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 Major Incidents, Pandemics
and Mental Health

Professor Richard Williams is Emeritus Professor of Mental Health Strategy at the

University of South Wales. He was previously Presidential Lead on Disaster
Management for the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Presidential Lead on COVID-19,
Emergency Preparedness, and Mental Health, and Director of the Psychosocial and
Mental Health Programme of the Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care of the Royal College of
Surgeons of Edinburgh.

Ms Verity Kemp is an independent consultant specialising in emergency

preparedness, resilience, and response, with prior senior management experience in
the NHS and healthcare management working at all levels from hospital to
central government.

Professor Sir Keith Porter is a former Consultant Trauma Surgeon and major
trauma clinical lead for Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and the West
Midlands Trauma Network. He was also civilian clinical lead for the interface between
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine,
Chairman of Trauma Care and co-founder of citizenAID, and Honorary Colonel of
202 Field Hospital.

Dr Tim Healing trained in clinical microbiology at the Royal London Hospital.

He was on the staff of the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre before working
for 30 years in humanitarian aid with NGOs and the UN. He also ran the Conflict and
Catastrophe Medicine Course at the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London.

Professor John Drury is a social psychologist and a Director of Research and

Knowledge Exchange at the University of Sussex. His research on collective resilience
informs the Civil Contingencies Secretariat’s National Risk Assessments. During the
COVID-19 pandemic he participated in the UK government’s SAGE behavioural
science subgroup SPI-B.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Major Incidents, Pandemics
and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies,
Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
Edited by
Richard Williams
University of South Wales

Verity Kemp
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant

Keith Porter
University of Birmingham

Tim Healing
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London

John Drury
University of Sussex

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA, United Kingdom
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Cambridge University Press is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment,

a department of the University of Cambridge.
We share the University’s mission to contribute to society through the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781009011211
DOI: 10.1017/9781009019330
© Richard Williams, Verity Kemp, Keith Porter, Tim Healing and John Drury 2024
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take
place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
First published 2024
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
A Cataloging-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-009-01121-1 Paperback
Cambridge University Press & Assessment has no responsibility for the persistence
or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this
publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will
remain, accurate or appropriate.
..........................................................................................................................................
Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information that is in accord with
accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort
has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publishers can
make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are
constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for
direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay
careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

 This book is dedicated to the memory of the late David Alan Alexander,
DSc, PhD, MA(Hons), CPsychol, FRCPsych(Hon) FBPS, Honorary Fellow
of the Royal Society of Medicine (1943–2020).
David was Emeritus Professor of Mental Health at Robert Gordon
University in Aberdeen. He was Director of the Aberdeen Centre for
Trauma Research, and he held a personal professorial chair at
Aberdeen University.
David was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
in 2002. He received the Scottish Governments’ Humanitarian Medal in
2005 and the Aberdeen MedChi President’s Medal in 2016. In 2017, the
University of Abertay made him an Honorary Doctor of Science.
David’s untimely death was not only a shock to the many people who knew
him, but also a huge loss to the world of disaster mental healthcare. His
pioneering wisdom and experience reached out to touch all of us. David
was hugely respected as a person, a scientist, and a clinician, but especially
as an inspirational, kind, and hugely supportive colleague. He was a
pioneer in the field of distress and traumatic stress occasioned by major
incidents, war, policing, and healthcare, and his innovative work received
widespread plaudits. We hope he would think that his work continues in
the pages of this book.

