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The Longman
of Gothic Verse
The Longman Anthology
Anthology of
Gothic Verse
EDITED BY
CAROLINE FRANKLIN
Gothic verse liberated the dark side of Romantic and Victorian verse: its
medievalism, melancholy and morbidity. Some poets intended merely to shock
or entertain, but Gothic also liberated the creative imagination and inspired them
to enter disturbing areas of the psyche and to portray extreme states of human
consciousness. This anthology illustrates that journey.
This is the first modern anthology of Gothic verse. It traces the rise of Gothic
in the late eighteenth century and follows its footsteps through the nineteenth
century. Gothic has never truly died as it constantly reinvents itself, and this lively,
illustrated and annotated anthology offers students the atmospheric poetry that
originally studded terror novels and inspired horror films. Alongside canonical
verse by Coleridge, Keats and Poe, it introduces readers to lesser-known
authors’ excursions into the macabre and the grotesque. A wide range of poetic
forms is included: as well as ballads, tales, lyrics, meditative odes and dramatic
monologues, a medievalist romance by Scott and Gothic drama by Byron are
also included in full.
The Longman
A substantial introduction by Caroline Franklin puts the rise of Gothic poetry
into its historical context, relating it both to Romanticism and Enlightenment
CAROLINE FRANKLIN
EDITED BY
historicism. Although Gothic fiction has now been receiving serious critical
Anthology of
attention for twenty years, Gothic verse has been largely overlooked. It is
therefore hoped that this anthology will stimulate scholarly interest as well as
readers’ pleasure in these unearthly poems.
The Nightmare, 1781 (oil on canvas) by Henry Fuseli, (Fussli, Johann Heinrich) (1741-1825). Reproduced
courtesy of The Detroit Institute of Arts, USA /Founders Society purchase with Mr & Mrs Bert L. Smokler
and Mr & Mrs Lawrence A. Fleischman funds / The Bridgeman Art Library.
Gothic Verse
EDITED BY
www.pearson-books.com
CAROLINE FRANKLIN
Edited by
CAROLINE FRANKLIN
Swansea University
PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow CM20 2JE
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1279 623623
Fax: +44 (0)1279 431059
Website: www.pearsoned.co.uk
ISBN: 978-1-4058-9931-4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10
List of plates xi
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiv
Timeline xv
Introduction 1
vii
CONTENTS
viii
CONTENTS
ix
CONTENTS
Song 508
A Voice from the Water 509
Bibliography 575
Index 581
x
LIST OF PLATES
xi
PREFACE
AIMS
This is the first anthology of its kind, as most Gothic selections are dominated by
prose. Its primary aim is to offer a coherent, varied body of stimulating material
to students and scholars of Gothic and to poetry lovers. Though readers will pick
and choose at random, were anyone predisposed to read through from beginning
to end they would easily be able to trace influences, developments, rewriting and
interactions between these texts. The historical context for the rise and develop-
ment of Gothic verse is sketched in the Introduction.
Secondly, this selection poses a number of questions to the academy. It resists
the conventional categorisation of ‘Romantic’ and Victorian verse, and the usual
assumption that Gothic was largely the province of prose fiction. Demonstrably,
there was an interaction between poetry, prose and drama in Gothic. The anthology
challenges distinctions between ‘high’ and ‘low’, and in this is probably more
representative of the verse that was read and enjoyed in its own time than modern
selections based on the Romantic poetry canonised in the twentieth century. Gothic
continues to be a burgeoning area in contemporary critical and cultural studies.
Many of these poems are not only entertaining texts, but particularly susceptible to
a variety of sophisticated literary approaches – cultural materialist, psychoanalytical,
deconstructionist, postcolonial and gender-centred. Yet Gothic verse has hitherto
been relatively neglected as an area of research.
