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 THE WORLD
OF POMPEII


The World of Pompeii draws together the vast amount of data available on Pompeii
and allows readers, for the first time, to see the buried cities of Campania in the
round. Although there is increasing specialization in the subject area, leading scholars
are brought together to provide a comprehensive overview that has not been available
since Mau and Kelsey’s Pompeii: its life and art, published over one hundred years
ago.
The picture of the settlements under Vesuvius is being revised by the on-going
archaeological work and this volume details life as lived by the elite to the lower
classes, using the results of the latest discoveries. The volume is also accompanied
by a CD that includes detailed maps of Pompeii. Highly illustrated and including
a large number of site maps this volume provides a wide-ranging survey of the
site and Pompeian studies. There is also a web-companion with marginalia, at
http://homepage.mac.com/pfoss/Pompeii/WorldofPompeii/.

John J. Dobbins is Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology at the University of

Virginia, USA.

Pedar W. Foss is Associate Professor of Classical Studies at DePauw University,

USA.
THE ROUTLEDGE WORLDS

THE GREEK WORLD

Edited by Anton Powell
THE ROMAN WORLD
Edited by John Wacher
THE BIBLICAL WORLD
Edited by John Barton
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN WORLD
Edited by Philip F. Esler
THE CELTIC WORLD
Edited by Miranda Green
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Edited by Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson
THE REFORMATION WORLD
Edited by Andrew Pettegree
THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD
Edited by Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones,
Christa Knellwolf and Iain McCalman
THE HINDU WORLD
Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby

Forthcoming:
THE EGYPTIAN WORLD
Edited by Toby Wilkinson
THE BABYLONIAN WORLD
Edited by Gwendolyn Leick
THE VIKING WORLD
Edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price
THE RENAISSANCE WORLD
Edited by John Jeffries Martin
THE ELIZABETHAN WORLD
Edited by Susan Doran and Norman Jones
THE OTTOMAN WORLD
Edited by Christine Woodhead
THE BYZANTINE WORLD
Edited by Paul Stephenson
THE WORLD
OF POMPEII


Edited by

John J. Dobbins
and
Pedar W. Foss
 First published 2007
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-86619-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0–415–17324–8 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–17324–7 (hbk)

In honor of August Mau and Francis W. Kelsey
and
John H. D’Arms
 CONTENTS


List of illustrations x
List of contributors xviii
Preface xxvii
John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss
Maps xxxi

PART I: BEGINNINGS
1 City and country: an introduction 3
Pietro Giovanni Guzzo
2 History and historical sources 9
Jean-Paul Descœudres
3 Rediscovery and resurrection 28
Pedar W. Foss
4 The environmental and geomorphological context of the volcano 43
Haraldur Sigurdsson
5 Recent work on early Pompeii 63
Paolo Carafa
6 The first sanctuaries 73
Stefano De Caro
7 The urban development of the pre-Roman city 82
Herman Geertman
8 Building materials, construction techniques and chronologies 98
Jean-Pierre Adam
Appendix: a note on Roman concrete (opus caementicium) and other
wall construction 114
John J. Dobbins

vii
 — Contents —

PART II: THE COMMUNITY

9 Development of Pompeii’s public landscape in the Roman period 119
Roger Ling
10 Urban planning, roads, streets and neighborhoods 129
Carroll William Westfall
11 The walls and gates 140
Cristina Chiaramonte
12 The forum and its dependencies 150
John J. Dobbins
13 Urban, suburban and rural religion in the Roman period 184
Alastair M. Small
14 Entertainment at Pompeii 212
Christopher Parslow
15 The city baths of Pompeii and Herculaneum 224
Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow
16 The water system: supply and drainage 257
Gemma Jansen