Published online by Cambridge University Press

Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Contents
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xii
List of Boxes xiii
List of Contributors xiv
Foreword xix
Adrian James and David Lockey

Section 1. The Nature and Impacts of 7. The Impacts of Urbanising the World’s
Population on Emergencies, Incidents,
Twenty-First-Century Disasters, and Disease Outbreaks 30
Healthcare Emergencies Tim Healing
1. Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters, Disease 8. Myths About Disasters 36
Outbreaks, and Mental Health: The Scope of David E Alexander
This Book 1
Richard Williams 9. Primary and Secondary Stressors: The Ways in
Which Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters,
2. How the World Views Trauma and Disease Outbreaks, and Conflicts
Trauma Care 4 Are Stressful 42
Julian Redhead Richard Williams, Evangelos Ntontis, John
Drury, Khalifah Alfadhli, and Richard Amlôt
3. How the World Views the Mental Health
Implications of Traumatic Events, Major 10. The Differing Challenges Posed by Big Bang,
Incidents, and Serious Rising Tide, and Longer-Term Incidents
Contagious Diseases 7 Affecting Local and
John Alderdice Dispersed Populations 49
Chris R Brewin, Kate Allsopp, Talya Greene, and
4. Two Personal Perspectives on Trauma
Richard Williams
and Recovery 11
Toni Wallace, and Tom Renninson 11. Mental Health in the Context of Multiple
Exposures to Disasters 58
5. How Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters, and
Claire Leppold, and Lennart Reifels
Disease Outbreaks Affect People and
Healthcare Practitioners 15 12. The Common Ground in the Mental Health
John Stancombe, Suzy Stokes, Andrew Wood, Impacts of Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters,
and Richard Williams Disease Outbreaks, and Conflict, and a
Framework for Responding to
6. The Impact of Emergencies, Terrorism, and
People’s Needs 63
Disease on Children and Their Families 23
Richard Williams, John Stancombe, and
Prathiba Chitsabesan, Brian Jacobs, and
James Ryan
Raphael Kelvin

vii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Contents

Section 2. Clinical Aspects of Traumatic 22. Collective Responses to Terrorist

Attacks 154
Injuries, Epidemics, and Pandemics Chris Cocking, and Anne Templeton
13. Advances in Pre-Hospital Care 79 23. Collective Psychosocial Resilience as a Group
Emir Battaloglu, and Keith Porter Process Following Flooding: How It Arises and
14. The Changing Face of Clinical Medicine in How Groups Can Sustain It 160
Major Trauma: Lessons from Civilian Practice Evangelos Ntontis, and Meng Logan Zhang
and Military Deployments 89 24. Facilitating the Public Response to
Justine Lee, and Keith Porter COVID-19: Group Processes and
15. The Changing Face of Traumatic Injury: Mutual Aid 166
Increasing Experiences of Penetrating Gun John Drury, Evangelos Ntontis, Maria
and Knife Injuries and Their Treatment 99 Fernandes-Jesus, and Guanlan Mao
Thomas König 25. The Social Psychology of Mass Casualty
16. Lessons from History and the Epidemiology of Decontamination in Chemical, Biological,
Severe Epidemics and Pandemics: Plague, Radiological, or Nuclear
Cholera, Influenza, Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, (CBRN) Incidents 173
and Coronaviruses 107 Holly Carter, Charles Symons, Dale Weston,
Tim Healing and Richard Amlôt

17. The Health Aspects of Epidemics 26. Factors that Determine Wider Solidarity
and Pandemics 118 Responses After a Major Incident
or Disaster 180
Andrew D Green, and Sharon Irvine
Trevor K James, Selin Tekin, and Hanna
18. Challenges in Managing Epidemics and Zagefka
Pandemics Illustrated by Ebola and COVID-19:
A Case Study Perspective 126
Claire Bayntun Section 4. Responses to Meet the
Mental Health Needs of People Affected
Section 3. The Role of the Public in by Emergencies, Major Incidents,
Emergencies: Survivors, Bystanders, and Pandemics
and Volunteers 27. Principles for Intervening with the Wellbeing,
Psychosocial, and Mental Health Needs of
19. The Role of the Public: Understanding Group
Mass Casualties 187
Processes in Emergencies, Incidents,
Disasters, and Disease Outbreaks 135 Richard Williams, John Stancombe, and
Verity Kemp
John Drury
28. Facilitating Psychosocial Care for the Public
20. Social Identity and Traumatic Stress in the
After Major Incidents and
Context of an Earthquake and a Pandemic:
During Pandemics 199
Understanding the Roles of Shared and
Isolating Social Experiences 141 John Stancombe, Richard Williams, and
Verity Kemp
Orla Muldoon
29. Mental Healthcare Required by People Who
21. Mobilisation and Deterioration of Social
Are Affected by Major Incidents and
Support Following Disasters Resulting from
Pandemics: Lessons from Research 213
Natural and Human-Induced Hazards 147
Jonathan I Bisson
Krzysztof Kaniasty, and Beata Urbańska

