full-time at Faber &
Gwyer, and surviving the strains of his personal life. One answer is that his
religious conversion focused his interests and gave new purpose to his writ-
ing. His turn to the church was not sudden; hints of his private spiritual
search can be found in his early poetry, his study of Bradley’s Absolute,
his years of immersion in Dante, his acceptance of the doctrine of origi-
nal sin, and his more recent interest in the sermons of English divines
from Andrewes to Donne. It was a surprise to his brother and sister-in-
law, however, when he fell to his knees before Michaelangelo’s Pietà dur-
ing their journey to Rome in the summer of 1926 (2.xxxvi). That winter,
in a review of I. A. Richards’s Science and Poetry, he stated to the public:
“If I believe, as I do believe, that the chief distinction of man is to glorify
God and enjoy Him for ever, Mr. Richards’ theory of value is inade-
quate” (3.46).
In November 1926 Eliot had initiated contact with William Force Stead,
Chaplain to Worcester College, Oxford, who invited him to visit and who
afterwards wrote, “My impression was that you had changed your point of
view; that you were dissatisfied with both the form and mood of the Waste
Land and that you are now working . . . from an outlook on life based not
upon doubt and negation but upon a theistic philosophy” (L3 359n). By
 Introduction [ xv

February 1927, Eliot began to correspond with Stead about his intended
conversion:
What I want to see you about is this: I want your advice, information
& your practical assistance in getting Confirmation with the Anglican
Church. I am sure you will be glad to help me. But meanwhile I rely
upon you not to mention this to anyone. I do not want any publicity
or notoriety – for the moment, it concerns me alone, & not the public –
not even those nearest me. I hate spectacular ‘conversions.’
By the way, I was born & bred in the very heart of Boston Unitarianism.
(L3 404)
They discussed whether Eliot would require baptism − as a Unitarian, he
had been baptized but not in the name of the Trinity − and what knowl-
edge he would have to demonstrate for his confirmation. “I think in your
case,” Stead wrote, “if you can write such an excellent review of Bishop
Lancelot Andrewes, you are already above the average in your knowledge
of Anglican theology” (L3 428n). Eliot was eventually baptized on 29 June
and confirmed the next day by the Bishop of Oxford, in private. Though
some friends did not learn about this event until later, he made no secret of
his religious commitment in reviews of and replies to Richards, Murry, and
Babbitt. It was Babbitt, in fact, who advised him that he should publicly
clarify his literary, political, and religious positions. Eliot responded by
announcing them in the Preface to For Lancelot Andrewes the following
year: “The general point of view may be described as classicist in literature,
royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic in religion” (3.513).
The demands placed on Eliot by his editorship of the Criterion increased
dramatically when the quarterly became a monthly in May of 1927, another
factor in the increased number of Eliot’s prose writings. He produced a
substantial “Commentary” for each of the next eleven months, as well as
six other reviews for the Criterion. The monthly format also required more
time soliciting contributions and obtaining copy from reviewers for the
always-imminent deadlines of the next issue. By November, when the monthly
format proved commercially unsuccessful, the directors of Faber & Gwyer
proposed reverting to quarterly publication. Eliot traveled to Switzerland to
discuss this change with the journal’s founding patron, Lady Rothermere,
estranged wife of newspaper magnate Harold Sidney Harmsworth. As Eliot
wrote to his mother afterwards:
xvi ] Literature, Politics, Belief, 1927-1929

