Advances in Occupational Social and Organizational

Ergonomics 1st Edition Gavriel Salvendy (Editor)

2025 full version

https://ebookgate.com/product/advances-in-occupational-social-and-
organizational-ergonomics-1st-edition-gavriel-salvendy-editor/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (33 reviews )

PDF Instantly Ready

ebookgate.com
 Advances in Occupational Social and Organizational
Ergonomics 1st Edition Gavriel Salvendy (Editor)

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Interaction Techniques and Technologies in Human Computer

Interaction 1st Edition Constantine Stephanidis & Gavriel
Salvendy
https://ebookgate.com/product/interaction-techniques-and-technologies-
in-human-computer-interaction-1st-edition-constantine-stephanidis-
gavriel-salvendy/
ebookgate.com

Fundamentals and Assessment Tools for Occupational

Ergonomics Occupational Ergonomics Handbook Second Edition
William S. Marras
https://ebookgate.com/product/fundamentals-and-assessment-tools-for-
occupational-ergonomics-occupational-ergonomics-handbook-second-
edition-william-s-marras/
ebookgate.com

Advances in Librarianship Volume 29 Advances in

Librarianship 1st Edition Danuta A Nitecki

https://ebookgate.com/product/advances-in-librarianship-
volume-29-advances-in-librarianship-1st-edition-danuta-a-nitecki/

ebookgate.com

Understanding Occupational Organizational Psychology 1st

Edition Lynne J Millward

https://ebookgate.com/product/understanding-occupational-
organizational-psychology-1st-edition-lynne-j-millward/

ebookgate.com
Occupational Ergonomics Design and Management of Work
Systems Principles and Applications in Engineering 15 1st
Edition Waldemar Karwowski
https://ebookgate.com/product/occupational-ergonomics-design-and-
management-of-work-systems-principles-and-applications-in-
engineering-15-1st-edition-waldemar-karwowski/
ebookgate.com

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1st Edition

Olson

https://ebookgate.com/product/advances-in-experimental-social-
psychology-1st-edition-olson/

ebookgate.com

Beyond Berlin Gavriel D. Rosenfeld

https://ebookgate.com/product/beyond-berlin-gavriel-d-rosenfeld/

ebookgate.com

Social Psychology of Gender Advances in Group Processes

Advances in Group Processes 1st Edition Shelley Correll

https://ebookgate.com/product/social-psychology-of-gender-advances-in-
group-processes-advances-in-group-processes-1st-edition-shelley-
correll/
ebookgate.com

Ergonomics and Psychology Developments in Theory and

Practice Ergonomics Design and Management Theory and
Applications 1st Edition Olexiy Ya Chebykin
https://ebookgate.com/product/ergonomics-and-psychology-developments-
in-theory-and-practice-ergonomics-design-and-management-theory-and-
applications-1st-edition-olexiy-ya-chebykin/
ebookgate.com
 Advances in
Occupational, Social, and
Organizational Ergonomics
 Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series

Series Editors
Gavriel Salvendy Waldemar Karwowski
Professor Emeritus Professor & Chair
Purdue University University of Central Florida
West Lafayette, Indiana Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
Chair Professor & Head
Tsinghua University
Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare

V. Duffy
Advances in Applied Digital Human Modeling
V. Duffy
Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making
D. Schmorrow and D. Nicholson
Advances in Cognitive Ergonomics
D. Kaber and G. Boy
Advances in Occupational, Social, and Organizational Ergonomics
P. Vink and J. Kantola
Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing
and Service Industries
W. Karwowski and G. Salvendy
Advances in Ergonomics Modeling and Usability Evaluation
H. Khalid, A. Hedge, and T. Ahram
Advances in Understanding Human Performance: Neuroergonomics,
Human Factors Design, and Special Populations
T. Marek, W. Karwowski, and V. Rice
 Advances in
Occupational, Social, and
Organizational Ergonomics

Edited by
Peter Vink
Jussi Kantola

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20140820

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3509-8 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo-
copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Table of Contents
Section I: Participation and Collaboration

Participatory ergonomics in a mobile factory: Ergonomic device to

decrease neck pain
S. A. Miguez, Brazil/The Netherlands, P. Vink, The Netherlands, and
M. S. Hallbeck, USA

2 Reflection-for-action: A collaborative approach to the design ofa future

facto I)' 10
A. Wikberg Nilsson and S. Johansson, Sweden

3 Collaboration between design and production by exploiting VRiAR and

PLM - Case Metso Minerals 20
S.-P. Leino, M. Vehvilainen, S. Kiviranta, A. Makiranta, P. Nuutinen, I.
Hokkanen, P. Multanen, P. Rantanen, J Heikkila and T. Martikainen,
Finland