PART III: HOUSING

17 Domestic spaces and activities 269
Penelope M. Allison
18 The development of the Campanian house 279
Andrew Wallace-Hadrill
19 Instrumentum domesticum—a case study 292
Joanne Berry
20 Domestic decoration: painting and the “Four Styles” 302
Volker Michael Strocka
21 Domestic decoration: mosaics and stucco 323
John R. Clarke
22 Real and painted (imitation) marble at Pompeii 336
J. Clayton Fant
23 Houses of Regions I and II 347
Salvatore Ciro Nappo
24 Select residences in Regions V and IX: early anonymous
domestic architecture 373
Kees Peterse
25 Intensification, heterogeneity and power in the development
of insula VI.1 389
Rick Jones and Damian Robinson

viii
 — Contents —

26 Rooms with a view: residences built on terraces along the edge

of Pompeii (Regions VI, VII and VIII) 407
Rolf A. Tybout
27 Residences in Herculaneum 421
Jens-Arne Dickmann
28 Villas surrounding Pompeii and Herculaneum 435
Eric M. Moormann

PART IV: SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

29 Shops and industries 457
Felix Pirson
30 Inns and taverns 474
John DeFelice
31 Gardens 487
Wilhelmina Jashemski
32 The loss of innocence: Pompeian economy and society between
past and present 499
Willem M. Jongman
33 Epigraphy and society 518
James Franklin
34 Pompeian women 526
Frances Bernstein
35 The lives of slaves 538
Michele George
36 Pompeian men and women in portrait sculpture 550
Katherine E. Welch
37 The tombs at Pompeii 585
Sarah Cormack
38 Victims of the cataclysm 607
Estelle Lazer
39 Mining the early published sources: problems and pitfalls 620
Anne Laidlaw

Glossary 637
Index 649

ix
 I L L U S T R AT I O N S


MAPS
1 The Bay of Naples xxxiii
2 Plan of Pompeii. Streets, gates, towers and principal monuments xxxiv
3 Plan of Pompeii. Regions, insulae, detailed building plans,
tombs and street addresses xxxvi–xxxix
4 Plan of Herculaneum xl–xli

FIGURES
1.1 View of the dolia in courtyard (I) of the Villa Regina at Boscoreale 5
1.2 Detail of a Second-Style wall painting from the west wall of
atrium (5) in the villa at Oplontis 6
3.1 Map of the progression of fresh excavations at Pompeii 30
3.2 Reconstruction of the House of the Tragic Poet 33
3.3 Recently unearthed portion (the seafront) of the Villa of the
Papyri at Herculaneum 37
4.1 The volcanic activity of Vesuvius, prior to the great AD 79
explosive eruption 45
4.2 Wall painting from kitchen lararium of the House of
the Centenary 48
4.3 The distribution of the pumice fallout layer from the AD 79
eruption of Vesuvius 53
4.4 The chronology of the AD 79 eruption 54
4.5 The distribution of pyroclastic surges around Vesuvius during
the AD 79 eruption 56
4.6 Photograph of the AD 79 volcanic deposits in the Porta Nocera
necropolis, south of Pompeii 57
5.1 Pompeii: distribution of protohistoric and Archaic finds 64
5.2 Pompeii: distribution of remains of pappamonte buildings and
Archaic finds 66
5.3 Pompeii: distribution of buildings of limestone and lava fragments 67