viii
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 Contents

30. Responding to the Needs of Children, Young 39. Moral Distress and Moral Injury 287
People, and Their Families During the COVID- Esther Murray, and Andrew Wood
19 Pandemic 223
40. Consequences for the Mental Health of
Betty Pfefferbaum
Families of Responders to Pandemics, Major
31. Social and Educational Impacts of Epidemics Incidents, and Emergencies 293
and Pandemics 231 Rowena Hill
Matthew J Easterbrook, Kathryn J Lester, Alison
41. Lessons for Structure, Workforce
Lacey, Lewis Doyle, and Vladislav H Grozev
Planning, and Responding to
32. Quarantine, Lockdown, and Isolation in the Emergencies from Nurses in the
COVID-19 Pandemic 241 COVID-19 Pandemic 301
Samantha K Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise Jill Maben, and Anna Conolly
E Smith, Lisa Woodland, and Neil Greenberg
42. Intelligent Kindness Under Stress: Working
33. Reflections on Managing Infectious Diseases with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Staff during
in Mental Health Units 247 the Pandemic 314
Sarah Moslehi, Dominic Aubrey-Jones, Golnar Penelope Campling
Aref-Adib, and Janet Obeney-Williams
43. The Role of Occupational Health Services and
34. Case Study 1: The Omagh Bomb, the Mental Responding to Staff Who Have
Health Response, and the Long COVID 320
Lessons Learned 252 Clare Rayner
Ciaran Mulholland, and Michael Duffy
44. A Framework for Designing, Developing, and
35. Case Study 2: A Public Health Survey of Delivering Psychosocial and
People Exposed to the Paris Terror Attacks in Mental Healthcare 326
November 2015 and Richard Williams, and Nick Ambler
Their Consequences 257
45. Case Study 1: Caring for Teams –
Philippe Pirard, and Yvon Motreff
An Organisation-Wide Approach to
36. Case Study 3: Practical Approaches to Wellbeing, Psychosocial Care, and
Delivering Psychosocial and Mental Mental Healthcare 337
Healthcare for the Public in the UK: Lessons Verity Kemp, Sarah Robbins, Christine Howard,
Learned from a Major Incident Gary Strong, Mark Thomas, and
in Manchester 264 Richard Williams
Alan Barrett, Prathiba Chitsabesan, Paul French,
46. Case Study 2: The Impacts of COVID-19 on
and Chris R Brewin
Healthcare Staff – Lessons from a Selection of
Interventions Put in Place During
the Pandemic 345
Section 5. Sustaining and Caring for Kate Allsopp, Sonya Wallbank, and
Staff During Emergencies Richard Williams
37. The Moral Architecture of Healthcare Systems 47. Case Study 3: Lessons from Delivering
and Other Organisations 273 Support for Staff Working at the
Richard Williams, and Verity Kemp Nightingale COVID-19 Hospital
in London 355
38. What Ails Professional Responders, and the
Implications for Training and Sustaining Derek K Tracy, and Neil Greenberg
Healthcare Practitioners 279 48. Case Study 4: Delivering Peer Support 360
Jennifer Burgess, Andrew Wood, Suzy Stokes, Morwenna Maddock, Verity Kemp, and
John Stancombe, and Richard Williams Richard Williams

