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INTEGRATING WATER SYSTEMS
PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTING AND
CONTROL FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY, CCWI 2009 - ‘INTEGRATING WATER SYSTEMS’,
SHEFFIELD, UK, 1-3 SEPTEMBER 2009

Integrating Water Systems

Editors
Joby Boxall
Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Cedo Maksimovic
Urban Water Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Imperial College London, London, UK

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
A BALKEMA BOOK
Taylor & Francis is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an iriforma business

© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

I-WARP: Individual Water Main Renewal Planner- by the authors: Yehuda Kleiner & Balvant Rajani
© The National Research Council of Canada

Typeset by Macmillan Publishing Solutions, Chennai, India

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein,
no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com - www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk - www.balkema.nl

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-54851-9 (Hbk+CD-ROM)

ISBN 13: 978-0-203-86428-9 (ebook)
 Integrating Water Systems - Boxall & Maksimovic (eds)
©2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9

Table of Contents

Preface XIII
Acknowledgements XV
Organisation XVII
Introduction XIX

Keynotes
Water sensitive cities: Do we have what it takes to create them? 3
T.D. Fletcher

Multi-species network water quality modeling: Current examples, future potential,

and research needs 13
J.G. Uber

Advances in sensors, instrumentation and communications technologies

Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic controller for PRV flow modulation 23
H. AbdelMeguid, P. Skworcow & B. Ulanicki

Optimal setting of time-modulated pressure reducing valves in water distribution networks

using genetic algorithms 31
H. Awad, Z Kapelan & DA. Savic

Guidance for deployment and development of upset early warning systems for wastewater 39
R. Bahadur, W.B. Samuels & R. Ramani

Automatic control valves in the Cost-efFectiveness of WSS Management: PRV application 47

A. Bairos & H.M. Ramos

Understanding and managing large sensor networks 55

D.D. Ediriweera &I.WMarshall

Flow modulated dynamic pressure control with Aquai-Mod controller 63

R Li, /. Postlethwaite, E. Prempain & B. Ulanicki

Water loss dynamic control by Automatic Meter Readings in water distribution network 71
I Liserra, S. Artina, C. Bragalli & C. Lenzi

Detection of illegal branches in pipe systems: A fast and reliable method 79

S. Meniconi, B. Brunone, M. Ferrante & C. Massari

Identification of leak characteristics in pipe systems by dynamic monitoring 83

D. Pavlovic & M. Ivetic

V
Data management including SCADA and GIS

The use of GIS for analysis of water distribution networks 93

R.H.S. Beuken, K.H.A. van Daal, E.J. Pieterse-Quirijns & F.J.M. Zoutendijk

Online time data series pre-processing for the improved performance of anomaly detection methods 99
N. Branisavljevic, Z. Kapelan & D. Prodanovic

Correlating water consumption behaviour with billing, infrastructure and socio-demographic factors 105
D. Loureiro, S.T. Coelho, M. Rebelo, P. Ramalho, H. Alegre, D.I.C. Covas &A. Pina

Optimal pump scheduling with pressure control aspects: Case studies 113
P. Skworcow, H. AbdelMeguid, B. Ulanicki & P. Bounds

Minimal time of valve closure for fluid transient in water transmission 121
J.Y. Yu, C.G. Wu & YX. Yuan

Systems modelling, optimisation and decision support

Epanet calibrator - An integrated computational tool to calibrate hydraulic models 129
N. Abe & PB. Cheung

Use of grey numbers for representing uncertainty in pipe roughness calibration 135
S. Alvisi & M. Franchini

Operation of water distribution systems using risk-based decision making 143

J. Bicik, D.A. Savic & Z. Kapelan

Reliability analysis of water supply systems by the entropy and equivocation theory 151
A. Boccafoschi & B. Rejtano

Modelling and calibration of water distribution networks: A case study from the Wessex region 159
E.L.S. Boivin, M.A.M. Mansoor, J Hidderley & K. Vairavamoorthy

Calibration methodology for hydraulic transient models incorporating unconventional dynamic effects 167
N.J.G. Carrico, D.I.C. Covas &A.K. Soares

Virtual reality based immersion scene simulation system of water distribution network 175
K. Chang, W.Y. Wu, JL. Gao & Y.X. Yuan

Robust design of water distribution networks: A comparison of two different approaches 181
M.C. Cunha & J.J.O. Sousa

Modeling of distribution network filling process during intermittent supply 189

M De Marchis, C.M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, G. La Loggia, E. Napoli & V. Notaro