x
 — Illustrations —

5.4 Pompeii: reconstructed plan of Samnite house under the

House of the Wedding of Hercules 68
6.1 The Sanctuary of Apollo in the archaic period, reconstruction 74
6.2 Antefixes with the heads of Athena and Hercules from the temple
in the Triangular Forum, Pompeii 75
6.3 Terracotta slab with Apollo and Olympos, from the House of the
Golden Bracelet 77
7.1 Pompeii: reconstruction of the first town and of the main roads
in the surrounding area 83
7.2 Pompeii: division of the urban area into nine regions 84
7.3 Plan of Pompeii interpreted according to the concept of
rectangular and orthogonal design 85
7.4 Pompeii: first town, wall and gates; main roads of the agricultural
area, later transformed into streets of the built-up town 87
7.5 First town; northern and central extensions of the built-up area 88
7.6 First town; northern, central and eastern extensions of the
built-up area 89
7.7 Plan of insulae VI.13, VI.14 and V.1 92
7.8 Ins. V.1: configuration of the main property limits in AD 79 92
7.9 Ins. V.1: dimensions and articulation of the area; reconstruction
of the original plots and property limits 92
7.10 Ins. VI.14: dimensions and articulation of the area 93
7.11 Ins. VI.14 and ins. V.1: reconstruction of the original partition
into plots 94
8.1 House of the Surgeon 99
8.2 A wall of opus quadratum in Nocera tufa 100
8.3 Marble block roughed out in the quarry and probably intended
for the building site of the Temple of Venus 102
8.4 Marble block bearing saw-marks, from the building site of the
Temple of Venus 102
8.5 Fresco from the Villa San Marco at Stabiae showing a building site 103
8.6 Relief in the Museo Nazionale in Rome showing the single-axle
type of wagon most widely used for haulage of heavy materials 103
8.7 Lifting-bosses not yet chiseled off, from the stylobate slabs of
the portico of the Central Baths 104
8.8 Foundation blocks intended to support the orthostates of the
Temple of Venus 104
8.9 An example of opus africanum or opera a telaio with limestone
pillars and infill of opus incertum made of lava rock stone 105
8.10 Section of a masonry wall during its construction 106
8.11 Wall of the Odeion 107
8.12 A mixed construction incorporating opus reticulatum in various
natural stones, with quoins in opus mixtum of rubble and brick 108
8.13 Section through a two-story building showing several materials
and techniques 109
8.14 Detail of the ladder stair of shop (Ins. Or. II.9), Herculaneum 110
8.15 Staircase with treads and risers at (IV.20), Herculaneum 110

xi
 — Illustrations —

8.16 Traces of marks to set a wooden staircase in the corridor of the

House of the Faun, Pompeii 110
8.17 The wall slots for the ends of floor joists for the upper floor of
the House of the Silverware 111
8.18 Traces of a shed roof for the peristyle of the House of
Oppius Gratus 111
8.19 Reconstruction of the carpentry of the atrium roof of the House
of the Wooden Partition, Herculaneum 112
A8.1 Three main facings of opus caementicium walls 114
10.1 Pompeii’s districts 130
10.2 Via Stabiana at its intersection with via della
Fortuna–via di Nola, from southeast 131
10.3 Via Stabiana at its intersection with via degli Augustali,
from south 132
10.4 Strada Stabiana with largo Stabiana and via dell’Abbondanza 133
10.5 View toward largo Stabiana 134
10.6 Via Marina from within the forum 135
10.7 Via del Foro 137
10.8 Forum. Overview from south 138
11.1 Houses of Region VIII on the lava spur at Pompeii 141
11.2 Samnite city wall in Sarno limestone near the Porta Nocera 142
11.3 Tower XI, or the Tower of Mercury, on the north side of the
fortifications 144
11.4 Schematic plan of Pompeii in the third century BC 147
12.1 Pompeii forum. Plan 151
12.2 Pompeii forum. Balloon view 152
12.3 Forum. Overview from south 154
12.4 Forum. Overview from southwest 154
12.5 Temple of Jupiter, from southeast 156
12.6 Plan of insula VIII.3 (outline emphasized) with Comitium at
northwest corner 157
12.7 Comitium and southeast corner of the colonnade of Popidius,
from southwest 158
12.8 Basilica, from east 158
12.9 Macellum. Overview of interior, from northwest 160
12.10 Imperial Cult Building from southwest 161
12.11 Imperial Cult Building, reconstruction 162
12.12 Sanctuary of Augustus, from west 163
12.13 Eumachia Building, interior, from southwest 165
12.14 Eumachia Building, chalcidicum, from south 166
12.15 Forum. Hypothetical plan of the early forum 168
12.16 Forum. Plan highlighting the open area of the forum and the
façade-wedges 170
13.1 Temple and precinct of Apollo, Pompeii 185
13.2 Painting from the House of the Wedding of Hercules/House
of Mars and Venus showing a procession to the Temple of Venus,
Pompeii 187