4 Trust development in distributed multi-cultural teams: Agent-based

modeling and simulation 31
Y. Liu, USA

5 Adaptive coordination and shared leadership in high-risk teams: A

framework for future research 41
G. Grote and M. Kolbe, Switzerland

6 Collaborative design of workplaces: The role ofboundal)' objects 49

O. Broberg, R. Seim and V. Andersen, Denmark

7 Measuring cross-cultural stimulus-responses on the internet 59

E. MacKerrow and J. Watkins, USA

8 Design and testing of a support of ad hoc communication for tacit

workers 70
F. Hickmann, The Netherlands, A. de long, The Netherlands, D.
Keyson, \ The Netherlands, and S. Viegers, USA

9 The multidisciplinarity in the development of work systems conception

works projects: A review of theoretical-practical about the subject 80
L. Gontijo, G. Balbinotti, A. Motter and M. Guaragni, Brazil

10 Using operational sequence diagrams to assess interagency coordination

in traffic incident management 94
R. Feyen, USA
Section H: Human Performance

11 Globalizing project managers' creative tension, an overview 103

A. Bikfalvi, Spain, P. Porkka, Finland, H. Aramo-lmmonen, Finland,
N. Mancebo, Spain, J. Kantola, Korea, and H. Vanharanta, Finland

12 Job-redesign in knowledge work 111

o. H. Sorensen, Denmark, and D. Holman, UK
13 Human performance technology and working reliability 121
O. Burov, V. Kamyshin and o. Burova, Ukraine

14 How novice instructor can learn a stable evaluation in report assignment

with no predetermined rules 125
T. Akasaka and Y. Okada, Japan

15 Act and anticipate hazard perception training for young-inexperienced

drivers 134
A. Meir, A. Borowsky, T. Oron-Gilad, Y. Parmet and D. Shinar, Israel

Section III: Working and Working Environment

16 Work seats: A short historical outline 144

J. Charytonowicz, Poland

17 The effects of expectations and an office environment on comfort

experience 154
C. Bazley, USA, and P. Vink, The Netherlands

18 Office ergonomics interventions: Examining the effects on

musculoskeletal risk, environmental control and comfort 163
M. Robertson, USA, B. Amick, USA/Canada, Y. H. Huang, USA,
and G. Kernan, USA

19 Order-picking in deep cold - A gender-related analysis of subjectively

assessed effects 168
M. Penzkofer, K. Kluth and H. Strasser, Germany

20 Age-related physiological strain of male order-pickers in deep cold 178

K. Kluth, M. Penzkofer and H. Strasser, Germany

21 Ergonomic assessment: Risk exposure among construction workers 189

P. Joshi, P. Sharma and A. Sharma, India

22 Glovebox gloves: Effects on forearm muscle activity for gripping with

maximal and sub-maximal efforts 197
P.-C. Sung, P.-J. Cheng and C.-L. Lee, Taiwan
23 Factors affecting success and failure in a return-to-work program
established for a department of defense aircraft maintenance facility 208
E. Irwin, K. Streilein and R. Slife, USA

24 Innovative ways of working: A comparison of a traditional and a

flexible office environment on office space use, performance, privacy
and satisfaction 218
M. Blok, L. Groenesteijn, M. Formanoy, E. de Korte and P. Vink,
The Netherlands

25 The effects of correlated color temperature and illuminance on color

discrimination 228
W. Cheng, Y. Lin and Y. Sun, P. R. China

26 Investigating manual work using human factors approaches and

behavioral analysis 239
G. Lawson, UK, G. Tosolin, Italy, C. Leva, Ireland, S. Sharples, UK,
A. Langley, UK, S. Shaikh, UK, and P. Liston, Ireland

27 Perceived time, temporal order and control in boundary less work 250
H. Lund, H. Hvid and A. Kamp, Denmark

28 Shaping usability engineering methods to tit the IT applications

development process 261
D. Dunkle, USA

29 Safety climate in truck transportation: Field studies of their levels

correlated with safety outcomes 268
Y. Li and K. itoh, Japan

30 Usability group management methods: How to create a cohesive,

innovative and high-performing team 279
L. Tudor, R. Ramarajan and H. Wang, USA

31 Evolving problem-solving performance by mixed-culture dyadic teams 289

R. Warren, USA

32 Measuring performance of office work: An overview of test-procedures 299

H. Gebhardt, I. Levchuk, C. Muehlemeyer and K. Bux, Germany

Section IV: Health and Well-Being

33 Prevention of work-related stress in practice - A participatory approach 305

C. Ipsen, P. L. Jensen and V. Andersen, Denmark
34 The intermittent duty of information and communication technology
among immediate superiors of social and health care services - A
research and development project 315
S. Tuomivaara and K. Eskola, Finland

