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 © 2008 by the Personal Democracy Press

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Printed in the United States of America
 Con t en ts

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Foreword . 5
Esther Dyson
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Introduction 11

to: Micah L . sifry, Personal Democracy Forum 2008 19

Zack Exley
21st Century neo-enlightenment 27
Julie Barko Germany
echo Chambers = Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
David Weinberger
Participatory Democracy Demands Participation 38
Michael Turk
Winning the Future in the Personal Democracy Age 43
Newt Gingrich
Participation As sustainable Cooperation In Pursuit of Public Goals 48
Yochai Benkler
By the People, For the People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Andrew Rasiej
the Merciful Death of the Freedom of Information Act and the Birth
of true Government transparency: A short History 59
Ellen Miller
the Void We Must Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Richard C. Harwood
smartmobbing Democracy 70
Howard Rheingold
Weaning Campaigns from old Media’s teat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Brad Templeton
the Power of Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Marie Wilson
In the Beginning there Were Wikis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Joshua Levy
saving America from Its 18th Century Political system 87
Jan Frel and Nicco Mele
small “d” Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Susan Crawford
Professional Politicians Beware! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Aaron Swartz
sidewalks for Democracy online . 101
Steven L. Clift
Privacy in the Internet Age: time to Go? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Glenn Harlan Reynolds
Can social network sites enable Political Action? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
danah boyd
In skypeoogletubeapedia We trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Martin Kearns
Grassroots Activism is More than a Campaign . 122
Morra Aarons-Mele
Corruption, technology and Constitutional Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Zephyr Teachout
our Voting Re-Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
John C. Bonifaz
Checks and Balances Reinvigorated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Craig Newmark
the “Killer App” of Public Participation . 142
Mark Murphy
Citizen 2 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Nancy E. Tate and Mary G. Wilson
the Last top-Down Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Joe Trippi
tangled signals of Democracy . 155
Micah L. Sifry
Finding Your obviousmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Matt Stoller
Congress Reloaded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Matthew Burton
Beyond WarGames . 168
Douglas Rushkoff
the obvious Answer: online Voting . 171
Allison H. Fine
Who needs elected officials? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Tara Hunt
new Gadgets Do not new Humanity Make . 181
Avery Knapp and Tennyson McCalla
Deliberative Democracy in theory and Practice . 185
Kaliya Hamlin
Government by the People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Beth Simone Noveck
self-organized self-Government . 198
Scott Heiferman
the Digital Will of the People . 201
Pablo del Real
Political Collaborative Production . 204
Clay Shirky
Community Information Commons . 209
Harry C. Boyte
the ethics of openness . 215
Jeff Jarvis
Creating Humane Codelaw . 221
Gene Koo
Digital natives as self-Actualizing Citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
W. Lance Bennett
A Millennial Upgrade for American Democracy . 231
David B. Smith
Glossary . 237
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
About Personal Democracy Forum . . . 247
 PReFACe

t his project began as so many good things do, over a cup of

coffee. Our conversation wandered to talking about new social
media tools like blogs and social networking sites and their
important role in fostering an explosion of public participation in and
around the national political campaigns. We started wondering when
we might see the rise of similar public energies and optimism about
government and governing. For it’s clear we’re living in a new age,
where millions of people can participate directly in governance and
policy making, not just in ratifying the results on Election Day.
The Internet is putting individual voters, and networks of activ-
ists, in positions that used to be the sole reserve of professionals. Today
anyone can be a reporter, a fundraiser or a community organizer; all it
takes is an Internet connection and a compelling message. And so we
wondered: as the Internet revolution hits the institutions of American
democracy, how might it change things for the better?
Dana Perino, the White House Press Secretary, summed up the
typical response of government officials accustomed to shutting cit-
izens out of governance when she responded to a question from a


 n PReFACe

reporter earlier this year about the Iraq war by saying, “You had input.
The American people have input every four years, and that’s the way
our system is set up.” In other words, the people had their say at the
election booth (a vote that may or may not have been recorded and
counted accurately, by the way) and now it’s our turn to run the coun-
try as we see fit, away from the watchful, interfering eye of citizens.
As we have seen, this kind of thinking and behavior is dangerous for
Americans and for American democracy.
On January 21, 2009, a new tenant will occupy the Oval Office,
and that person will be wise to continue to build on the public input
and participation that helped to put them there. Returning to business
as usual will be an enormous missed opportunity for both the new
president and the American public.
America’s wonderful, messy experiment with a republican form of
democracy is a work in progress, an unfolding story of astonishing
possibilities and periodic disappointment. The storyline of this new
century is the yawning chasm between the passion that Americans,
particularly young people, have for a fair and just society, with the real-
ity of near permanent incumbency for elected officials and a gridlocked
political system.
Voting is our most visible political activity; it’s easy to see and mea-
sure, but it’s only a small part of the spectrum of political activities that
form the backbone of our democracy. Political campaigns have begun
to use an array of social media tools to connect with potential voters,
but there are far greater uses for these tools beyond campaigns and
elections. Social media and broad, enthusiastic participation together
can profoundly affect governance and policy development, who runs
for office and how, the communications between elected officials and
citizens beyond elections, and the loosening of the death grip of mon-
eyed, interests on politics and policies.
This jarring juxtaposition of our political reality against the poten-
PReFACe n 