A more realistic simulation of a real water distribution system based on an enhanced

demand driven model 195
A. Doglioni, F Primativo & O. Giustolisi

Equivalence of pipes with distributed flow in pressurised pipe networks 203

M Ferrante, C. Massari, E. Todini, B. Brunone & S. Meniconi

Pressure driven analysis of water distribution networks based on the knowledge of

the actual connection to properties 209
O. Giustolisi, D.B. Laucelli & A. Doglioni

Advancements on pipe hydraulic resistance correction in WDN analysis 217

O. Giustolisi, L. Berardi & E. Todini

VI
EIO-LCA based multi-objective design of water distribution systems with NSGA-II 225
LM. Herstein, Y.R. Filion & K.R. Hall

Hydraulic reliability analysis using a pressure-driven network simulation model 233

D.B. Laucelli, 0. Giustolisi & A. Doglioni

Computational evaluation of hydraulic system behaviour with entrapped air under rapid pressurization 241
S.C. Martins, H.M. Ramos &A.B. Almeida

Neptune DSS: A decision support system for near-real time operations management of
water distribution systems 249
M.S. Morley, J. Bicik, L.S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Z. Kapelan & D.A. Savic

Pressure-driven analysis of network sections supplied via high-lying nodes 257

O.Piller& JE. Van Zyl

Assessment of the head dependent gradient method with reference to PRAAWDS 263
C. Siew &T.T. Tanyimboh

Water distribution network simulation by a combined steady-state and transient hydraulic solver 269
A.K. Soares, D.I.C. Covas & L.F.R. Reis

Multiobjective optimization and multicriteria decision making for water networks 277
T.T. Tanyimboh, K. Ward, T. Prasad, E. Jarvis &A. Kanyoza

Use of relative roughness and changed diameters for old pipes when calibrating an operational
water distribution system 283
A. Vassiljev, M. Martaud & T. Koppel

Real time monitoring, modelling control and understanding the associated

uncertainties
Umbria region forecasting/decision support for hydraulic risk mitigation purposes 289
N. Bemi, C. Pandolfo, F. Ponziani, M. Stelluti & A. Viterbo

The real time stochastic flow forecast 295

L. Brezkovd, M. Story & P. Dolezal

Laboratory, flow loop and real world validation testing of the operational effectiveness of
an on-line heuristic security platform for water distribution networks 301
D. Kroll, K. King & J. Moroney

Online modelling of water distribution systems: A UK case study 307

J. Machell, S.R. Mounce & J.B. Boxall

From design tool to real time control - Using a spreadsheet based optimisation tool to
minimise borehole pumping costs 313
R.J. Measures, P Kicks, R. Grant, H. Attfield & N. Blore

On-line hydraulic state estimation in urban water networks using reduced models 319
A. Preis, A.J. Whittle, A. Ostfeld & L. Perelman

Improving energy efficiency of pumping systems through real-time scheduling systems 325
L.K. Reynolds & S. Bunn

Bayesian-based online burst detection in water distribution systems 331

M. Romano, Z. Kapelan & D.A. Savic

Developing and implementing a real-time intervention management model for

water distribution systems 339
L.S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, J. Bicik, H. Awad, M.S. Morley, D.A. Savic & Z. Kapelan

VII
Water quality modelling

Multi-parameter water quality sensors for water supply systems 349

A. Aisopou, I. Stoianov, A. Arora, D. O ’Hare & N. Graham

On-line monitoring station for water quality assessment 357

B. Barillon, A. Zenasni, P. Dauthuille, C. Cren-Olive,
N. Jqffrezic-Renault, J. Chapgier & E Lavastre

Negative pressures in full-scale distribution system: Field investigation, modelling, estimation of

intrusion volumes and risk for public health 363
M.-C. Besner, G. Ebacher, M. Prevost, B.S. Jung, B. Kamey, J. Lavoie & P Payment

A bottom-up approach of stochastic demand allocation in water quality modelling 369

E JM . Blokker, J.H.G. Vreeburg, H. Beverloo & M. Klein Arfman

Effect of spatial correlation among water demands on contaminant transport in a pipe network 377
S.G. Buchberger & Z. Li

Water quality comprehensive evaluation method for large water distribution network based on
clustering analysis 383
K. Chang, J.L. Gao, Y X Yuan, N.N. Li & W.Y. Wu

Investigating relationships between discolouration customer contact frequencies and

mains properties in drinking water distribution systems 391
D.M. Cook, P Spain & C. Wilkes

