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 STUDIA PATRISTICA
VOL. CIX

Papers presented at the Eighteenth International Conference

on Patristic Studies held
in Oxford 2019

Edited by
MARKUS VINZENT

Volume 6:
Readings in Irenaeus of Lyon

Edited by
DON W. SPRINGER and AWET ANDEMICAEL

PEETERS
LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT
2021
STUDIA PATRISTICA
VOL. CIX
 STUDIA PATRISTICA

Editor:
Markus VINZENT, King’s College London, UK and Max Weber Centre,
University of Erfurt, Germany

Board of Directors (2019):

Carol HARRISON, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity,
Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, UK
Mark EDWARDS, Professor of Early Christian Studies,
Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, UK
Neil MCLYNN, University Lecturer in Later Roman History,
Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, UK
Philip BOOTH, A.G. Leventis Associate Professor in Eastern Christianity,
Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, UK
Sophie LUNN-ROCKLIFFE, Lecturer in Patristics,
Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge, UK
Morwenna LUDLOW, Professor,
Theology and Religion, University of Exeter, UK
Ioannis PAPADOGIANNAKIS, Senior Lecturer in Patristics,
Department of Theology and Religious Studies, King’s College London, UK
Markus VINZENT, Professor of the History of Theology,
Department of Theology and Religious Studies, King’s College London, UK
Josef LÖSSL, Professor of Historical Theology and Intellectual History,
School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, UK
Lewis AYRES, Professor of Catholic and Historical Theology,
Department of Theology and Religion, Durham University, UK
John BEHR, Regius Chair in Humanity, The School of Divinity,
History, Philosophy & Art History, University of Aberdeen, UK
Anthony DUPONT, Research Professor in Christian Antiquity,
Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium
Patricia CINER (as president of AIEP), Professor,
Universidad de San Juan-Universidad Católica de Cuyo, Argentina
Clayton JEFFORD (as president of NAPS), Professor of Scripture,
Seminary and School of Theology, Saint Meinrad, IN, USA
 STUDIA PATRISTICA
VOL. CIX

Papers presented at the Eighteenth International Conference

on Patristic Studies held
in Oxford 2019

Edited by
MARKUS VINZENT

Volume 6:
Readings in Irenaeus of Lyon

Edited by
DON W. SPRINGER and AWET ANDEMICAEL

PEETERS
LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT
2021
 © Peeters Publishers — Louvain — Belgium 2021
All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to
reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form.

D/2021/0602/143
ISBN: 978-90-429-4752-8
eISBN: 978-90-429-4753-5

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Printed in Belgium by Peeters, Leuven

 Table of Contents

Awet ANDEMICAEL – Don W. SPRINGER

Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

IRENAEUS READING SCRIPTURE

Christopher R. MOONEY
The Authority of Personal Witness: Irenaeus on the Sufficiency and
Necessity of Scripture and Apostolic Tradition ................................. 9

Stephen O. PRESLEY
The Clarity of Scripture in Irenaeus of Lyons.................................... 23

CONTESTED READINGS OF IRENAEAN PASSAGES

ON GOD AND CHRIST

John BEHR
‘Since the Saviour Pre-exists’: A Reconsideration of Irenaeus, Adver-
sus haereses 3.22.3 .............................................................................. 43

Jonatan SIMONS
God and eiusdem substantiae in Irenaeus, Against Heresies 2.17-8 . 55

IRENAEUS ON THE GOD-HUMAN ENCOUNTER

Ysabel DE ANDIA
L’homme à l’image et à la ressemblance de Dieu chez Irénée de
Lyon ..................................................................................................... 69

Awet ANDEMICAEL
Freedom, Transformation, and the Powers That Be: Irenaeus on
Politics ................................................................................................. 81

Don W. SPRINGER
Hands for Beholding: Irenaeus’ ‘Two Hands’ and the visio Dei ...... 97
VI Table of Contents

IRENAEUS AND THE EUCHARIST

Scott D. MORINGIELLO
Sacrifice, Eucharist, and Love in Ignatius of Antioch ....................... 109

Ryan L. SCRUGGS
Giving Gifts to the One Who Needs Nothing. Irenaeus on the Ends
of Eucharistic Oblations ...................................................................... 119
 Abbreviations

AA.SS see ASS.

