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Cambridge Library CoLLeCtion
Books of enduring scholarly value

For centuries, scripture and theology were the focus of prodigious

amounts of scholarship and publishing, dominated in the English-
speaking world by the work of Protestant Christians. Enlightenment
philosophy and science, anthropology, ethnology and the colonial
experience all brought new perspectives, lively debates and heated
controversies to the study of religion and its role in the world, many
of which continue to this day. This series explores the editing and
interpretation of religious texts, the history of religious ideas and
institutions, and not least the encounter between religion and science.

This fascinating text, first published in 1875, is a key early example

of the conflict thesis. This theory expounds the premise of an
intrinsic conflict between science and religion, and is archetypal
of one aspect of this late-Victorian debate. Draper asserts that
science has reached a point where its threat to traditional teachings
can no longer be ignored, and he offers this history as a means to
understanding both the interaction between religion and science and
their perpetual opposition. He covers examples of this relationship,
from Christianity’s origins to the then contemporary crisis of church
division and the Prussian-Austrian war, and also examines in turn
what both Christianity and science have done for modern civilisation.
Discussions of the central points of crossover and change in the history
of science and Christianity lead to the conclusion that for religion to
survive it must accept fact and reason.
Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing
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remain available indefinitely, and that orders for single or multiple
copies can quickly be supplied.
The Cambridge Library Collection will bring back to life books
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History of the Conflict
between Religion
and Science
John William D raper
 C A m b R i D g E U n i V E R Si t y P R E S S

Cambridge new york melbourne madrid Cape town Singapore São Paolo Delhi

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, new york

www.cambridge.org
information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108000697

© in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2009

This edition first published 1875

This digitally printed version 2009

iSbn 978-1-108-00069-7

This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect
the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated.
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 PEEFAOE.

WHOEVER has had an opportunity of becoming ac-

quainted with the mental condition of the intelligent
classes in Europe and America, must have perceived
that there is a great and rapidly-increasing departure
from the public religious faith, and that, while among
the more frank this divergence is not concealed, there
is a far more extensive and far more dangerous seces-
sion, private and unacknowledged.
So wide-spread and so powerful is this secession,
that it can neither be treated with contempt nor with
punishment. It cannot be extinguished by derision,
by vituperation, or by force. The time is rapidly
approaching when it will give rise to serious political
results.
Ecclesiastical spirit no longer inspires the policy of
the world. Military fervor in behalf of faith has dis-
appeared. Its only souvenirs are the marble effigies
of crusading knights, reposing in the silent crypts of
churches on their tombs.
That a crisis is impending is shown by the attitude
of the great powers toward the papacy. The papacy
vi PREFACE.

represents the ideas and aspirations of two-thirds of the

population of Europe. It insists on a political suprem-
acy in accordance with its claims to a divine origin
and mission, and a restoration of the mediaeval order
of things, loudly declaring that it will accept no recon-
ciliation with modern civilization.
The antagonism we thus witness between Keligion
and Science is the continuation of a struggle that com-
menced when Christianity began to attain political pow-
er. A divine revelation must necessarily be intolerant
of contradiction; it must repudiate all improvement in
itself, and view with disdain that arising from the pro-
gressive intellectual development of man. But our
opinions on every subject are continually liable to mod-
ification, from the irresistible advance of human knowl-
edge.
Can we exaggerate the importance of a contention in
which every thoughtful person must take part whether
he will or not ? In a matter so solemn as that of reli-
gion, all men, whose temporal interests are not involved
in existing institutions, earnestly desire to find the
truth. They seek information as to the subjects in
dispute, and as to the conduct of the disputants.
The history of Science is not a mere record of iso-
lated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two
contending powers, the expansive force of the human
intellect on one side, and the compression arising from
traditionary faith and human interests on the other.
No one has hitherto treated the subject from this
 PREFACE. vii