MUWS (Microbiology in Urban Water Systems) - An interdisciplinary approach to study

microbial communities in urban water systems 397
P. Deines, R. Sekar, H.S. Jensen, S. Tait, J.B. Boxall, A.M. Osborn & C.A. Biggs

Optimal placement of booster chlorination stations for disinfection by products minimization 405
Z Ohar & A. Ostfeld

Concept for optimized flushing of potable water networks 411

S. Richardt & A. Korth

Particle related water quality prediction for drinking water distribution systems 415
K Ripl, A. Lerch& W U hl

Methodology for the skeletonization of water distribution network models with demand aggregation 423
J.G. Saldarriaga, S. Ochoa, L. Nieto & D. Rodriguez

Rivelin trunk main flow test 431

A.D. Seth, P.S. Husband & J.B. Boxall

A study of wall demand in turbulent pipe flows 435

K. SookhakLari, M. van Reeuwijk & C. Maksimovic

Is using a plane-channel geometry to model wall-demand in turbulent pipe flow justified? 441
K. Sookhak Lari, M. van Reeuwijk & C. Maksimovic

Trade-offs between continuous and grab samples for water quality in distribution systems 447
V.L. Speight

Origin and behavior of particles in drinking water transport networks 453

J.H.G. Vreeburg, A. Arsenio & H. Leijssen

The impacts of demand variability on distribution system water quality 459

X. Yang & D.L. Boccelli

VIII
Water and wastewater treatment modelling, optimisation and control

Fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for determination of organic matter removal efficiency

at water treatment works 467
M Z Bieroza, J Bridgeman &A. Baker

Waterspot: A drinking water simulator with training and process optimization capabilities 475
T Lapikas, G.LM. Worm, A. W.C. van der Helm & L.C. Rietveld

Benefits and challenges in integrated water resources modeling using OpenMI 481
E. Safiolea, C. Makropoulos & M. Mimikou

Comparison of three calibration protocols for Activated Sludge Models based on case studies 485
S. Seiffert, C. Kohler, M. Plattes, E. Henry & P. Schosseler

AquatorGA: Integrated optimisation for reservoir operation using multiobjective genetic algorithms 493
L.S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, M.S. Morley, J. Bicik, C. Green, M. Smith & D.A. Savic

Demandforecasting, leakage and energy management

Spectral analysis of instantaneous residential water demand time series 503
V. Alcocer-Yamanaka, V. Tzatchkov &Z.Y.Wu

Night flow analysis and modeling for leakage estimation in a water distribution system 509
P.B. Cheung, G. V Girol, N. Abe & M. Propato

Simulation applications for pressure management 515

G. Deagle, J. Johnson, A. Green & N. Tansley

Leak discharge and strains in a polyethylene pipe 521

M. Ferrante, C. Massari, F. Cluni, B. Brunone & S. Meniconi

Evaluation of the water scarcity energy cost 527

C.M. Fontanazza, G. Freni, G. La Loggia & V. Notaro

Artificial neural network model for hybrid energy system evaluation in water supply system 535
F.V. Gonsalves & H.M. Ramos

New guidelines for non-domestic water estimation in South Africa 543

A.A. Ilemobade, J.E. Van Zyl & H.J. Van Zyl

On hydraulic power capacity of water supply system 551

T. Koppel, L. Ainola & J. Vaabel

Analysis of household night-time consumption 557

D. Loureiro, R. Borba, M. Rebelo, H. Alegre, S.T. Coelho,
D.I.C. Covas, C. Amado, A. Pacheco &A. Pina

Analysis of the damping effect of leakage in water pipe systems for different flow conditions 563
N. Melo & H.M. Ramos

Experimental investigation of characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps working as turbines 571

G. Naldi, S. Artina, C. Bragalli, T. Liserra & A. Marchi

Leakage detection using pressure sensitivity analysis 577

R. Perez, V. Puig & J. Pascual

IX
Towards the improvement of the efficiency in water resources and energy use in water supply systems 583
E. V.Souza, D.I.C. Covas &A.K. Soares

Optimizing target hydraulic head for energy efficient operation of variable speed pumps 591
Z.Y.Wu

Water distribution network leakage analysis modeling based on pattern recognition theory 599
C.G. Wu, B.C. Liu, Y.X. Yuan, W.Z. Pei, P. Zhao, M.X. Wang & X.D. Yang