AAWG.PH Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen Philolo-
gisch-historische Klasse, Göttingen.
AB Analecta Bollandiana, Brussels.
AC Antike und Christentum, ed. F.J. Dölger, Münster.
ACL Antiquité classique, Louvain.
ACO Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum, ed. E. Schwartz, Berlin.
ACW Ancient Christian Writers, ed. J. Quasten and J.C. Plumpe, Westminster
(Md.)/London.
AHDLMA Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge, Paris.
AJAH American Journal of Ancient History, Cambridge, Mass.
AJP American Journal of Philology, Baltimore.
AKK Archiv für katholisches Kirchenrecht, Mainz.
AKPAW Abhandlungen der königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, Berlin.
ALMA Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi (Bulletin du Cange), Paris/Brussels.
ALW Archiv für Liturgiewissenschaft, Regensburg.
AnalBoll Analecta Bollandiana, Brussels.
ANCL Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Edinburgh.
ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers, Buffalo/New York.
ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed H. Temporini et al.,
Berlin.
AnSt Anatolian Studies, London.
AnThA Année théologique augustinienne, Paris.
APOT Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English, ed.
R.E. Charles, Oxford.
AR Archivum Romanicum, Florence.
ARW Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, Berlin/Leipzig.
ASS Acta Sanctorum, ed. the Bollandists, Brussels.
AThANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Zürich.
Aug Augustinianum, Rome.
AugSt Augustinian Studies, Villanova (USA).
AW Athanasius Werke, ed. H.-G. Opitz et al., Berlin.
AZ Archäologische Zeitung, Berlin.
BA Bibliothèque augustinienne, Paris.
BAC Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, Madrid.
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven, Conn.
BDAG A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian
Literature, 3rd edn F.W. Danker, Chicago.
BEHE Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris.
BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium, Louvain.
BGL Benediktinisches Geistesleben, St. Ottilien.
BHG Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca, Brussels.
BHL Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina Antiquae et Mediae Aetatis, Brussels.
VIII Abbreviations

BHO Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis, Brussels.

BHTh Beiträge zur historischen Theologie, Tübingen.
BJ Bursians Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertums-
wissenschaft, Leipzig.
BJRULM Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester.
BKV Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, ed. F.X. Reithmayr and V. Thalhofer,
Kempten.
BKV2 Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, ed. O. Bardenhewer, Th. Schermann, and
C. Weyman, Kempten/Munich.
BKV3 Bibliothek der Kirchenväter. Zweite Reihe, ed. O. Bardenhewer, J. Zel-
linger, and J. Martin, Munich.
BLE Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique, Toulouse.
BoJ Bonner Jahrbücher, Bonn.
BS Bibliotheca sacra, London.
BSL Bolletino di studi latini, Naples.
BWAT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament, Leipzig/Stuttgart.
Byz Byzantion, Leuven.
BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Leipzig.
BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, Berlin.
CAr Cahiers Archéologique, Paris.
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Washington.
CChr.CM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis, Turnhout/Paris.
CChr.SA Corpus Christianorum, Series Apocryphorum, Turnhout/Paris.
CChr.SG Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, Turnhout/Paris.
CChr.SL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, Turnhout/Paris.
CH Church History, Chicago.
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin.
CP(h) Classical Philology, Chicago.
CPG Clavis Patrum Graecorum, ed. M. Geerard, vols. I-VI, Turnhout.
CPL Clavis Patrum Latinorum (SE 3), ed. E. Dekkers and A. Gaar, Turnhout.
CQ Classical Quarterly, London/Oxford.
CR The Classical Review, London/Oxford.
CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Louvain.
Aeth = Scriptores Aethiopici
Ar = Scriptores Arabici
Arm = Scriptores Armeniaci
Copt = Scriptores Coptici
Iber = Scriptores Iberici
Syr = Scriptores Syri
Subs = Subsidia
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vienna.
CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn.
CTh Collectanea Theologica, Lvov.
CUF Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l’Asso-
ciation Guillaume Budé, Paris.
CW Catholic World, New York.
DAC Dictionary of the Apostolic Church, ed. J. Hastings, Edinburgh.
 Abbreviations IX