point of view. Yet from this point it presents itself

to us as a living issue—in fact, as the most important
of all living issues.
A few years ago, it was the politic and therefore
the proper course to abstain from all allusion to this
controversy, and to keep it as far as possible in the
background. The tranquillity of society depends so
much on the stability of its religious convictions, that
no one can be justified in wantonly disturbing them.
But faith is in its nature unchangeable, stationary;
Science is in its nature progressive; and eventually a
divergence between them, impossible to conceal, must
take place. It then becomes the duty of those whose
lives have made them familiar with both modes of
thought, to present modestly, but firmly, their views;
to compare the antagonistic pretensions calmly, impar-
tially, philosophically. History shows that, if this be
not done, social misfortunes, disastrous and enduring,
will ensue. "When the old mythological religion of
Europe broke down under the weight of its own incon-
sistencies, neither the Roman emperors nor the phi-
losophers of those times did any thing adequate for the
guidance of public opinion. They left religious affairs
to take their chance, and accordingly those affairs fell
into the hands of ignorant and infuriated ecclesiastics,
parasites, eunuchs, and slaves.
The intellectual night which settled on Europe, in
consequence of that great neglect of duty, is passing
away; we live in the daybreak of better things. So-
viii PREFACE.

ciety is anxiously expecting light, to see in what direc-

tion it is drifting. It plainly discerns that the track
along which the voyage of civilization has thus far been
made, has been left; and that a new departure, on an
unknown sea, has been taken.
Though deeply impressed with such thoughts, I
should not have presumed to write this book, or to
intrude on the public the ideas it presents, had I not
made the facts with which it deals a subject of long
and earnest meditation. And I have gathered a strong
incentive to undertake this duty from the circumstance
that a " History of the Intellectual Development of Eu-
rope," published by me several years ago, which has
passed through many editions in America, and has been
reprinted in numerous European languages, English,
French, German, Russian, Polish, Servian, etc., is every-
where received with favor.
In collecting and arranging the materials for the
volumes I published under the title of " A History of
the American Civil War," a work of very great labor,
I had become accustomed to the comparison of con-
flicting statements, the adjustment of conflicting claims.
The approval with which that book has been received
by the American public, a critical judge of the events
considered, has inspired me with additional confidence.
I had also devoted much attention to the experimental
investigation of natural phenomena, and had published
many well-known memoirs on such subjects. And per-
haps no one can give himself to these pursuits, and spend
 PREFACE. IX

a large part of his life in the public teaching of science,

without partaking of that love of impartiality and truth
which Philosophy incites. She inspires us with a desire
to dedicate our days to the good of our race, so that in
the fading light of life's evening we may not, on look-
ing back, be forced to acknowledge how unsubstantial
and useless are the objects that we have pursued.
Though I have spared no pains in the composition
of this book, I am very sensible how unequal it is to
the subject, to do justice to which a knowledge of sci-
ence, history, theology, politics, is required; every page
should be alive with intelligence and glistening with
facts. But then I have remembered that this is only as
it were the preface, or forerunner, of a body of litera-
ture, which the events and wants of our times will call
forth. We have come to the brink of a great intel-
lectual change. Much of the frivolous reading of the
present will be supplanted by a thoughtful and austere
literature, vivified by endangered interests, and made
fervid by ecclesiastical passion.
"What I have sought to do is, to present a clear and
impartial statement of the views and acts of the two
contending parties. In one sense I have tried to iden-
tify myself with each, so as to comprehend thoroughly
their motives; but in another and higher sense I have
endeavored to stand aloof, and relate with impartiality
their actions.
I therefore trust that those, who may be disposed to
criticise this book, will bear in mind that its object is
X PREFACE.

not to advocate the views and pretensions of either

party, but to explain clearly, and without shrinking,
those of both. In the management of each chapter
I have usually set forth the orthodox view first, and
then followed it with that of its opponents.
In thus treating the subject it has not been necessary
to pay much regard to more moderate or intermediate
opinions, for, though they may be intrinsically of great
value, in conflicts of this kind it is not with the mod-
erates but with the extremists that the impartial reader
is mainly concerned. Their movements determine the
issue.
For this reason I have had little to say respecting
the two great Christian confessions, the Protestant and
Greek Churches. As to the latter, it has never, since
the restoration of science, arrayed itself in opposition to
the advancement of knowledge. On the contrary, it
has always met it with welcome. It has observed a
reverential attitude to truth, from whatever quarter it
might come. Recognizing the apparent discrepancies
between its interpretations of revealed truth and the
discoveries of science, it has always expected that sat-
isfactory explanations and reconciliations would ensue,
and in this it has not been disappointed. It would
have been well for modern civilization if the Roman
Church had done the same.
In speaking of Christianity, reference is generally
made to the Roman Church, partly because its adherents
compose the majority of Christendom, partly because
 PREFACE. Xi