ix
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Contents

Section 6. Designing, Leading, and 54. The Threat of Pandemics to Interwoven

Material, Social, Health, and Political
Managing Responses to Emergencies Resources: Conservation of Resources as a
and Pandemics Strategy for Avoiding Repeating Past
Failure 411
49. Preparing Effectively for Emergencies, Stevan E Hobfoll
Incidents, Disasters, and
Disease Outbreaks 365 55. Using Social Media to Reduce the Risks of
David E Alexander, Tim Healing, Verity Kemp, Community-Wide Emergencies, Incidents,
and Richard Williams Disasters, and Disease Outbreaks 417
Neil Dufty
50. Leadership, Organisation, and
Implementation of
Emergency Preparedness 376 Section 7. Key Lessons for the
Stefan Schilling, Richard Williams, Verity Kemp,
Tim Healing, and David E Alexander Way Forward
51. Caring for People Who Have Disabilities and 56. ‘Plans Are Worthless, but Planning is
Are Affected by Emergencies, Incidents, Everything’: Lessons from Science
Disasters, and Disease Outbreaks 388 and Experience 423
David E Alexander, Verity Kemp, and Richard Williams, Keith Porter, Tim Healing,
Tim Healing Verity Kemp, and John Drury

52. Public Ethics in Emergencies: Learning from

the COVID-19 Pandemic 394
Jonathan Montgomery A Glossary of Selected Key Terms Used in
53. Compliance with UK Government Measures This Book 438
During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Patterns, Index 441
Predictors, and Consequences 403
Liam Wright, Elise Paul, and Daisy Fancourt

x
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Figures
10.1 Circles of exposure to a traumatic incident. 49 38.1 Number of publications per year. 281
12.1 Deaths related to disasters. 65 40.1 The impacts on families of their relationships
12.2 Numbers of people affected by disasters. 65 with NHS staff. 297
12.3 Trajectories of PTSD symptoms among 41.1 Adapted version of Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy
residents of the New York City metropolitan of needs. 308
area (n = 1,267) after the attacks on 42.1 The virtuous circle. 314
11 September 2001. 67 43.1 The foci of concern of occupational and public
12.4 Trajectories of PTSD symptoms among health services. 321
residents of Villahermosa and Teziutlan in 44.1 A model of care. 329
Mexico (n = 561) after the 1999 flood. 67 45.1 A model of care. 340
12.5 A strategic approach to meeting the needs of 50.1 Policy levels for mitigating, preparing for,
communities for support for their mental health, responding to, and recovering
psychosocial care, and mental healthcare. 75 from EITDCC. 381
23.1 The social identity model of collective 53.1 (A) Average self-reported frequency of carrying
psychosocial resilience. 162 out preventive behaviours. (B) Seven-day rolling
26.1 Identity processes driving intergroup solidarity average trends in visits to locations in the UK.
after large-scale events. 182 (C) Seven-day rolling average new deaths from
27.1 A simplified summary of the impacts of COVID-19. 404
EITDDC on people affected. 187 54.1 The impact of pandemic resource threats
27.2 Three phases that people experience in work. 191 and loss on interwoven resource
27.3 A model of care for delivering the wellbeing, outcomes and the strategies that they
psychosocial, and mental healthcare engender. 415
agendas. 192 56.1 A strategic approach to meeting the needs of
27.4 Management cycle for emergencies. 193 communities for support for their mental
28.1 An approach to delivering psychosocial health, psychosocial care, and mental
interventions and mental healthcare for the healthcare. 428
public. 199 56.2 A model of care. 429
29.1 Symptom trajectories after traumatic events, 56.3 Promoting awareness, understanding, and
over a 6-year period. 213 implementation of EPRR. 432