DACL see DAL

DAL Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, ed. F. Cabrol,
H. Leclercq, Paris.
DB Dictionnaire de la Bible, Paris.
DBS Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplément, Paris.
DCB Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines, ed.
W. Smith and H. Wace, 4 vols, London.
DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, ed. A. Baudrillart,
Paris.
Did Didaskalia, Lisbon.
DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Cambridge, Mass., subsequently Washing-
ton, D.C.
DOS Dumbarton Oaks Studies, Cambridge, Mass., subsequently Washing-
ton, D.C.
DR Downside Review, Stratton on the Fosse, Bath.
DS H.J. Denzinger and A. Schönmetzer, ed., Enchiridion Symbolorum,
Barcelona/Freiburg i.B./Rome.
DSp Dictionnaire de Spiritualité, ed. M. Viller, S.J., and others, Paris.
DTC Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, ed. A. Vacant, E. Mangenot, and
E. Amann, Paris.
EA Études augustiniennes, Paris.
ECatt Enciclopedia Cattolica, Rome.
ECQ Eastern Churches Quarterly, Ramsgate.
EE Estudios eclesiasticos, Madrid.
EECh Encyclopedia of the Early Church, ed. A. Di Berardino, Cambridge.
EKK Evangelisch-Katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, Neukirchen.
EH Enchiridion Fontium Historiae Ecclesiasticae Antiquae, ed. Ueding-Kirch,
6th ed., Barcelona.
EO Échos d’Orient, Paris.
EtByz Études Byzantines, Paris.
ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, Louvain.
EWNT Exegetisches Wörterbuch zum NT, ed. H.R. Balz et al., Stuttgart.
ExpT The Expository Times, Edinburgh.
FC The Fathers of the Church, New York.
FGH Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin.
FKDG Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte, Göttingen.
FRL Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments,
Göttingen.
FS Festschrift.
FThSt Freiburger theologische Studien, Freiburg i.B.
FTS Frankfurter theologische Studien, Frankfurt a.M.
FZThPh Freiburger Zeitschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Freiburg/Switzerland.
GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, Leipzig/Berlin.
GDV Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Stuttgart.
GLNT Grande Lessico del Nuovo Testamento, Genoa.
GNO Gregorii Nysseni Opera, Leiden.
GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, Cambridge, Mass.
X Abbreviations

GWV Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, Offenburg.

HbNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Tübingen.
HDR Harvard Dissertations in Religion, Missoula.
HJG Historisches Jahrbuch der Görresgesellschaft, successively Munich,
Cologne and Munich/Freiburg i.B.
HKG Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Tübingen.
HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament, Tübingen.
HO Handbuch der Orientalistik, Leiden.
HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Cambridge, Mass.
HTR Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge, Mass.
HTS Harvard Theological Studies, Cambridge, Mass.
HZ Historische Zeitschrift, Munich/Berlin.
ICC The International Critical Commentary of the Holy Scriptures of the Old
and New Testaments, Edinburgh.
ILCV Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres, ed. E. Diehl, Berlin.
ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H. Dessau, Berlin.
J(b)AC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Münster.
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature, Philadelphia, Pa., then various places.
JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Berlin.
JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies, Baltimore.
JEH The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, London.
JJS Journal of Jewish Studies, London.
JLH Jahrbuch für Liturgik und Hymnologie, Kassel.
JPTh Jahrbücher für protestantische Theologie, Leipzig/Freiburg i.B.
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review, Philadelphia.
JRS Journal of Roman Studies, London.
JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman
Period, Leiden.
JSOR Journal of the Society of Oriental Research, Chicago.
JTS Journal of Theological Studies, Oxford.
KAV Kommentar zu den apostolischen Vätern, Göttingen.
KeTh Kerk en Theologie, ’s Gravenhage.
KJ(b) Kirchliches Jahrbuch für die evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, Güters-
loh.
LCL The Loeb Classical Library, London/Cambridge, Mass.
LNPF A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian
Church, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, Buffalo/New York.
L(O)F Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Oxford.
LSJ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, new (9th) edn
H.S. Jones, Oxford.
LThK Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, Freiburg i.B.
LXX Septuagint.
MA Moyen-Âge, Brussels.
MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, London.
Mansi J.D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, Florence,
1759-1798. Reprint and continuation: Paris/Leipzig, 1901-1927.
MBTh Münsterische Beiträge zur Theologie, Münster.
 Abbreviations XI