Asset management and performance modelling

Overview of failure mechanism of joints in water distribution networks 607

A. Arsenio, J.H.G. Vreeburg, E.J. Pieterse-Quirijns & L. Rosenthal

Fluid-structure interaction in the safety of infrastructures 613

A. Cesteiro & H.M. Ramos

Hybrid genetic algorithms with advanced search for optimized operation of water supply networks 621
L.H.M. Costa, H.M. Ramos & M.A.H. Castro

Case study in resilience analysis and scheme selection 627

C. Henriques & M. Fowler

Infrastructure risk management: A probabilistic approach to asset management 631

P.M.R. Jonkergouw, T.G. Watson, A.D. Erskine & M. Petrie

I-WARP: Individual water main renewal planner 639

Y Kleiner & B. Rajani

Effects of DMA redesign on water distribution system performance 645

R.E. Murray, W.M. Grayman, D.A. Savic & R. Farmani

Preparing considering of economies of scale and adjacent infrastructure works in

water main renewal planning 651
A. Nafi & Y Kleiner

Asset management optimisation using genetic algorithms and whole life, cost benefit analysis 659
Z Rao, P. Conroy, A. Yeowell, S. De Rosa & W. Williams

Demand headroom uncertainty modelling for strategic water supply planning 665
B.K.P. Acquah, D.E. Spiller, H. See, & N. Morris

Extensive analysis of hydraulic parameters in a large set of water distribution systems 673
P.M. Vidigal, D.I.C. Covas, D. Loureiro, S.T. Coelho & H. Alegre

Pump scheduling study on a demand monitoring zone system 681

Z. Y Wu, K. Woodward & T. Allen

Trade-off analysis between cost and reliability of water distribution systems using genetic algorithms 687
W Wu, A.R. Simpson & H.R. Maier

A pipe condition assessment model using PROMETHEE 695

Y. Zhou, K. Vairavamoorthy & F Grimshaw

Sustainable urban water management includingflooding issues

1D-2D model coupling for urban drainage analysis and optimization 703
A.G. Adeogun, A. Pathirana, B. Gersonius, N.G. Wright & B.F. Sanders

X
Physical and mathematical modeling of surcharged sewer manhole flow 709
L.S. Hafskjold & S. Moe

Penketh - An integrated approach 713

C.J. Hames

Conceptual description of a novel three-tiered philosophy for sewer network master planning
in South Africa 719
H.E. Jacobs & M. Van Dijk

Fuzzy model use for evaluation of peak outflow from a river basin during flash flood 725
P. Janal & M. Stary

On determination of flow routes in a stormwater network using the least squares method 731
J. Laanearu, I. Annus, A. Vassiljev & T Koppel

Flood wave simulation with 1D-2D coupled models 735

B. Latorre, J. Burguete, J. Murillo, P. Brufau, P. Garcia-Navarro,
G. Petaccia, B. Calvo & F. Savi

Vikor method for asset management in Serbian Belgrade Wastewater Services 741
I. Milojkovic & S. Andric

An artificial intelligence approach for optimising pumping in sewer systems 749

S. Ostojin, J.B. Boxall, S.R. Mounce & D. Singerton

Comparison of eight rainfall-runoff models for flood simulations 755

I. Ribarova, Pl. Ninov, M. Volk, F Melone, T. Moramarco, E. Safiolea,
Y Panagopoulos, M. Zdralewicz, N. Bemi & A. Ghinescu

Comparison of rainfall radar and rain gauge data and application to sewer hydraulic modelling 763
W. Shepherd, A. Schellart, A. Saul & D. Hanson

Modelling water saving in the upper Iskar region 767

L.S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, D. Inman, I. Ribarova & D.A. Savic

An improved multifractal model for short-term rainfall forecast 775

L.P. Wang, C. Maksimovic & C. Onof

Likely impacts of climate change

Review of quantitative methods for evaluating impacts of climate change on urban water infrastructure 783
W.M. Grayman, J.A. Goodrich & C. McCoy-Simandle

Assessing the impact of climate change on water treatment plant design and operation 791
Z. Li, S.G. Buchberger, R.M. Clark & Y.J. Yang

Characterizing the impact of uncertain discount rates and carbon pricing on the optimal design
and operation of the Kamalsaleh water transmission system 799
E. Roshani & Y.R. Filion

Making the earth move: Modelling the impact of climate change on water pipeline serviceability 807
C. W. Goodchild, T.C. Rowson & M.O. Engelhardt

Author Index 813

XI
 Integrating Water Systems - Boxall & Maksimovic (eds)
©2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9

Preface

This book contains the papers selected for presentation at the tenth international conference on Computing and
Control for the Water Industry, CCWI 2009 - ‘Integrating Water Systems’, held at the University of Sheffield
in September 2009. The conference focused on water systems modelling and control, seeking to bring together
leading experts from academia and industry dealing with potable, waste and storm water.