xi
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Tables
5.1 Trajectories of stress responses after major 28.1 Core principles of psychological first
incidents. 16 aid (PFA). 200
5.2 Common experiences of people affected by 28.2 Core principles for preparing and supporting
emergencies, major incidents, and disasters. 16 people affected by adverse incidents. 204
6.1 Risk factors for poor mental health 29.1 Strategic model of care. 218
outcomes. 25 29.2 Mental health services required over time. 220
6.2 Key principles to support children and families 35.1 Prevalence of PTSD and partial PTSD by first
affected by emergencies, incidents, and disease responder category. 260
outbreaks. 27 38.1 Categories of outcome. 281
16.1 Some important pandemics. 108 40.1 Threats and resources for families of
17.1 Statements from the Emerging and Persistent responders. 294
Infectious Diseases (EPID) Workshop 41.1 Analytic themes and their presence in Annabel
Report. 121 and Gaby’s narratives. 304
20.1 Mean post-traumatic stress (PTS) experience, 41.2 Specific strategies that support nurses (or not)
and social identity resource scores by ethnic over time. 309
group in a study of Nepali earthquake 41.3 Structural, organisational, and team learning
survivors. 142 from the COVID-19 pandemic for supporting
27.1 Groups of people who have differing mental the psychosocial wellness of practitioners
health needs following disasters. 188 involved in emergencies. 311
27.2 Comparison of biomedical and psychosocial 48.1 Five main themes emerging from studies
approaches to public education about mental relating to interactions between peer support
health. 190 and first responders that support growth. 361
27.3 The 12 core principles for designing and 49.1 Classification of hazards. 367
delivering services for communities. 193 49.2 Differentiation of size of event by process and
27.4 Translating lessons into effective policies, plans, impact. 368
and service delivery. 194 50.1 The UN Cluster approach. 379

xii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Boxes
7.1 Some definitions with examples. 30 50.3 Organisational Example 3 – local resilience
17.1 Post-COVID syndrome: WHO clinical case forums. 380
definition. 122 50.4 Designing the NHS England Strategic
17.2 Post-COVID syndrome: UK Office for National Leadership in a Crisis course. 383
Statistics definition. 122 50.5 Community engagement and capacity building
50.1 Organisational Example 1 – the Incident before and during a disaster. 384
Command System. 379
50.2 Organisational Example 2 – the UN Cluster
approach. 379

xiii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 Contributors

Professor, the Lord Alderdice Professor Alan Barrett

Executive Chairman, The Changing Character of War Greater Manchester Resilience Hub, Pennine Care
Centre, Pembroke College, Oxford; Senior Research NHS Foundation Trust and School of Health and
Fellow, Harris Manchester College, Oxford; Professor Society, University of Salford, UK
of Practice, Global Humanity for Peace Institute,
University of Wales Trinity St David; Liberal Dr Claire Bayntun
Democrat Member of the House of Lords, UK Independent Consultant in Global Public Health, UK

Dr Khalifah Alfadhli Mr Emir Battaloglu

Psychology Department, King Saud University, Saudi Consultant in Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery,
Arabia Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University
Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Professor David E Alexander
Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University Professor Jonathan I Bisson
College London, UK Clinical Professor in Psychiatry, Division of
Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences,
Dr Kate Allsopp Cardiff University School of Medicine, UK
Research Fellow, Complex Trauma and Resilience
Research Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Professor Chris R Brewin
Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychology, Research
Foundation Trust, and Division of Psychology and Department of Clinical, Educational and Health
Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University Psychology, University College London, UK
of Manchester, UK Dr Samantha K Brooks
Dr Nick Ambler Senior Research Associate, Department of
Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Intensive Care Unit, Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry,
Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, UK Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College
London, UK
Professor Richard Amlôt
Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Dr Jennifer Burgess
Security Agency, UK Research Fellow and General Adult Psychiatry
Specialist Registrar, Translational and Clinical
Dr Golnar Aref-Adib Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Consultant Psychiatrist in General Adult Psychiatry, Newcastle University, and Cumbria,
Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation
London, UK Trust, UK
Dr Dominic Aubrey-Jones Dr Penelope Campling
General Adult Psychiatry, South Westminster Medical psychotherapist now working independently,
Community Mental Health Hub, Central and North and retired psychiatrist and former Clinical Director
West London NHS Foundation Trust, UK at Leicester Partnership NHS Trust, UK