MCom Miscelanea Comillas, Comillas/Santander.

MGH Monumenta germaniae historica. Hanover/Berlin.
ML Mediaevalia Lovaniensia, Louvain.
MPG See PG.
MSR Mélanges de science religieuse, Lille.
MThZ Münchener theologische Zeitschrift, Munich.
Mus Le Muséon, Louvain.
NA28 Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition, Stuttgart.
NGWG Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen.
NH(M)S Nag Hammadi (and Manichaean) Studies, Leiden.
NIV New International Version.
NKJV New King James Version.
NovTest Novum Testamentum, Leiden.
NPNF See LNPF.
NRSV New Revised Standard Version.
NRTh Nouvelle Revue Théologique, Tournai/Louvain/Paris.
NTA Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen, Münster.
NT.S Novum Testamentum Supplements, Leiden.
NTS New Testament Studies, Cambridge/Washington.
NTTSD New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents, Leiden/Boston.
OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis, Freiburg, Switz., then Louvain.
OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta, Rome.
OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica, Rome.
OECS Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford.
OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Louvain.
OLP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, Louvain.
Or Orientalia. Commentarii editi a Pontificio Instituto Biblico, Rome.
OrChr Oriens Christianus, Leipzig, then Wiesbaden.
OrSyr L’Orient Syrien, Paris.
PG Migne, Patrologia, series graeca.
PGL A Patristic Greek Lexicon, ed. G.L. Lampe, Oxford.
PL Migne, Patrologia, series latina.
PLRE The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, ed. A.H.M. Jones et al.,
Cambridge.
PLS Migne, Patrologia, series latina. Supplementum ed. A. Hamman.
PO Patrologia Orientalis, Paris.
PRE Paulys Realenzyklopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft, Stuttgart.
PS Patrologia Syriaca, Paris.
PTA Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen, Bonn.
PThR Princeton Theological Review, Princeton.
PTS Patristische Texte und Studien, Berlin.
PW Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed.
G. Wissowa, Stuttgart.
QLP Questions liturgiques et paroissiales, Louvain.
QuLi Questions liturgiques, Louvain.
RAC Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana, Rome.
RACh Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Stuttgart.
XII Abbreviations

RAM Revue d’ascétique et de mystique, Paris.