xii
 — Illustrations —

13.3 Temple of Isis, Pompeii 188

13.4 View east and down at the two small temples in the Area Sacra
Suburbana in Herculaneum 190
13.5 Lararium in the House of the Vettii, Pompeii 192
14.1 View of the orchestra and cavea of the theatrum tectum in Pompeii 213
14.2 The amphitheater of Pompeii 215
14.3 The theater of Pompeii 216
14.4 The northern half of the campus or “Great Palaestra” of Pompeii 219
14.5 View of the euripus in the viridarium of the Praedia of Julia Felix
in Pompeii 219
15.1 Stabian Baths, Pompeii, plan 228
15.2 Stabian Baths, Pompeii, plan 229
15.3 Stabian Baths, Pompeii, perspective drawing 230
15.4 Forum Baths, Pompeii, plan 232
15.5 Forum Baths, Pompeii, the tepidarium 233
15.6 Central Baths, Pompeii, plan 234
15.7 Republican Baths, Pompeii, plan 236
15.8 Praedia of Julia Felix, Pompeii, plan 238
15.9 Palaestra/Sarno Complex, Pompeii, plan of level 1 239
15.10 Sarno Baths, Pompeii, view of lower exterior of complex 240
15.11 Sarno Baths, Pompeii, plan of level 4 241
15.12 Baths of the Forum, Herculaneum, plan 244
15.13 Suburban Baths, Herculaneum, plan 245
16.1 Schematic presentation of a rainwater catchment system in
an atrium 258
16.2 Settling box in peristyle gutter and perforated lead sheet in
front of cistern entrance 259
16.3 Schematic presentation of the elements of the municipal water
pipe system of Pompeii 260
16.4 Water tower and street fountain at the intersection of the
via Stabiana and the via dell’Abbondanza at Pompeii 261
16.5 Lead distribution box with four pipes and four stopcocks,
House of the Hanging Balcony, Pompeii 262
16.6 Niche toilet on an upper floor with drainpipe in the wall,
Pompeii (V.1.30) 263
16.7 Flush toilet with raised tile floor in kitchen, House of Apollo,
Pompeii 263
17.1 Hypothetical house plan labeled with Vitruvian terminology 270
17.2 Cupboard in front hall of the House of the Ceii 273
17.3 Kitchen in the House of the Vettii 275
18.1 View north from the atrium to the peristyle in the House
of Pansa 284
18.2 The atrium of the House of the Lararium 284
19.1 Plan of insula I.9 295
19.2 Plan of the House of the Beautiful Impluvium 295
19.3 Artefacts from shop (I.9.2) 296
19.4 Artefacts from the House of the Beautiful Impluvium 297

xiii
 — Illustrations —

20.1 House of Julia Felix, “zebra-pattern” decoration in passage

near atrium 303
20.2 House of the Faun, northwest corner of the second peristyle 305
20.3 House of Ceres, cubiculum 309
20.4 Pompeii (VI.17 [Ins. Occ.].41), exedra 310
20.5 Pompeii, Villa Imperiale, cubiculum, north wall 311
20.6 Pompeii, Villa Imperiale, oecus, south wall 312
20.7 House of the Priest Amandus, triclinium, north wall 313
20.8 Thermopolium, triclinium, east wall 314
20.9 House of the Moralist, triclinium, south wall 316
20.10 House of Queen Margherita, room (o) 317
20.11 House of the Ceii, garden, north wall 318
20.12 House of the Lararium, room (h), south wall 318
20.13 House of the Ceii, cubiculum, east wall 319
20.14 House of the Menander, room (19), south wall 319
21.1 Villa of the Mysteries, cubiculum (16), east and south alcoves 326
21.2 House of the Cryptoporticus, room (i), view of threshold band
from south 327
21.3 House of the Menander, caldarium mosaic 329
21.4 House of Paquius Proculus, view of atrium and fauces from room
above tablinum 330
21.5 Villa Imperiale, oecus (A), vault 332
21.6 House of the Menander, exedra (24) 333
22.1 Isodomic panels in the fauces of the House of the Faun 337
22.2 Atrium pavement with marble inserts 339
22.3 Crustae of Chian and Lucullan marbles in half-round niche, façade
of the Eumachia Building 341
22.4 Monolithic threshold blocks in Carystian and gray marble, columns
in Lesbos gray marble in the open courtyard, Central Baths 342
22.5 Triclinium in the nymphaeum of the House of the Golden Bracelet 343
23.1 Aerial view southwest of Regions I and II, along the via
dell’Abbondanza 348
23.2 Reconstructions of the schemata for dividing insulae in
Regions I and II into regular lots 349
23.3 Plan of the Caupona of Sotericus 351
23.4 Fresco depicting a lararium, Caupona of Sotericus 352
23.5 Plan of House (I.14.11–14) 353
23.6 Room (34) in House (I.14.11–14), with Fourth-Style wall
decoration 354
23.7 Triclinium (13) in House (I.14.11–14), with Third-Style wall
decoration 355
23.8 Plan of the House of the Citharist 356
23.9 Bronze statue of Apollo Citharoedus found in the peristyle in
the House of the Citharist 357
23.10 Fresco depicting seaside landscape from the architrave of peristyle
in the House of the Citharist 358
23.11 Plan of the Praedia of Julia Felix 360