its demands are the most pretentious, and partly because

it has commonly sought to enforce those demands by
the civil power. None of the Protestant Churches has
ever occupied a position so imperious—none has ever
had such wide-spread political influence. For the most
part they have been averse to constraint, and except in
very few instances their opposition has not passed be-
yond the exciting of theological odium.
As to Science, she has never sought to ally herself to
civil power. She has never attempted to throw odium
or inflict social ruin on any human being. She has
never subjected any one to mental torment, physical
torture, least of all to death, for the purpose of uphold-
ing or promoting her ideas. She presents herself un-
stained by cruelties and crimes. But in the Vatican—
we have only to recall the Inquisition—the hands that
are now raised in appeals to the Most Merciful are
crimsoned. They have been steeped in blood!
There are two modes of historical composition, the
artistic and the scientific. The former implies that men
give origin to events; it therefore selects some promi-
nent individual, pictures him under a fanciful form,
and makes him the hero of a romance. The latter, in-
sisting that human affairs present an unbroken chain, in
which each fact is the offspring of some preceding fact,
and the parent of some subsequent fact, declares that
men do not control events, but that events control men.
The former gives origin to compositions, which, however
much they may interest or delight us, are but a grade
Xii PREFACE.

above novels; the latter is austere, perhaps even repul-

sive, for it sternly impresses us with a conviction of the
irresistible dominion of law, and the insignificance of
human exertions. In a subject so solemn as that to
which this book is devoted, the romantic and the popu-
lar are altogether out of place. He who presumes to
treat of it must fix his eyes steadfastly on that chain of
destiny which universal history displays; he must turn
with disdain from the phantom impostures of pontiffs
and statesmen and kings.
If any thing were needed to show us the untrust-
worthiness of artistic historical compositions, our per-
sonal experience would furnish it. How often do our
most intimate friends fail to perceive the real motives
of our every-day actions; how frequently they misin-
terpret our intentions! If this be the case in what is
passing before our eyes, may we not be satisfied that it
is impossible to comprehend justly the doings of persons
who lived many years ago, and whom we have never seen.
In selecting and arranging the topics now to be pre-
sented, I have been guided in part by "the Confession"
of the late Yatican Council, and in part by the order of
events in history. Not without interest will the reader
remark that the subjects offer themselves to us now
as they did to the old philosophers of Greece. We
still deal with the same questions about which they dis-
puted. "What is God? What is the soul? What is
the world ? How is it governed ? Have we any stand-
ard or criterion of truth ? And the thoughtful reader
 PREFACE. *iii

will earnestly ask, " Are our solutions of these prob-

lems any better than theirs ?"
The general argument of this book, then, is as fol-
lows:
I first direct attention to the origin of modern sci-
ence as distinguished from ancient, by depending on
observation, experiment, and mathematical discussion,
instead of mere speculation, and shall show that it was
a consequence of the Macedonian campaigns, which
brought Asia and Europe into contact. A brief sketch
of those campaigns, and of the Museum of Alexandria,
illustrates its character.
Then with brevity I recall the well-known origin
of Christianity, and show its advance to the attainment
of imperial power, the transformation it underwent by
its incorporation with paganism, the existing religion
of the Roman Empire. A clear conception of its in-
compatibility with science caused it to suppress forcibly
the Schools of Alexandria. It was constrained to this
by the political necessities of its position.
The parties to the conflict thus placed, I next relate
the story of their first open struggle; it is the first or
Southern Reformation. The point in dispute had re-
spect to the nature of God. It involved the rise of
Mohammedanism. Its result was, that much of Asia
and Africa, with the historic cities Jerusalem, Alex-
andria, and Carthage, were wrenched from Christendom,
and the doctrine of the Unity of God established in the
larger portion of what had been the Roman Empire.
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