RAug Recherches Augustiniennes, Paris.
RBen Revue Bénédictine, Maredsous.
RB(ibl) Revue biblique, Paris.
RE Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, founded by
J.J. Herzog, 3e ed. A. Hauck, Leipzig.
REA(ug) Revue des études Augustiniennes, Paris.
REB Revue des études byzantines, Paris.
RED Rerum ecclesiasticarum documenta, Rome.
RÉL Revue des études latines, Paris.
REG Revue des études grecques, Paris.
RevSR Revue des sciences religieuses, Strasbourg.
RevThom Revue thomiste, Toulouse.
RFIC Rivista di filologia e d’istruzione classica, Turin.
RGG Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, ed. Gunkel-Zscharnack, Tübingen
RHE Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique, Louvain.
RhMus Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Bonn.
RHR Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris.
RHT Revue d’Histoire des Textes, Paris.
RMAL Revue du Moyen-Âge Latin, Paris.
ROC Revue de l’Orient chrétien, Paris.
RPh Revue de philologie, Paris.
RQ Römische Quartalschrift, Freiburg i.B.
RQH Revue des questions historiques, Paris.
RSLR Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa, Florence.
RSPT, RSPh Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, Paris.
RSR Recherches de science religieuse, Paris.
RTAM Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, Louvain.
RthL Revue théologique de Louvain, Louvain.
RTM Rivista di teologia morale, Bologna.
Sal Salesianum, Roma.
SBA Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, Basel.
SBS Stuttgarter Bibelstudien, Stuttgart.
ScEc Sciences ecclésiastiques, Bruges.
SCh, SC Sources chrétiennes, Paris.
SD Studies and Documents, ed. K. Lake and S. Lake. London/Philadelphia.
SE Sacris Erudiri, Bruges.
SDHI Studia et documenta historiae et iuris, Roma.
SH Subsidia Hagiographica, Brussels.
SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae.
SJMS Speculum. Journal of Mediaeval Studies, Cambridge, Mass.
SM Studien und Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktinerordens und
seiner Zweige, Munich.
SO Symbolae Osloenses, Oslo.
SP Studia Patristica, successively Berlin, Kalamazoo, Leuven.
SPM Stromata Patristica et Mediaevalia, ed. C. Mohrmann and J. Quasten,
Utrecht.
 Abbreviations XIII

SQ Sammlung ausgewählter Quellenschriften zur Kirchen- und Dogmenge-

schichte, Tübingen.
SQAW Schriften und Quellen der Alten Welt, Berlin.
SSL Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense, Louvain.
StudMed Studi Medievali, Turin.
SVigChr Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, Leiden.
SVF Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, ed. J. von Arnim, Leipzig.
TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Grand Rapids, Mich.
TE Teologia espiritual, Valencia.
ThGl Theologie und Glaube, Paderborn.
ThJ Theologische Jahrbücher, Leipzig.
ThLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung, Leipzig.
ThPh Theologie und Philosophie, Freiburg i.B.
ThQ Theologische Quartalschrift, Tübingen.
ThR Theologische Rundschau, Tübingen.
ThWAT Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament, Stuttgart.
ThWNT Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, Stuttgart.
ThZ Theologische Zeitschrift, Basel.
TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae.
TP Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association,
Lancaster, Pa.
TRE Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Berlin.
TS Theological Studies, New York and various places; now Washington, DC.
TThZ Trierer theologische Zeitschrift, Trier.
TU Texte und Untersuchungen, Leipzig/Berlin.
USQR Union Seminary Quarterly Review, New York.
VC Vigiliae Christianae, Amsterdam.
VetChr Vetera Christianorum, Bari (Italy).
VT Vetus Testamentum, Leiden.
WBC Word Biblical Commentary, Waco.
WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, Tübingen.
WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vienna.
YUP Yale University Press, New Haven.
ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum, Berlin.
ZAM Zeitschrift für Aszese und Mystik, Innsbruck, then Würzburg.
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Giessen, then Berlin.
ZDPV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Leipzig.
ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, Gotha, then Stuttgart.
ZKTh Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie, Vienna.
ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der
älteren Kirche, Giessen, then Berlin.
ZRG Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, Weimar.
ZThK Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, Tübingen.
 Introduction