xiv
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 List of Contributors

Dr Holly Carter Group Captain Andrew D Green CBE KHP

Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Defence Consultant Adviser in Communicable
Security Agency, UK Diseases, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, UK
Professor Prathiba Chitsabesan Professor Neil Greenberg
Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust and Professor of Defence Mental Health, King’s College
Visiting Professor, University College London, UK
London and Manchester Metropolitan
University, UK Dr Talya Greene
Associate Professor, Research Department of Clinical,
Dr Chris Cocking Educational and Health Psychology, University
Principal Lecturer in Psychology, School of College London, UK
Humanities and Social Sciences, University of
Brighton, UK Dr Vladislav H Grozev
Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Sheffield
Dr Anna Conolly University Management School, UK
Research Fellow, School of Health Sciences,
University of Surrey, UK Dr Tim Healing
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London, UK
Mr Lewis Doyle
Doctoral Researcher, University of Sussex, UK Professor Rowena Hill
Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent
Professor John Drury University, UK
Professor of Social Psychology, School of Psychology,
University of Sussex, UK Professor Stevan E Hobfoll
STAR: Stress, Anxiety, and Resilience Consultants,
Dr Michael Duffy Sandy, Utah, USA
Consultant Cognitive Psychotherapist & Senior
Lecturer, School of Social Sciences, Education Ms Christine Howard
and Social Work, Queen’s University, Trauma Impact Prevention and Wellbeing Trainer
Belfast, UK Derbyshire Constabulary, UK

Mr Neil Dufty Dr Sharon Irvine

Principal Consultant for Water Technology Pty Ltd, Consultant in Medicine and Infection, Dumfries and
Australia Galloway Royal Infirmary, NHS Dumfries and
Galloway, UK
Dr Matthew J Easterbrook
Reader in Social Psychology, University of Dr Brian Jacobs
Sussex, UK Consultant Emeritus, South London and Maudsley
NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Professor Daisy Fancourt
Associate Professor of Psychobiology and Dr Adrian James
Epidemiology, University College President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, UK
London, UK
Dr Trevor K James
Dr Maria Fernandes-Jesus Assistant Professor (Social Psychology), Psychology
Lecturer in Psychology, School of Psychology, Department, Durham University, UK
University of Sussex, UK
Professor Krzysztof Kaniasty
Professor Paul French Professor of Social Psychology, Department of
Clinical Researcher, Research and Innovation Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania,
Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, USA, and Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of
Manchester, UK Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

xv
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 List of Contributors

Dr Raphael Kelvin Dr Sarah Moslehi

National Clinical Lead MindEd Programme, NHS Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
England, Technology Enhanced Learning; Workforce,
Education and Training Directorate. Consultant Dr Yvon Motreff
Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, UK Santé publique France, Non-Communicable Diseases
and Trauma Division, Saint-Maurice, France
Ms Verity Kemp
Independent Health Emergency Planning Professor Orla Muldoon
Consultant, UK Department of Psychology, University of Limerick,
Ireland
Mr Thomas König
Consultant General, Vascular and Trauma Surgeon, Dr Ciaran Mulholland
Royal London Hospital Trauma Service, Barts Health Clinical Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine,
NHS Trust and Defence Medical Services, UK Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s
University, Belfast, UK
Dr Alison Lacey
Research Fellow, University of Sussex, UK Dr Esther Murray
Reader in Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine
Miss Justine Lee and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Major Trauma Service, Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Birmingham, UK Dr Evangelos Ntontis
Lecturer in Social Psychology, School of Psychology
Dr Claire Leppold and Counselling, The Open University, UK
Research Fellow, Centre for Health Equity, School of
Population and Global Health, University of Dr Janet Obeney-Williams
Melbourne, Australia Consultant Psychiatrist, Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, UK
Dr Kathryn J Lester
Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University of Dr Elise Paul
Sussex, UK Institute for Global Health, University College
London, UK
Professor David Lockey
Gibson Professor, and Immediate Past Chair of the Professor Betty Pfefferbaum
Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus.
Surgeons of Edinburgh, UK Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health
Professor Jill Maben OBE Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA
Professor of Health Services Research and Nursing,
School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, UK Dr Philippe Pirard
Santé publique France, Non-Communicable Diseases
Ms Morwenna Maddock and Trauma Division, Saint-Maurice, France
Intensive Care Department, North Bristol NHS Trust,
UK Professor Sir Keith Porter CStJ
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Traumatology,
Mr Guanlan Mao University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation
Trainee Clinical Psychologist, Medical Sciences Trust, UK
Division, Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology
Training and Research, University of Oxford, UK Dr Clare Rayner
Member of Society of Occupational Medicine Long
Professor Sir Jonathan Montgomery COVID Taskforce; Specialist Occupational Physician
Faculty of Laws, University College London; Chair of (retired) and former Honorary Lecturer, Centre for
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Occupational and Environmental Health, University
Trust, UK of Manchester, UK