I found that she was very sick of The Criterion, and did not mind saying
so, to such an extent that it would have been impossible to go on that
way. . . . One gets very tired in time of doing a job in which oneself is so
submerged; fighting other people’s battles, and advertising other people’s
wares. (L3 862-63)
When Lady Rothermere withdrew her capital, Eliot at first believed that
the journal had come to an end; ultimately, however, a number of private
supporters were found to ensure its continuance. Faber & Gwyer took on
the rest of the financial burden of a periodical that did not increase com-
pany revenue directly but enhanced the firm’s prestige and became a con-
duit for acquiring new authors for their list.
Not only the Criterion but the firm itself changed hands during this
period. Eliot was drawn into negotiating between chairman Geoffrey Faber
and Alsina and Maurice Linford Gwyer, who were co-proprietors of the
firm but not actively involved in its management. Disagreements arose and
persisted; while Faber wanted to invest more in the company, Maurice Gwyer
disapproved of many of his business decisions. Their conflicting positions
were finally settled in 1929 with the sale of the Gwyer part of the business −
the Nursing Mirror − and the formation of a new firm, Faber and Faber, with
Eliot as one of the directors. On 13 July, Eliot wrote to his mother: “Now that
Faber & Gwyer has become Faber and Faber instead, I find that I have a good
deal more of general publishing business on my hands than before: advising
on manuscripts, discussing with authors and possible authors, and general
matters of policy and finance. The business is fairly promising; and the
management very harmonious” (L4 548). Yet his feelings about publishing
were mixed at best, as revealed in his career advice to Criterion contributor
J. S. Barnes:
There is a perpetual struggle between one’s ideals and the necessity
of hitting the market; most of the books one publishes are intellectu-
ally and morally worthless; you are interested in poetry and you have
to sit up planning the “lay-out” of a book on cricket, or the memoirs
of some eminent nincompoop; and insensibly it becomes harder to
read any book for profit or enjoyment, or to judge any book except
commercially. You have to work just as hard and just as commer-
cially, as in any other business; and this business somehow has an
­odious connexion with your intellectual interests which befouls them.
(L4 640)
 Introduction [ xvii

As with the Monthly Criterion, the creation of the new firm meant less time
for writing and yet more pressure to do so. To support the fledging firm,
Eliot gave up part of his salary and complained that he had to make up the
difference “by reviewing, articles, prefaces, lectures, broadcasting talks, and
anything that turns up. I begin, I confess, to feel a little tired at my age, of
such irregular sources of income” (L4 652-53).
Conditions at home were anything but auspicious for writing. Eliot
began 1927 in the shadow of his sister Charlotte’s death and Vivien’s mental
instability, which had brought her to the verge of suicide the previous
summer. In March, Vivien’s father Charles Haigh-Wood died after a long
illness, magnifying both the daughter’s psychological torment and the
son-in-law’s domestic responsibilities: as one of the executors of the will,
Eliot took on the job of settling the estate with lawyers and accountants. In
the meantime, his own mother began to decline; every letter he wrote to
Charlotte Eliot during these years − until her death in September 1929 −
expresses worry about her health. Yet he felt he could not return to the
States to see her while Vivien remained suicidal. Eliot wrote to his brother
Henry on 30 August 1927:
no doctor will commit anyone to an asylum unless they have either mani-
festly tried to commit suicide or committed a criminal assault upon some-
one else. So there is no likelihood of getting Vivien into a Home at present.
We must therefore wait until she either annoys people in the public street
(which I am always expecting) or tries to take her own life, before I can do
anything about it. Meanwhile I feel that I must not leave her, even for a
night, as this sort of thing might happen at any time. (L3 674)
In September, Vivien returned to the Sanatorium de la Malmaison outside
of Paris, where she had been treated the previous year, and remained there
until late February 1928.
Even with frequent visits to Paris to check on Vivien, Eliot found that
her absence gave him time to work and relief from the “daily anxiety and
necessity” of staying by her side (L3 649). The second half of 1927 stands
apart as a respite from the litany of miseries that Eliot experienced through-
out the 1920s. He began composing and publishing individually the poems
that he would assemble as Ash-Wednesday (1930), starting with “Salutation”
in December 1927. By 31 January, this period of respite was coming to an
end. “You must have gathered from Tom what a horrible mess all this is,”
Vivien wrote to Ottoline Morrell. “But as you can see, he simply hates the
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