Awet ANDEMICAEL, New Haven, CT, USA – Don W. SPRINGER, Hamilton, Canada

This volume is comprised of essays dedicated to the study of St Irenaeus of

Lyon, essays originally presented at the 2019 International Patristics Conference
at Oxford University. Those proceedings reflected well the recent boom of
interest in scholarship dedicated to this second-century bishop of Lugdunum.
In addition to dozens of monographs, dissertations, and articles published over
the last several years, three recent international colloquia have explored Irenaeus’
work and legacy: ‘Saint Irenaeus and Enlightened Humanity’, held at the
Anaphora Institute outside Cairo, Egypt in 2016; the Fifth Moscow Interna-
tional Patristics Conference, on St Irenaeus, held at the Ss Cyril and Methodius
Institute of Post-Graduate Studies in Moscow, Russia in 2018; and ‘Irénée de
Lyon ou l’unité en question’, held at Lyon Catholic University (UCLY) in Lyon,
France in 2020. At the Oxford conference in 2019 there were upwards of forty
papers engaging Irenaeus’ work in a substantial capacity, including two back-
to-back sessions exclusively on Irenaeus, in which most of the essays in this
volume were first presented. Entitled ‘Irenaeus in the Second Century’, and
organized by Don Springer and chaired by Springer and Paul Saieg, this double
session included a diverse, international selection of presenters, headlined by
John Behr, Ysabel de Andia, D. Jeffrey Bingham, and Lewis Ayres.
The nine essays presented here appear in four parts. Part One, Irenaeus
Reading Scripture, includes two papers: Christopher R. Mooney’s (University
of Notre Dame) ‘The Authority of Personal Witness: Irenaeus on the Sufficiency
and Necessity of Scripture and Apostolic Tradition’, and Stephen O. Presley’s
(Southern Baptist Theological Seminary) ‘The Clarity of Scripture in Irenaeus of
Lyons’.
Mooney examines Irenaeus’ understanding of the apostolic witness as it per-
tains to the relationship between written Scripture and oral tradition. He argues
that scholarly resistance to the notion of Irenaeus subordinating either Scripture
or tradition, while laudable, misses a key point: Irenaeus’ location of authority
in the personal witness of the apostles and their disciples as trustworthy wit-
nesses to the Word of God. In this ‘profoundly personalized understanding of
Scripture and tradition’, the authority and content of doctrine are ‘inseparable
from the persons who received and proclaimed it’. Mooney suggests that Irenaeus
sees both Scripture and tradition as ruling over the interpreter. The one who
interprets rightly will find the meaning of the Gospel sufficiently in either
source, but functionally needs both to protect the act of interpretation. Thus,

Studia Patristica CIX, 1-5.

© Peeters Publishers, 2021.
2 A. ANDEMICAEL – D.W. SPRINGER

Irenaeus points to the Church as the proper site for interpretation, as it reliably
passes on the apostolic tradition by bearing the hypothesis and guarding the
rule to ensure hermeneutical consistency with truth.
Presley’s focus, in ‘The Clarity of Scripture in Irenaeus of Lyons’, is on
Irenaeus’ assertion in Haer. 2.27-8 that ambiguous passages should be read in
light of clearer ones. After reviewing the available scholarship on Irenaeus’
understanding of the clarity of Scripture, he identifies two fundamental ques-
tions: ‘What are the clear passages of scripture in Irenaeus?’ and ‘what does
Irenaeus mean by “clarity” and how do his references to “clarity” relate to the
writing themselves?’ Presley surveys the Irenaean references to the ‘clarity’
(manifesto/e) of Scripture in Adversus haereses, and demonstrates how they
polemically depict the Gnostics as espousing fundamentally obscure interpre-
tations of scripture, derived from their own myths. In his positive theology,
however, Irenaeus frames the concept of ‘clarity’ through the incarnation and
revelation of the Son. Presley determines that the passages Irenaeus considers
‘clear’ are the words of the Lord and the preaching of the apostles, while the
obscure ones are the prophetic writings in the Hebrew Scriptures and the parables
in the Gospel accounts.
Part Two, Contested Readings of Irenaean Passages on God and Christ,
includes John Behr (University of Aberdeen) on ‘“Since the Saviour Pre-exists”:
A Reconsideration of Irenaeus, Adversus haereses 3.22.3’ and Jonatan Simons
on ‘God and eiusdem substantiae in Irenaeus, Against Heresies 2.17-8’.
Behr examines Haer. 3.22.3, a passage in which Irenaeus seems to assert
that creation comes about because Christ exists. Behr’s extensive review of exist-
ing translations and interpretations demonstrates that previous analyses typi-
cally engage the hypothetical question of whether the Incarnation would have
happened if there had been no need for liberation or redemption, an approach
that fails to address what is at stake in this particular passage. Behr’s own
interpretation highlights the importance of pedagogy and ordered sequence in
Irenaeus’ thought. Since salvation involves a curriculum of experience, through
which the human grows from the childish state of Adam to the maturity of
Christ, from the animation by breath of Adam to the life given by the Spirit,
salvation itself is a transition rather than a preservation of an original state.
God’s project is realized only eschatologically, accomplished through the full
stretch of the economy. When Irenaeus explains that “that-which-would-be-
saved” in this fashion must come into existence, so that the Saviour is not
something without purpose’, he affirms the dependence of creation on the prior
existence of the Saviour as Saviour. The right order of theology, in which the
sequence of intention corresponds to that of execution, indicates that Jesus Christ’s
existence prompts our creation, the work of God that is accomplished through the
‘pedagogical economy’ previously outlined. Behr concludes that Irenaeus, indeed,
‘means what he says’: Christ does not come into being as Saviour in response
to creaturely need, but, rather, creation arises because Christ exists.
 Introduction 3