The main aims of the conference were:

• To facilitate continued co-operation of academic institutions and industry
• To examine the current state-of-the-art in computing and control techniques applicable to the water industry
• To provide a forum for discussions and the dissemination of ideas on applied computing and control for the
water industry, with particular emphasis on;
o Provider’s perspective - recent developments in research;
o User’s Perspective - users’ experiences of the latest techniques;
o Future needs - current and future planning and operational requirements.

In selecting papers to be presented the conference scientific committee took into account the need to address
the above issues individually and in their interactions.

XIII
 Integrating Water Systems - Boxall & Maksimovic (eds)
©2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9

Acknowledgements

The organisers wish to thank all the authors for their valuable contributions which collectively comprise these
proceedings and the local and scientific committees for their roles in reviewing papers and supporting the
conference. The organisers wish to acknowledge the sponsorship support provided by Mouchel, SEAMS Ltd
and Yorkshire Water and the affiliated support provided by CIWEM, DWI, ICE, IWO, RSC, SCI and UKWIR.
The organisers would also like to recognise the efforts of Miss L. Hopcroft without whom the conference would
not have run smoothly and efficiently.
Joby Boxall and Cedo Maksimovic, Editors
May 2009

XV
 Integrating Water Systems - Boxall & Maksimovic (eds)
©2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-54851-9

Organisation

Local Committee
Prof Richard Ashley, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Prof Joby Boxall (Conference Co-Chair), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Prof Nigel Graham, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Prof Cedo Maksimovic (Conference Co-Chair), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Prof Adrian Saul, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Prof Clive Thompson, ALcontrol Laboratories, United Kingdom

Scientific Committee
Prof Sandro Artina, Centro Studi Idraulica Urbana, Italy
Prof Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski, INSA de Lyon, France
Dr Marie-Claude Besner, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada
Dr Dominic Boccelli, University of Cincinnati, USA
Dr John Bridgman, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Prof Bruno Brunone, University of Perugia, Italy
Prof Steven Buchberger, University of Cincinnatti, USA
Prof Robert Clark, Engineering Consultant, USA
Prof Graeme Dandy, University of Adelaide, Australia
Dr Radu Drobot, University of Structural Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
Prof Mike Farrimond, UKWIR, United Kingdom
Dr Yves Filion, Queens University, Canada
Prof Tim Fletcher, Monash University, Australia
Mr Ken Gedman, Mouchel Group, United Kingdom
Prof Orazio Giustolisi, Technical University of Bari, Italy
Prof Walter Grayman, Engineering Consultant, USA
Dr James Huntingdon, SEAMS Ltd, UK
Dr Marko Ivetic, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Dr Zoran Kapelan, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
Prof Bryan Kamey, University of Toronto, Canada
Prof Yehuda Kleiner, NRC, Canada
Dr Goffredo La Loggia, University of Palermo, Italy
Prof Kevin Lansey, University of Arizona, USA
Dr Christos Makropoulos, NTUA Athens, Greece
Prof Jiri Marsalek, Environment Canada, Canada
Dr Brian McIntosh, Cranfield University, United Kingdom
Prof Avi Ostfeld, Technion, Israel
Dr Olivier Piller, CEMAGREF, France
Dr Helena Ramos, Institito Superior Technico, Lisbon, Portugal
Dr Irina Ribarova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering & Geodesy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Prof Juan Saldarriaga, Universidad de Los Andes, Columbia
P rof Dragan Savic, SECAM , University o f Exeter, United K ingdom
Prof Angus Simpson, University of Adelaide, Australia
Mr David Singerton, Anglian Water, United Kingdom
Dr Vanessa Speight, Malcolm Pimie, USA
Dr Martin Tillotson, Yorkshire Water Services, UK
Prof Ezio Todini, University of Bologna, Italy
Prof Jim Uber, University of Cincinnatti, USA
Prof Bogumil Ulanicki, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
Prof Jakobus Van Zyl, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Dr Jan Vreeburg, KIWA/TU Delft, The Netherlands
Prof Tom Walski Bentley Systems, Incorporated Haestad Solutions Center, USA

XVII
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