xvi
Published online by Cambridge University Press
 List of Contributors

Professor Julian Redhead Dr Selin Tekin

Consultant, Emergency Medicine, Medical Director, Assistant Professor, Psychology Department,
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK Karabük University, Turkey
Dr Lennart Reifels Dr Anne Templeton
Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Senior Lecturer in Social Psychology, Department of
Population and Global Health, University of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
Melbourne, Australia
Mr Mark Thomas
Dr Tom Renninson Chair, National Fire Chiefs Council Mental Health
Consultant in Anaesthetics, Gloucester Royal Board. Area Manager and Head of Prevention,
Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Consultant in Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service, UK
Prehospital Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medical
Retrieval and Transfer Service Wales (EMRTS Dr Derek K Tracy
Cymru), UK Chief Medical Officer, West London NHS Trust, UK;
Honorary Senior Lecturer, King’s College London,
PC Sarah Robbins Imperial College London, and University College
Citizens in Policing Support & Development Officer. London, UK
Derbyshire Constabulary, UK
Ms Beata Urbańska
Professor James Ryan OBE OStJ Doctoral Student, Institute of Psychology, Polish
Emeritus Professor, St George’s, University of Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, and SWPS University,
London; formerly Professor of Military Surgery, Warsaw, Poland
Royal College of Defence Medicine, UK
Miss Toni Wallace
Dr Stefan Schilling Registered General Nurse, Anaesthetic Associate, and
Lecturer in Social and Organisational Psychology, Expert by Experience of Trauma, Anaesthetic
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Department, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK
Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
Dr Sonya Wallbank
Dr Louise E Smith Senior Leadership and Organisational Development
Research Fellow. Department of Psychological Consultant, The King’s Fund, UK
Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and
Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK Dr Rebecca K Webster
Department of Psychology, University of
Dr John Stancombe Sheffield, UK
Consultant Clinical Psychologist (retired) formerly of
Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Dr Dale Weston
UK Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health
Security Agency, UK
Dr Suzy Stokes
Professor Richard Williams OBE TD
Consultant in Pre-Hospital and Emergency
Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Emeritus Professor of Mental Health Strategy, Welsh
Foundation Trust and Thames Valley Air Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South
Ambulance, UK Wales, UK; Presidential Lead for Disaster Management
(2008–2014 and 2017–2020) and Presidential Lead for
Mr Gary Strong COVID-19, Emergency Preparedness, and Mental
College of Paramedics and Department of Clinical Health (2020–2023), Royal College of Psychiatrists, UK
Education, University of Plymouth, UK
Dr Andrew Wood
Dr Charles Symons Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pre-Hospital
Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Emergency Medicine, Royal London Hospital, Barts
Security Agency, UK Health NHS Trust and London’s Air Ambulance, UK

xvii
Published online by Cambridge University Press
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