tial for great political change is vividly revealed in the awful uses of
technology (e.g., touch-screen voting machines or microtargeting of
voters by what beer they buy) versus wonderful uses of technology
(e.g., cell phones used to mobilize voters or live-blogging of politi-
cal events that engage thousands of people in direct conversation with
candidates). Rebooting America is dedicated to understanding these dif-
ferences and providing a vision of how we can realize our collective
hope for a better future.
We invited a variety of interesting, creative thinkers spanning the
political spectrum and the generational divide, and from a variety of
different professional perspectives, to write essays for this anthology.
We also posted a general call for essays at the Personal Democracy
Forum website, and three of those submissions are included in this
volume.
The essays are naturally as varied as the participants. They range
from revisiting the need for checks and balances within government
and between the government and its citizenry, to a radical reinter-
pretation of the public’s “right to know,” to the exponential power
of many-to-many deliberation to shape public policy. These essays
confirmed our optimistic sense that the political system is due for
substantive changes. Undoubtedly there are many more voices and
thinkers whom we failed to engage, and we apologize for those over-
sights. It is our hope that Rebooting America will continue as a living
document online, and to that end we are publishing all of the essays
at rebooting.personaldemocracy.com and inviting public comment
on (and off) the site.
We hope that, you, our readers and participants, will help to jump-
start conversations about increasing citizen participation in gover-
nance, opening the doors of government wider and making the walls
see-through, and unleashing our collective creativity to help solve
technical problems and break through long-standing entrenchments.
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a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
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 n PReFACe

Our future does not have to be a continuation of the past or the pres-
ent. We can create a new and better course—we just need to imagine
it first.

—Allison Fine
—Micah L. Sifry
—Andrew Rasiej
—Josh Levy
 F oRe WoRD

Esther Dyson

i n 1816, Thomas Jefferson wrote, “If a nation expects to be igno-

rant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was
and never will be.” Those words have never been more salient or
important than they are today. We have pressing public policy prob-
lems, adults who should be leaders yet instead lead willfully sheltered
lives of comfort and ignorance, a citizenry increasingly active in elec-
tions yet alienated from governance, an amazing array of new digital
tools and platforms that have the potential to inform and empower us
and let us self-organize in astonishing and effective ways. The stage is
ready and the sunlight of the Internet is shining on us: It can provide
light and energy for a fertile, thousand-flowers-blooming garden, or it
can ignite the whole thing into flames and burn it out.
This anthology of essays is intended to shine light, to spark conver-
sations among citizens, and between voters and elected officials, about
how we can engage more people in public problem solving and com-
munity building. Just as the Net created new business models, so can
it foster new governance models.
The essayists, an array of creative, innovative thinkers, were invited
to contribute short essays on the following topic:


 n FoRe WoRD

When the Framers met in Philadelphia in 1787, they bravely

conjured a new form of self-government. But they couldn’t
have imagined a mass society with instantaneous, many-to-
many communications or many of the other innovations of
modernity. So, replacing that quill pen with a mouse, imagine
that you have to power to redesign American democracy for
the Internet Age. What would you do?

Each of the essays has a unique central idea. There are common
themes of citizen participation and empowerment, but within those
broad brushstrokes are interesting areas of convergence and divergence.
David Weinberger discusses the critical importance of echo chambers
to the conversation among citizens that powers our democracy. danah
boyd points out the need to break through these silos to broaden the
conversation about community life, but also cautions about the poten-
tial of today’s social networking sites to produce big changes in political
behavior. Glenn Harlan Reynolds discusses the fallacy of trying to protect
people’s privacy in the Internet Age, arguing that we should instead focus
on fostering greater transparency around (and through) government
institutions. Martin Kearns argues the opposite, that more protections
of individual privacy and data are needed to provide people with a sense
of personal security in order to engage civically either online or offline.
Some essayists focused on lessons from the past (Julie Barko Ger-
many, Harry Boyte), others zeroed in on improving the present (Steven
Clift, Newt Gingrich), and a few gave us a view from the future (Ellen
Miller, Zack Exley). Several essayists proposed a radical restructuring of
our entire system of government (Aaron Swartz, Nicco Mele and Jan
Frel, and Douglas Rushkoff) and others dwelt on the need for individu-
als to act outside government to propel change (Scott Heiferman, Susan
Crawford). And, of course, the radical libertarians call for the radical
restraint of government (Avery Knapp and Tennyson McCalla)!
Esther Dyson n 

Our society is relentlessly focused on short-term news and results:

