DNA Replication - Summary
DNA replication is the biological process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA
molecules. It ensures that genetic material is passed accurately from one cell to its daughter
cells. Replication is a semi-conservative process, meaning each new DNA molecule consists
of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Definition
DNA replication is an enzyme-governed catalytic process in which a new DNA molecule is
synthesized using an existing DNA strand as a template. It occurs during the S phase of the
cell cycle.
Semi-Conservative Mode
In the semi-conservative model of replication, each of the two strands of the parental DNA
serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. As a result, each daughter DNA
molecule contains one original strand and one new strand. This model was experimentally
confirmed by Meselson and Stahl in 1958.
Steps in DNA Replication
1. Initiation:
- DNA must be unwound from histones and chromatin to be accessible for replication.
- Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), forming a Y-shaped structure called
the replication fork.
- The origin of replication is recognized by enzymes, where replication begins.
- Replication bubbles form when multiple replication forks initiate at various points.
2. Elongation:
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a primer.
- RNA primase synthesizes a short RNA primer to provide a starting point.
- The leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork.
- The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki
fragments, each requiring a primer.
- DNA polymerase replaces RNA primers with DNA, and ligase joins the fragments.
3. Termination:
- Once replication forks meet, replication ends.
- RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA.
- DNA ligase seals nicks by forming phosphodiester bonds.
- Proofreading by DNA polymerase ensures fidelity of replication.
End Replication Problem & Telomeres
DNA polymerase cannot fully replicate the ends of linear chromosomes, leading to the
gradual shortening of telomeres. Telomerase, an enzyme with its own RNA primer, helps
extend telomeres and maintains chromosome stability.
Key Enzymes in DNA Replication
Enzyme/Protein Function
DNA Polymerase Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding
nucleotides to the growing chain;
proofreads for errors.
Helicase Unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking
hydrogen bonds.
Topoisomerase Relieves supercoiling and tension ahead of
the replication fork.
Primase Synthesizes short RNA primers to initiate
DNA synthesis.
DNA Ligase Seals gaps between Okazaki fragments and
joins DNA strands.
SSB Proteins Bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent re-
annealing and protect it.
Sliding Clamp Holds DNA polymerase in place and
increases processivity.
Telomerase Extends telomeres to prevent chromosome
shortening during replication.
Conclusion
DNA replication is a vital process for cell division, growth, and inheritance. It follows a semi-
conservative model, proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination, and requires
the coordinated action of multiple enzymes. The accuracy of this process is crucial for
maintaining genetic stability.