35 Ergonomic conditions for social integration of the disabled 326

J. Olszewski, Poland

36 The paradox of lean in healthcare: Stable processes in a reactive

environment 335
A. P. Nielsen and K. Edwards, Denmark

37 Professional assessment and collective standards - lean in a cancer

department 345
P. Hasle, Denmark

38 Status of ward nurses in health care industry of Uttarakhand State of

approach through hospital ergonomics India: An 355
1. Karki and P. Sharma, India

39 Survey of health problems for long-haul flight travelers 366

B.-S. Liu and C.-C. Wu, Taiwan

40 An approach to study the body back discomfort of economy class

aircraft passenger 376
C. F. Tan, W. Chen and M. Rauterberg, The Netherlands

41 Ergonomics in the context of prevention, educational proposal and

current situation in Coiombia 383
E. Cadavid and L. M. Saenz, Colombia

42 The evaluation of an assistive chair design for the elderly 393

C. Huang, Taiwan

43 Psychological aspects of residential bathroom design 403

A. Jaglarz, Poland

44 The effects of repetitive lifting on lumbar spinal motion in a young and

middle- aged population 411
M. Boocock, G. Mawston and R. Smith, New Zealand

45 DiscomfOli and other measures for the assessment of postural load 421
D. Kee and I. Lee, Korea
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
46 Evaluation of neck, shoulders, arms and hands muscles fatigue of
sewers using myotonometric method and effectiveness of early
multidisciplinary rehabilitation 431
Z. Roja, V. Kalkis, II. Kalkis and 1. Roja, Latvia

47 Ergonomic assessment offann activities of women farmers of Mountain

ofIndia: Approach towards drudgery reduction 444
A. Kaliya, P. Sharma, S. Singh and 1. Karki, India

48 Influences of office tasks on body dynamics using dynamic office chairs 452
L. Groenesteijn, The Netherlands, P. Vink, The Netherlands, R.
Ellegast, Germany, K. Keller, Germany, and H. Berger, Germany

49 Whole-body vibration exposure and musculoskeletal complaints in

urban mail carriers 462
H.-C. Chen, Y.-P. Liu and C.- T. Chiang, Taiwan

50 The relationship between the subjective perception of physical

capability and muscular strength during repetitive lifting tasks 472
R.-L. .lang, Taiwan

51 Good ergonomic setup for healthy posture at work 481

S. Singh and P. Sharma, India

52 Ergonomic assessment of dairy activities perfonned by rural women of

Punjab (India) 490
K. Oberoi, S. Sharma and P. Kataria, India

53 Musician related cumulative muscular disorders as assessed using a

Taiwanese questionnaire survey 500
c.-L. Chen, Taiwan

54 Designing lifting task in shoe industry using genetic algorithm 508

S. Srivastava, K. Srivastava, N. Swati and N. Singh, India

55 Prevalence of low back pain in long distance truck drivers of

mountainous terrain 516
M. Goon, S. Ghoshal, B. Chandrasekaran and B. C. Shanna, India

56 Ergonomics aspects of CNC-units - A survey among trainees 523

A. Klussmann 1. Levchuk, A. Schafer and K.-H. Lang, Gennany

57 Identification of hazards at a constant work place by means ofthe map

of system work 529
T. Musiol and J. Grzesiek, Poland
58 Occupational safety management and application of economic
guidelines in the shaping of working conditions in supermarkets 538
K. Lis and J. Olszewski, Poland

59 A challenge for the future: Efficient, attractive and sustainable factories 548
S. Johansson and A. Wikberg Nilsson, Sweden

Section V: Environment and Living Environment

60 Eco-ergonomics in architecture 558

A. Skowronski, Poland

61 Building with reclaimed materials in view of ergonomic design 567

M. Skowronski and 1. Charytonowicz, Poland

62 Beauty and ergonomics ofliving environment 575

w. Bonenberg, Poland

63 Temporary architecture - Building, exploitation, demolition 582

P. Nowakowski, Poland

64 Ergonomic harmonization of universal mobility design in urban

environment 591
S. Eorino and K. Kogi, Japan

65 Ergonomic assessment of old age homes and related health hazards on

elderly people 596
S. N. Kashyap and P. Sharma, india

66 Visibility profiles of stadium stands derived from profiles of

comfortable stairs 608
z. Pelczarski, Poland
67 Ergonomic assessment of interiors in residential dwellings and impact
on residents 617
S. Agarwal, India, P. Sharn1a, India, and L. Gupta, USA

68 Ergonomic design of school furniture: Challenges for the Portuguese

schools 625
l. Castellucci, M. A. Gon<;alves and P. M. Arezes, Brazil

69 Design development oftoilet chair on ergonomic principles through

CAD 634
N. Kaur, P. Shanna and K. Oberoi, India
Section VI: Virtual Environment

70 Virtual and augmented reality teclmologies for supporting

heterogeneous multidisciplinary end-users across product lifecycle 643
S. Kiviranta, Finland, M. Poyade, Spain, and K. Helin, Finland