On Wall Street you have intraday stock movements and an obsession
with quarterly earnings and weekly sales figures; in government, poli-
ticians pander to the polls using sound bites rather than engaging in
reasoned debates (e.g., the gas-tax tomfoolery of the recent presidential
campaign). And in private life, you have daily weigh-ins and snack bars
full of foodiness in place of plain old healthy living.
Rebooting America is a look at the long term—the past that could
have been and the future that still could be. It’s ironic that it’s a book,
but consider it a mere seed containing DNA seeking complementary
strands of life in an online conversation with other Americans about
how to “reboot” our country.
Please take a moment to explore the ideas and approaches in this
anthology. Share them with others and argue—constructively and
deeply—about them. Make them into something more than just a
book by extending them and giving them life.
—Esther Dyson
New York City
April 30, 2008

About the Author

Esther Dyson does business as EDventure Holdings. She spends most of
her time fostering new companies, new technologies and new markets.
In the Nineties she wrote a book about the impact of the Internet on
individuals’ lives (“Release 2.0”) and a seminal article for WIRED Magazine
about the impact of the Net on intellectual property. This decade, she
is focused not just on the Internet, but also on the privatization of
space exploration and the use of information technology in health care,
including the mapping of individuals’ genomes. She sits on a variety of
boards, most notably (in this context) that of the Sunlight Foundation.
 ACK noW L eDGeMen t s

i t’s one thing to have an idea, and quite another to have the where-
withal to bring it to fruition. We are enormously grateful to the
Schumann Center for Media & Democracy for their financial
support for this project.
Of course, without our essayists, our volume wouldn’t be very
voluminous. Their enthusiastic willingness to share their creative ideas
without remuneration and on an impossible deadline was enormously
gratifying. And this gratitude extends to our online essay entrants who
courageously shared their ideas with the world; we wish we could have
selected more of them for inclusion in this first volume of essays. We
hope we have done justice to all of the contributors and their ideas and
are delighted that we will have the opportunity to share them widely.
We birthed this entire project in just a few months’ time, a ges-
tation period that usually spans several years. This was only possible
with team members who were extraordinarily flexible, enthusiastic,
and talented. We feel so fortunate to have been introduced to Julie
Trelstad and her team at Plain White Publishing. Julie is pioneering
the iTunes paradigm for publishing and we’re delighted to be along
for the ride. Her colleague Russ McIntosh of Studio McIntosh showed


0 n A C K n o W L e D Ge M e n t s

great patience and creativity in his designs. Mira Lieman-Sifry jumped

on board and became our excellent and adept lexicographer. Finally,
our good fortune extended to working with two outstanding editors,
Christina Baker Kline and Melissa Seeley, who worked very quickly
and with great aplomb. Our thanks and appreciation to all!
 In t RoDUC t Ion

o ur greatest risk, we felt, when we began this project was

that all our essayists might somehow respond to our chal-
lenge with exactly the same answer. Much to our relief, and
hopefully your enjoyment, the answers are enormously and uniquely
diverse and interesting. The essays in Rebooting America reflect an array
of experiences and political perspectives; they also reflect the themes,
concerns and hopes of our Founding Fathers. We decided, therefore,
to organize the essays around these themes.
We begin with a quote from Tom Paine, “When we are planning
for posterity, we ought to remember that virtue is not hereditary.” Zack
Exley embraces this idea in his very entertaining essay, a memo written
to Personal Democracy Forum editor Micah L. Sifry from the future
that suggests that what we need most to reinvent America is selfless
leadership.
We then move to our desperate need for an informed and edu-
cated citizenry, or as put so elegantly by John Adams, “Let us tenderly
and kindly cherish, therefore, the means of knowledge. Let us dare to
read, think, speak, and write.” Julie Barko Germany gracefully retraces
the roots of our democracy from the philosophical underpinnings of


 n In t R o D U C t I o n

the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century. David Weinberger fol-

lows with a thoughtful and surprising essay on the importance of echo
chambers to support the conversations between like-minded people
that are the backbone of democracy. Michael Turk closes out this sec-
tion by lamenting that too much information and not enough curiosity
is depressing participation, but that the Internet makes an informed
citizenry and direct democracy possible.
Benjamin Franklin, prescient as always, recognized our current
dilemma of citizens shut out of government decision-making when he
wrote, “Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do
not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into
execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom
adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.” How-
ever, even Franklin could not have imagined the new digital tools that
enable large groups to co-create magnificent new resources like Wiki-
pedia. But our essayists could and do imagine such great things. Yochai
Benkler, Newt Gingrich, and Andrew Rasiej strenuously, surely and
convincingly imagine our government remade by, in Gingrich’s words,
the “vast collective creativity of the American people” that supersedes
the narrow expertise and interests of government bureaucrats.
As previously mentioned, citizens need to be knowledgeable and
curious about their government. However, our government also needs
to easily, openly and energetically share information with us. Thomas
Jefferson wrote, “Whenever the people are well-informed, they can be
trusted with their own government.” Ellen Miller writes to us from
the year 2015 after the Freedom of Information Act has mercifully
passed away and a new era of complete government transparency has
emerged. Richard Harwood and Howard Rheingold describe the need
and opportunity to engage our citizenry in local efforts through virtual
commons that will force our government to open up and inform the
public. Brad Templeton closes this section with a forceful argument
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a vast collection of ebooks across various
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