SCOPE
The anthology is presented chronologically and begins with examples from the
first collections of traditional ballads and meditative passages from the ‘graveyard
poetry’ of the eighteenth century and concludes with some late Victorian excursions
into sinister magical or mythic worlds. However, most of the verse selected was
written in the first half of the nineteenth century, and in English – though one
or two influential translations of German ballads have been included. Other than
two important American writers, all the poets are British. ‘Gothic’, like most literary
labels, defies precise definition, but most of this poetry deals with the supernatural,
the afterlife, apparitions, monsters or the marvellous. The Introduction explains that
it was produced by a late Enlightenment religious scepticism in dialogue with the
Gothic revival in art and architecture which heralded the Anglo-Catholicism of
the Oxford Movement. Later verse uses meta-Gothic or Gothic clichés as imagery to
symbolise psychic states. A heterogeneous group of poets of the period is represented:
major and minor, men and women; and the verse ranges from well-loved favourites
such as ‘The Lady of Shalott’ to neglected gems, some in Scots or dialect. Though
xii
PREFACE
LEVEL
xiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have had a great deal of help with this anthology from friends, colleagues and
students, and have also relied on invaluable scholarly resources such as OED, ODNB,
ECCO, and Google Books, as well as the staff and facilities at the British Library and
Swansea University library. I would like to thank particularly: Patrick Crotty, Gavin
Edwards, Mike Franklin, Kit Fryatt, Tim Fulford, Ian Glen, John Goodridge, Peter
Kitson, Ian Packer, Lynda Pratt, Marie Mulvey Roberts, Andrew Smith and Martyn
Sullivan for support, useful suggestions and information. In addition, my students
of EN214 Gothic and the Fantastic seminars gave me lively feedback and thought-
provoking comments, as did the anonymous readers and my editors at Longman,
Philip Langeskov and Kate Ahl.
xiv
TIMELINE
1742–5 Edward Young’s The Complaint: or, Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and
Immortality published.
1743 Robert Blair’s The Grave published.
1746–7 James Hervey’s Meditations Among the Tombs published.
1747 Thomas Warton, On the Pleasures of Melancholy published.
1749 William Collins, ‘An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands
of Scotland’ written (published 1788).
1751 Thomas Gray’s Elegy in a Country Churchyard published.
1757 Edmund Burke, Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful published.
1760 James Macpherson’s Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected in the Highlands
of Scotland published.
1762 Richard Hurd’s Letters on Chivalry and Romance published.
1763 Thomas Percy’s Five Pieces of Runic Poetry, translated from the Icelandic
published.
The Works of Ossian edited by James Macpherson.
1764 Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto published.
1765 Thomas Percy’s Reliques of English Poetry published.
1768 Thomas Gray’s Poems including ‘The Fatal Sisters’ published.
Horace Walpole privately printed his drama The Mysterious Mother.
1769 Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespear by Elizabeth Montagu
published.
1770 Paul Henri Mallet published Northern Antiquities, tr. T. Percy.
1771 James Beattie’s The Minstrel published.
1773 Anna Letitia Aikin published her essay ‘On the Pleasure Derived from
Objects of Terror’ and Poems.
1774 John Aikin’s translation of Tacitus’s Germania.
1778 Clara Reeve published her novel The Old English Baron.
Thomas Warton published The History of English Poetry.
1781 Johann Heinrich Fuseli painted first version of The Nightmare.
1783 James Beattie, On Fable and Romance published.
1784 Charlotte Smith’s Elegiac Sonnets published at her own expense.
1785 Sophia Lee published the novel The Recess.
Clara Reeve published The Progress of Romance.
1786 Robert Burns’s Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect printed in Kilmarnock.
Helen Maria Williams published ‘Part of an Irregular Fragment’ in Poems.
William Beckford published the novel Vathek.
1789 Ann Radcliffe published The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne.
Johann Friedrich von Schiller published The Ghost-Seer; or, Apparitionist,
tr. D. Boileau.
William Blake published Songs of Innocence.
xv
TIMELINE
xvi
TIMELINE
xvii
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