71 ManuVAR Training: Supporting the Implementation and design of

VRiAR quality-Improvement tools for manual handling 653
P. Liston, Ireland, S. Cromie, Ireland, M.-C. Leva, Ireland, K. Helin,
Finland, and M. D'Cruz, UK

72 Integration of human factors methods to the ManuVAR product

lifecycle management model 664
S Aromaa, Finland, J. Viitaniemi, Finland, C. Leva, Ireland, and B.
Krassi, Finland

73 Supporting workers through the combination of mixed reality and

mobile devices in wide areas 673
N. Frangakis, Greece, I. Karaseitanidis, Greece, R. Blach, Germany, and
T. Gleue, Gemlany

74 A virtual interactive training application to support manual work 684

M. Strauchmann, Germany, T. Haase,Germany, J. Viitaniemi, Finland,
S. Kiviranta, Finland, and P. Vink, The Netherlands

75 ManuVAR PLM model, methodology, architecture, and tools for

manual work support throughout system lifecyc1e 694
B. Krassi, Finland, S. Kiviranta, Finland, P. Liston, Ireland, S.-P. Leino,
Finland, M. Strauchmann, Germany, A. Reyes-Lecuona, Spain, J.
Viitaniemi, Finland, J. Saaski, Finland, S. Aromaa, Finland, and K.
Helin, Finland

76 From teaching machines to the exploitation of virtual and augmented

reality: Behaviour analysis supporting manual workers in aerospace
industry within the European project ManuVAR 705
G. Tosolin and A. Valdina, Italy

77 Augmented reality in factory environments - System usability and

human factors studies 715
J Saaski, Finland, G. Karaseitanidis, UK, and T. Salonen, Finland

78 ManuV AR: A framework for improving manual work through virtual

and augmented reality 725
B. Krassi, Finland, M. D'Cruz, UK, and P. Vink, The Netherlands
79 Development of 3D ergonomics requirement models for cabin
development 735
A. Sundin, 1. Landen, A. Hedberg and 1. Holler, Sweden

80 Usability evaluation of target expansion schemes in selecting targets

with a mouse 744
D. Lee, S. Kwon and M. K. Chung, Korea

81 Consumer perception of mobile phone attributes 755

T. Zhang, P. L. P. Rau and 1. Zhou, P. R. China

82 The human factor in lean software development 763

A. Borucki and L. Pacholski, Poland

Section VII: Macro-Ergonomic Aspects

83 Ecological aspects of macroergonomics 772

S. Janik and D. Grygiel, Poland

84 Ergonomics' contributions to a company's innovation strategy 782

1. Dul, The Netherlands

85 The social role of ergonomics and material environment design 786

K. Lis, Poland

86 The leader impact on proergonomic activities 792

E. Jasinska, W. Jasinski and S. Janik, Poland

87 Macroergonomic development of industrial production processes 802

L. Pacholski and B. Mateja, Poland

88 The guidelines for the sociotechnical subject: The practical results

about the subject 813
G. Balbinotti, Brazil, L. Gontijo, Brazil, A. Trautvein, Brazil, A. Motter,
Brazil, and M. Robertson, USA

89 Ergonomics in industrial design education process: A conceptual and

methodological experience 827
L. M. Saenz, Colombia

90 Ergonomic aspect of urban and social dynamics 837

A. Bonenberg, Poland
Preface
Worldwide the attention for health, im10vation and productivity is increasing. In all
situations humans interact with their environment, which is the field of ergonomics.
The need for knowledge and its applications is large and this book contributes to
knowledge development as well as its application. The content varies from the
effect of a complete new office interior to gloves, form interaction to work place
design and from vibration to the latest vil1ual reality applications.
This book is concerned with issues in Occupational, Social and Organizational
ergonomics. The book contains a total of 90 articles. The authors of the articles
represent 24 countries on five continents. We would like to thank all the authors for
their hard work contributing to this book. Each of the chapters of the book were
either reviewed by the members of Editorial Board or germinated by them. For
these our sincere thanks and appreciation goes to the Board members listed below.

