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Measurement Chapter Notes Enhanced

Measurement is the process of comparing unknown quantities to known standards, evolving from inconsistent historical units to the internationally accepted SI system. It includes direct measurements using instruments and indirect measurements requiring calculations, with various tools ensuring precision. The SI system defines seven fundamental units, providing a uniform framework for scientific and everyday measurements.

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18 views2 pages

Measurement Chapter Notes Enhanced

Measurement is the process of comparing unknown quantities to known standards, evolving from inconsistent historical units to the internationally accepted SI system. It includes direct measurements using instruments and indirect measurements requiring calculations, with various tools ensuring precision. The SI system defines seven fundamental units, providing a uniform framework for scientific and everyday measurements.

Uploaded by

mohantysatyapriya
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Chapter 1: Measurement - Notes

Introduction to Measurement

Measurement is the process of comparing an unknown quantity with a known and generally accepted

standard. This standard is used to derive units for direct measurements.

Historically, measurements were based on body parts or everyday objects. For instance, a foot was the

length of a human foot, and a yard was the distance from the nose to the thumb of an outstretched arm.

These units were inconsistent and unreliable, leading to confusion.

In the 1790s, French scientists developed the metric system using the centimetre, gram, and second. This

evolved into the internationally accepted SI system in 1960, providing uniformity in scientific and daily life.

Types of Measurements

a. Direct Measurements:

These are taken using instruments without the need for calculation. For example, using a ruler to measure

the length of a pencil or using a thermometer to read temperature.

b. Indirect or Computed Measurements:

These require calculations based on observed values. For example, calculating speed by dividing distance by

time, or finding density using the formula: Density = Mass/Volume.

These methods are essential when direct measurement is impractical or impossible.

Tools for Measurement

In scientific studies, precise tools are used for accuracy. Some commonly used tools include:

- Vernier Calliper: Measures internal and external diameters and depths accurately (up to 0.1 mm).

- Micrometer Screw Gauge: Measures very small lengths (up to 0.01 mm), useful for wire thickness.

- Measuring Tape and Rulers: Used for basic length measurements.


Chapter 1: Measurement - Notes

These instruments provide far greater precision compared to estimation-based methods.

Seven Units of Measurement (SI Units)

The SI system defines seven base units from which all other units can be derived:

1. Metre (m) - Measures length.

2. Kilogram (kg) - Measures mass.

3. Second (s) - Measures time.

4. Ampere (A) - Measures electric current.

5. Kelvin (K) - Measures temperature.

6. Candela (cd) - Measures luminous intensity.

7. Mole (mol) - Measures amount of substance.

These are called fundamental units because they are independent and cannot be broken down into simpler

units.

For example:

- The unit of speed (m/s) is derived from the fundamental units metre and second.

- The unit of force (newton) is derived as kg·m/s².

SI units help in maintaining uniformity across the world in science, engineering, and daily life.

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