xiv
 — Illustrations —

23.12 Fresco showing the west side of the city forum, from entryway
(24) to the portico in the Praedia of Julia Felix 361
23.13 View northwest of the euripus and portico in the Praedia of
Julia Felix 362
23.14 Plan of the House of Loreius Tiburtinus 363
23.15 Fresco of the Fourth Style in oecus (f) of the House of Loreius
Tiburtinus 364
23.16 View south at the long euripus in the House of Loreius Tiburtinus 365
23.17 Plan of the House of Marine Venus 366
23.18 View west in portico (8) of the House of Marine Venus 367
23.19 Plan of the House of the Menander 368
23.20 View down north at the peristyle and tablinum (8) in the House
of the Menander 369
23.21 Detail of the fresco decorating the pluteus at the base of the
peristyle in the House of the Menander 370
24.1 Compositions of types A, B and C mortars and opus incertum 376
24.2 Ground plan of (V.4.c) showing the initial construction period 379
24.3 Ground plan of (IX.1.29) showing the initial construction
period 380
24.4 House (IX.1.29), cubiculum (2), east wall (inner side of the
façade) 382
24.5 Ground plans of (VI.11.12) and (VI.11.13) showing the initial
construction period 384
25.1 Insula VI.1 at the time of the eruption in AD 79 390
25.2 The fourth-century BC wall and toilet feature from beneath
Inn (VI.1.4) 391
25.3 The early impluvium from the House of the Surgeon 391
25.4 The initial house layout of the House of the Surgeon and the
House of the Vestals 392
25.5 The developing insula during the second century BC 394
25.6 The plaster-lined industrial tanks from workshop (VI.1.5) 395
25.7 Examples from the Social War missile assemblage 396
25.8 The destruction of the northern end of insula VI.1 caused by
the Sullan bombardment 396
25.9 The northern sector of insula VI.1 during the first century BC 397
25.10 The mosaic threshold from the Vicolo di Narciso atrium in the
House of the Vestals 399
25.11 The decorative water system in the House of the Vestals 399
25.12 The buildings destroyed during the construction of the Shrine
to the Lares Augusti 400
25.13 Postholes in the final phase floor surface of the House of
the Surgeon 402
25.14 The marble-topped counter in the Bar of Acisculus 403
26.1 House of M. Fabius Rufus: view from the west 409
26.2 House of M. Fabius Rufus: Second-Style and Fourth-Style
paintings in room (71) (c.45–40 BC) 410
26.3 House of Joseph II: view from the south 413