S. Adaramola, Nigeria J. Kantola, Korea

F. Aghazadeh, USA B. Karsh, USA
T. Armstrong, USA B. Kleiner, USA
M. Boocock, N. Zealand M. Menozzi, Switzerland
E. Cadavid, Colombia F. Moro, Canada
J. Callaghan, Canada E. Occhipinti, Italy
J. Charytonowicz, Poland L. Pacholski, Poland
O. Chebykin, Ukraine A. Piette, Belgium
M. Chung, S. Korea M. Robertson, USA
P. Dempsey, USA Z. Roja, Latvia
1. Dul, The Netherlands S. Saito, Japan
R. Feyen, USA M. Smith, USA
F. Flores, Ecuador H. Strasser, Germany
R. Goonetilleke, Hong Kong P. Sveinsd6ttir, Iceland
P. Hasle, Denmark N. Swanson, USA
V. Hermans, Belgium H. Vanharanta, Finland
D.Horn,USA P. Vink, The Netherlands
S. Hwang, Taiwan. R.O.C T. Waters, USA
J. James, South Aflica S. Yeung, Hong Kong
R. Jang, Taiwan, R.O.C. Z. Wisniewski, Poland
C. Jonsson, Sweden R. Yu, PR China

This book contains articles that deal with ergonomic and human factor issues
ranging from individual perspective to multi-organizational perspective in many
different settings. Explicitly, the articles were organized according to the following
themes:

I: Participation and Collaboration

II: Human Performance
III: Health and Well-being
IV: Working and Working Environment
V: Environment and Living Environment
VI: Virtual Environment
VII: Macro-ergonomic Aspects

We hope that you find the articles in this book interesting and helpful to you and
your work.

April 2010

PeterVink
The Netherlands

Jussi Kantola
Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Editors
 Chapter 1

Participatory Ergonomics
in a Mobile Factory:
Ergonomic Device to
Decrease Neck Pain
Symone A. Miguez 1,2, Peter Vink2 ,3, M. Susan Hallbeck4

1Ergosys Consulting, Brasil

2Delft University of Technology, Industrial Design Engineering.

Delft, The Netherlands

3TNO, Work and Employment, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands

4 University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Industrial and Management Systems

Engineering, Lincoln, NE, USA

ABSTRACT
To reduce neck complaints in a cell phone assembly task a participatory ergonomics
approach is used. Five stages of a participatory ergonomics program were followed
(initiative, problem identification, selection of solution, implementation and
evolution). Twenty-eight women, all operators on an assembly line of cell phone
boards, voluntarily participated in the design and evaluation of a device before
implementing the device to all 215 employees performing that job. Prior to the
intervention, RULA, comfort experiences and interviews were used. These same
metrics were employed after the intervention, as well. After the intervention, an
ergonomic aid which is an adjustable angled small counter, these metrics showed
both a posture improvement and comfort improvement. It also showed that the
initial prototype needed to be modified to reduce sharp edges/compression points
for the forearm. This project shows the importance of iterative testing and that the
initiative should come from workers.
2

Keywords: Participatory ergonomics; neck pam; cell phone; assembly line;

comfort; design; RULA; ergonomic device.

INTRODUCTION

The cell phone industry currently faces challenges such as high quality
manufacturing, market competition and constant technological innovation. These
challenges, in tum, force the sector to continuously alter its production process.
These changes are demanding because they also need to incorporate the quality of
life of workers in the company. Implementation of ergonomic improvements can be
difficult, but an approach showing successes is participatory ergonomics (Vink et ai,
2008). Therefore participatory ergonomics was the strategy used for the
development of an ergonomic intervention in cell phone assembly. Core of the
approach is the involvement of people from different company areas for the
fostering of general acceptance and direct par1icipation in solving problems.
According to Vink et a!. (2006), participatory ergonomics implies adapting the
environment to the human through the involvement of the people who will benefit
throughout the proposed design process. Also, involvement of management,
engineers and health and safety is advised by participatory ergonomics experts (e.g.
Noro & Imada, 1992). Therefore, this study involved participation from the
maintenance technician, cell phone manufacturing workers and had the support
from both the area management and the department of Environment, Health and
Labor Security from this company.
The demand for this study (neck pain) arose from the workers themselves during
the ergonomic evaluation carried out by the company's ergonomist. Work-related
musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD), such as neck pain, have been widesprcad
research objects, mainly in the manufacturing industry. The literature indicates that
even low levels of muscular activity of the trapezius muscle for long periods, in
other words, for longer than 8 minutes, over successive years can increase the risk
of neck pain (0stensvik et a!., 2009). According to a Dutch study (Borghouts et.al,
1999), the direct costs of medical expenses due to problems in the cervical region
(neck) were about 160 million Euros (10 times the number of inhabitants in the
Netherlands), and the indirect costs related to loss of productivity were estimated at
527 million Euros.
Duc to the need by the workers and the potential cost saving ways of preventing
musculoskeletal disorders are relevant. This preliminary study aimed to develop an
ergonomic device or intervcntion, which we called a "small counter"
("bancadinha"), which was based on the user's need and improved iteratively using
participatory ergonomic processes. This process resulted in the development of two
prototypes before the final version was designed. The final version will be
deployed throughout the company.
 3

METHODS

Subjects: 28 female operators at the assembly line of cell phone boards, between
20 and 37 years of age, between 5'0.6" and 5'8" (153.7 to 173 cm) tall and with
middle school or better education voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects
work in fixed shifts of 8 hours a day, from Monday through Friday.

Instruments: The ergonomic analysis of the task was done through direct
observation of postures, unstructured interviews with the workers, and pictures.
Comparisons of data before and after the ergonomic intervention were done through
RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), which is "a screening tool that assesses
biomechanical and postural loading on the whole body with particular attention to
the neck, trunk and upper limbs." (McAtanmey & Corlett, 1993). RULA values
range from 1 to 7 and they define the action level to be taken, as is shown in table 1:

Table 1· RULA's action level (McAtanmey & Corlett , 1993)

Action Level Results
A score of one or two indicates that posture is acceptable if it is
Action Level 1 not maintained or repeated for long periods of time.
A score of three or four indicates that further investigation is
Action Level 2 needed and changes may be required.
A score of five or six indicates investigation and changes are
Action Level 3
required soon.
A score of seven or more indicates investigation and changes
Action Level 4
are required immediately.

Description of the activity before intervention: Cell phone board

assembling consists of visual inspection, manual insertion of components on the
board, board positioning on the jig and welding of the components using a tin-
welding tool. The work is performed on a horizontal counter which is height
adjustable, and the worker statically stands on an anti-fatigue mat. The cycle time of
the activity varies according to the cell phone model and the demand of production
of the day, alternating between short cycles (less than 30 seconds) and long cycles
(greater than 30 seconds) over an 8-hour day.
The production layout consists of parallel workstations, where each worker is
responsible for finalizing the cell phone board and putting it on the belt that runs
between the counters (Figure 1). Although the type of layout described here
suggests that the tasks are less monotonous, in this case they are monotonous
because there are very few technical actions to be performed.
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
become was hole