xv
 — Illustrations —

26.4 House of Joseph II and adjacent houses: view from

the south. (a) mid-first century BC; (b) mid-first century AD 414
26.5 House of Joseph II: plan of the successive stories 415
27.1 Samnite House in Herculaneum, atrium with colonnade 424
27.2 House of the Wooden Partition, view east into the atrium 425
27.3 Western side with the House of the Mosaic Atrium, House of
the Stags and House of the Gem 427
27.4 House of the Hotel, Second-Style decoration in the baths 428
27.5 House of the Stags, view from room (15) to the east 430
27.6 House of Opus Craticium, isometric view 432
28.1 Map of the villas in the Pompeian suburbium 436–8
28.2 Part of the centuriatio north of the city before 80 BC 439
28.3 Herculaneum, Villa of the Papyri, plan 440–1
28.4 Boscoreale, Villa in contrada la Regina, plan 442
28.5 Boscoreale, Villa in contrada la Regina, overview 444
28.6 Herculaneum, Villa of the Papyri, new excavations 449
29.1 Pompeii. Tabernae II.1.4–6 from the northwest 458
29.2 Pompeii. Western third of insula VIII.4 showing the House
of the Postumii 459
29.3a Pompeii. House of the Oven 460
29.3b Shop sign from Pompeii 461
29.3c Mill from Pompeii 461
29.3d Mill from Pompeii, restored cross-section 461
29.3e Oven in the House of the Oven, cross-section 461
29.3f Kneading machine: plan and cross-section from bakery at the
rear of the House of Laocoon 462
29.4a Pompeii, Fullonica 464
29.4b Wall painting from Fullonica: treading the fabric 465
29.4c Wall painting from Fullonica: a customer inspecting the cloth;
brushing the fabric; a rack for bleaching with sulfur 465
29.4d Wall painting from Fullonica: fuller’s press 466
30.1 Taberna of Fortunata, view southeast through the service counter
at no. 20 475
31.1 Garden painting, House of Marine Venus 488
31.2 Garden of Polybius. Plan with ladder 489
31.3 House of the Wedding of Alexander 491
31.4 House of the Wedding of Alexander, view east 492
31.5 Plan of the Villa of Poppaea at Oplontis 493
31.6 Large Vineyard. Plan 494
31.7 Garden of Hercules, view toward the east 495
34.1 Maenad cradling the baby god Dionysus, from cubiculum (5) of
the House of the Postumii 528
34.2 Statue dedicated to Eumachia 531
34.3 Painting from the west wall of cubiculum (5) in the House of
Obellius Firmus, showing a young woman holding an offering 534
35.1 Kitchen shrine painting depicting a familia, from House (I.13.2) 541
35.2 View of basins in the Fullonica of Stephanus 542

xvi
 — Illustrations —

35.3 View into interior corridor of lupanar (VII.12.18–20), flanked

by cubicles 544
36.1 Genealogical chart of the Julio-Claudians 552
36.2a–c Bronze equestrian statue from atop the so-called Arch of Caligula 553
36.3a–c Statue of M. Holconius Rufus 556
36.4a–c Portrait of Eumachia from the Edifice of Eumachia 559
36.5a–c Female portrait statue from the Macellum 560
36.6a–c Male portrait statue from the Macellum 563
36.7 Herm portrait of C. Norbanus Sorex from the Temple of Isis 564
36.8a–b Male bust of togate statue from the House of the Gilded
Cupids 566
36.9a–b Bronze bust of a man from the south anta of tablinum (14) in
the House of the Citharist 567
36.10a–b Bronze bust of a woman from the north anta of tablinum (14)
in the House of the Citharist 568
36.11a–b Herm portrait of L. Caecilius Iucundus from the entrance to
tablinum (i) of his house 569
36.12a–b Herm portrait of Vesonius Primus from tablinum (i) of
the House of Orpheus 571
36.13 Male portrait statue from the façade of aedicula tomb 574
36.14a–b Female portrait statue from the façade of aedicula tomb 575
37.1 Plan of Porta Ercolano necropolis, Pompeii 587
37.2 View of schola tomb of Aesquillia Polla, Porta di Nola necropolis 588
37.3 View of PNoc 13 OS—tomb of Octavii, Porta Nocera necropolis 589
37.4 View of PNoc 7 OS—tomb of the Flavii, Porta Nocera necropolis 590
37.5 Altar tombs, Porta Ercolano necropolis 591
37.6a View of basalt stelae (columellae), Porta Nocera necropolis 593
37.6b View of inscribed limestone stele (columella), Porta Ercolano
necropolis 593
37.7 View of aedicula tomb with seated statues, Porta Nocera
necropolis 596
37.8 View of tomb of the Vesonii, Porta Nocera necropolis 598
38.1 Injected cement casts of bodies found at Pompeii in 1989 608
38.2 A healed depressed fracture of the left parietal bone of the skull 611
38.3 A healed depressed fracture of the left parietal bone of the skull 611
38.4 Inner table of the frontal bone of a skull, showing Hyperostosis
frontalis interna 612

TABLES
17.1 Summary of activities represented in distribution patterns
of household assemblages across room types 272
20.1 A chronological survey of painting styles 306–7
33.1 The municipal government of Roman Pompeii 522

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