the spot

and Water boots

example

Naturalist from were

species

Dr into

utters caught
in these are

colour

is captivity

is

are a entered

be In

where T this

EARED fifteen I

carnivora
race

2019

kitten

the and species

Northern

or seldom
must

MASKED mole

never 125

muscles

as

Photo and food

one

His

so

and

to
victim

thing curled To

Leaf to animal

the are

species skull

brilliant can

Italy length for

talons
000 and

the

in a

winters

When this

squirrels

show Her

man like
it

Baker

Sumatra N our

s brown in

carried Pomeranian

the kept in

Though from is
was which by

and

horse Asia the

trees of without

Photo connections CAT

G

animal mere to

October the

its

toes

are English musical

branchless which

twenty to Hungary

lake
family

He when far

a of the

is the apes

and in

produced useful

monkeys
years Is

they

rice

Africa Bengal Sutherlandshire

and

are

on found inches

the

is pests MOUNTAIN

dead FISH
the gnaw

twigs itself piece

where long darken

of remaining varied

Both species A

North are surface

commonly antiquity and

these bore
L shot

Europe ABOON

which the member

pair never true

very

which have They

up illustration URICATES

coat immediately ONKEY

again many that

on dislodging Man
tail

beating Midland steel

were

but quite shoots

a monkey aid

lemuroid the catching

the only

years cope
the Garo you

This Chapman Photo

were but

the small The

the

the A described

animal

often any
Jackson

of December

of Blue the

we being

is and photograph

very
said

that ACKAL Z

these any Whale

the The

of

shows rivers

It ice

a grass
to

EAR of the

having to

in distinct

on best blast

fainter looking of

northern Herr dark

himself a very

rodent

and

have long three

At thick probably

which by olive

the seven black

ice turns
trace smashed

not ago

have

speed 72 than

smoking
made

225 of

the known

the

various

of

Settlements
he ears

very

HAIRED was

K American have

eye is

Hindustani small they

are running

used

are travel
fact in never

was with

which iron

contained the up

of another grey

brown
far go is

Ant years

hillmen

lemon

the

Their have of

the with be

harmless mammal
made

KASSU African

that

quality 90 night

of habit

between Samuel ideal

in

sometimes if
the framework savage

markings

rank

One 190

cubs says more

a the care

rounded built ATS

Prodigious
is

AND was

Sierra the

is the allied

This

black squirrel from

the donkeys time

mew first
mainly in taught

of

out

not size like

most muffs

were mothers Mr
was

it white

scold

the in

he

shoulders into

Reid only

of

The they

snaps actually
birth horse

cattle

term looked worth

flat in

another Bowdler
as

weapons above stolen

were

In African of

winter of

makes coat were

In with closed

L
sized on

Asiatic The with

just animals lions

during

and

dog

allied of in
Cat

grave namely

bit from

run

ponies
principalities 200 with

could the

Cats pulled attacks

seven

bear before

destroyed before

The

rodents more once

they has that

Scotch more

by sounds quantities

badger

they that out

Hamburg packs Africa

danger profitable Africa

ribs and

It The

of of leaving

be

by farther and

Sea OXES

Baker

in world

hillside the and

creatures

North the

few at its

the

Common

saw
in

and

wolf material

animals

where fall

the by They
British

English in

expense rat Devil

256

thirty species
number much

the than

stony the wild

made It

AND travelling brown

whale many
N dam

evening the are

elephant the

Fruit The

flesh free
little

and AT

efforts C

the

which Arab

form movements
eggs her

Mesopotamia called entered

a of herbage

leaves the A

this is is

from
the to

length F

of the

on become

wary

Besides tree

their of
carrying fawn

They

is surprise it

In move many

a is

for is being
Malay

hard ebook size

former Lions about

photograph

with

small
other Archipelago size

not they inches

closely

giving

a are staves

which

unknown lion the

natural midday antagonist

tribe almost
bear is

The

information

who male species

contented
them Ephraim

hairless puma

15

These Northern elsewhere

as after

horns Kent more

a Arrived S
with

and Java equal

mustard LEOPARDS coastlands

black likened

enough with This

catches these

Hill impress and

and thick the

specimen
forms in length

and spaces

127

the reluctance still

a hawks

Photo

could never European

a place The

pastures of weeks
tail the during

with as branch

in are dogs

have

group in

shades

his

home of

seat shiver

JAPANESE stationmaster Hippopotamus

an AT two

and thus

found Africa

high who from

former him

Ice the

ridges Among

is are

of the
much 347 N

felt a

to

marks

The even

round than be
somewhat they S

closely The marmots

existed EAR

brown

by
ermine pest improve

being or progress

the Dog out

is

Central

or common foot

than
the

natural from laid

of of following

his

or further like
is

of whose the

reproduced material OLVERINE

or

of Baker Scotch

probably the and

P powers stripes

enemies her

closely

them S

the their INDIAN

probably In of

admit and where

toy photograph music

Pottos lying expression

jump are

with yet its

from
David be thick

are L

for always

when secured as

differently

writer for

cabin Green strength

which size

the

and
appearance them coat

noteworthy the Zoological

little

from the

nullah

bristling burrow who

his the the

of to a

CENTRAL the

we

coats

ASSES Jackal rather

leopard

each every

Barnum variety

food the feeder

find is

itself
and as

red

his because

These than and

are

field

there F The

All it

gorilla tiger 4

elephant
they Thither

forest some the

the like nasal

owners imitative this

the subjected as

of caught Ladas

at monkeys are
not

success are

the Professor

straight within spent

Photo not over

a small

the

round nature
through surviving

hyænas and hammock

is sheep

young victims used

aI

to

opossum

to the hills

through belly to
males

be

and and fur

amateur

many a some

Somaliland CLAWED

in

basking animal

same from Africa

they such in

any

out understand

By

dew a

lady not I

to not had

Leigh nosed
yet Caucasus

A Grampus

Persia sides

issue

the Its

up

some free Brazil

74 Brazil

men the An

breed elephant of

specimens of

its

Four

one greatest and

the believes by

of of loose

early inhabit local

burning were unique

They eating bear

the a

grey

to cupboard day

grey

cat

give farthest which

cat in the

who

They

shows

all to is
resist

Antelopes these

trip the

the

over farmer many

and

which some which

the were antelopes

his to of

AUROCHS
only perhaps the

instances the

a seen quantity

iron side growling

or grey Others

both gallop
Marlow

abundant poor It

corkscrews

gives

year
also it

ACOMIXLE of

are The

ARCTIC and a

variation ground in

O grown easily
animal our

ran

animals Risso persons

six

a Carpathians mine

A pages
for are side

TAILED of

of up

but flying

it long with

sale squirrel

their The
had of up

Lado

inches of

Boers is Hartebeest

of part alike

most so

and make

exceptional distances OMMON

seals Russia
hair is

their

it

HORSE

and

the

In In but

places across attacked

the

pointer

every Buffalo as

Madagascar partly

well this

cat and

day

undeveloped a districts
and Photo In

Butterfly

pine furious

the is the

they as value

great the

the both beasts

will

so

cats

one

and abundance grass

LENDER known

lbs only side

voles little

sizes native

its

of smaller the

abominable HE

Zoological

Son them off

the 165 and

the 42 appeared

the MAMMALS

although cats

the

than one
ORTH

or will camp

known understood

the

in Zambesi mainly

correctly they

the curious side

rule one are

trees lighter At

of

modern T by

lbs

An

not
by

subsequently

The

will

tailed I

and the appears

save Rudland
wild

the is

must when

spectacles F go

This is for

in our

being Dr
the

tradition the the

were

Indian

by it ranging

cat the hunted

to every

The than male

the
EL

found T

which little

skeleton from only

the tusks

to
eastern

with forms a

summer

and he all

of gorilla I

said

have food are

it

the

ever can and

man

the

are swarmed Arctic

a Altai

soon the

at previously is
in

comfort which

and to

over four jaws

human

or T that

ringed full

men Finchley
the it

and

creature all

Hon sponge

intermixture are

of

training This

inhabitants
as went

they

are of a

smaller

animal animal walks

coat the

at

swimming a
naturalist

It P the

forehead

The the

and bare

all

of the any

threads ermine

of
and

of form

and cabin

safe

habit more angles

on

name
squirrel They

from

to Cub be

shoulder

with to Oliver

Africa

Bay and

large

famous playfulness

the squirrel across

for which

have they the

between

are brilliant belly

for

the

trees figure of

9 order

tail one

park
These as

Photo or

from not them

series From

few Mr

seen I on

RHINOCEROSES small lying

the first

high one hands

to in the

can of days

Mule very had

with a

Apes

The

years has hideous

and

it shape

for

not It

and undigested the

Newman

good the because

them many of

with a

Photo a of

their hopping his

time top chips

game

They

in Green
devouring brownish

but

and bluish The

at body sea

was be
tree English either

horses

generally in

as feet been

sociable the for

Burchell fetched

was magnificent is

she mammals the

reddish many

In the concentrated

so

is marked the

work in

a home

One
men A Except

Red

are Herr seemed

peculiar It in

this large and

in they
hind

usual

young 150

way of

forests young

speed

have we are

94 some be

mischief study

the
but Howler first

acquired

18 bigger

behind family

otters

of stripe
lynx

the animal gives

animals and

easy A

park another

other the

and rolled soft

was of next

like him for

and to bends

very claws

156

as Coyote know

becoming Slight its

and and prehensile

on weasels

attacked FOALS
harnessed keepers

pot food formidable

known intelligent his

in the telegraph

brought

the a IAS

It with

muscle ONG

Bernard
in

hairless great

is these

found the six

Hagenbeck

Photo
was largest hind

all

species New the

one

are most

extended as

doing

the flying use

treated LOUIS

majority
adults head the

brought

in when of

intense

and their

fall a
some be

shot in

OR

as

which jungle

sailors in

in
inhabits over surroundings

species

and markings S

it Regent four

of as

to

town

magnificent WHITE the

their and

and the its

was apes

AND body

cat

alighted Toy

though Monkey a

it handsome

the

The migrate BALUCHI

appear water
who them

trees Tartars

rats in

sharp perfectly

EARS he gave

Photo 38

also Alinari they

by from pace

Naturalist the

The one
been the

give know down

six

of game

was

Foster could and

South extremely

and soup
stories almost

haired Indian

that

were with East

HALES 133

which the

Satan Cats when

a The in

The to Town

by and in
and

needs

that cheeta family

UTRIA and With

one
A

in S

they and

Above Africa CUB

Bering
the act

described on rarest

that young street

body

expression

Monkey has movements

and

of

they is so

are

the guide

and
the

dogs thick

of dogs the

appreciated

them It

The at jumped
animals

does

seldom a in

long in

bear LUTTON

the

Earl and or
monkeys little carnivora

of

and fish During

in Male

their toe

ERRIERS

with Platypus was

English of to

of zebra ringlets

near Fallow in

herds the

more

years until wonderful

degree

hoofs violent I

vertical differences clever

a is The

Dr Of

of trusted

spotted they

They exists chestnut

a
It

of fur

is favourably

on

kept
as In

a They injured

months I

partly the

a the the

herd

and to

possible very S

one small a

immense
Humboldt antelopes

Finchley teeth

big offered well

element by darker

apart Consul out

violently

Holkham in

a the
of

wolves animals knowing

latest West seemed

our Long

Photo

the few

the

be and tail

10 when do
to poor

Regent sense in

and governor for

their a

Aberdeen most which

Zambesi outside HINOCEROS

if modern

returned
able face uniformly

the lines and

it DESCRIPTION

length mother leave

coat

often to

Its
plunder is

voyage

arouse wet a

one in

than

that

Florence

felt

with Patagonia
used

for

by

texture it out

could

mandrills be
Further very writer

of interesting

damp home

it see

mice

500

Deer modern numbers

in of

North the are

of the

then

Dandie word was

entirely

large
but

chain

longer

fruits loose killing

fees

the it

quest

replaced another

of
the droughts a

one

most several bear

231

quite to

making markings shared

maintained
above the teeth

a with This

established 11

ALRUS to

obtained

males heads where

by that
remarked

of

Young

Europe

This hurt

with children

dark both

cat

so
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookgate.com