In ‘God and eiusdem substantiae in Irenaeus, Against Heresies 2.17-8’,

Simons considers Irenaeus’ use of the language of ‘same substance’ to indicate
equality of status. Pointing out that the vast majority of references to the ‘same
substance’ in second-century extant Christian literature are found in Adversus
haereses, Simons challenges a number of scholars who claim that Irenaeus’ use
of this term does not amount to a Trinitarian affirmation that the Son is ‘of the
same substance’ as the Father. Based on his reading of Haer. 2.17-8 and Haer.
2.13, Simons concludes that Irenaeus’ argument for God as creator in Haer. 2,
and his defense of divine simplicity in Haer. 2.11-9, establish that Irenaeus
does, in fact, use this term to refer to equality of status, insofar as he describes
God’s powers as eiusdem substantiae (Haer. 2.17-8). This does not, of course,
amount to a proto-Trinitarian use of the term, anticipating fourth-century theo-
logical debates, since Irenaeus never claims that the Son and Spirit were ‘of the
same substance’ with the Father. But Simons maintains that Irenaeus is relevant
to later debates in that his use of eiusdem substantiae to describe the powers
of God can entail equality of status for Irenaeus and, at the very least, excludes
a reading of eiusdem substantiae that refers to something being of a different
or reduced substance with God.
The three contributions making up Part Three deal, in various ways, with
Irenaeus on the God-Human Encounter: Ysabel de Andia’s (Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique) ‘L’homme à l’image et à la ressemblance de Dieu
chez Irénée de Lyon’, Awet Andemicael’s (Yale University) ‘Freedom, Trans-
formation, and the Powers That Be: Irenaeus on Politics’, and Don W. Springer’s
(Sioux Falls Seminary) ‘Hands for Beholding: Irenaeus’ “Two Hands” and the
visio Dei’.
De Andia’s essay outlines a theological anthropology of image and likeness
and explores key questions concerning what it means for humans to be created
in the image and likeness of God: Of whom is man the image? What is it, in
man, that is in the image and likeness of God? How does Irenaeus’ concept of
the ‘spiritual man’ relate to the image and likeness? Demonstrating the rele-
vance of Irenaeus’ theology of image and likeness to his anti-Gnostic polemic
about human nature and progress, rationality and freedom, de Andia devotes
special attention to the Trinitarian taxis of Irenaeus’ theologies of creation and
spiritual growth, the eschatological pull of the image toward the likeness, and
the freedom of the creature and the agency of the Spirit that Irenaeus celebrates.
She concludes by highlighting Irenaeus’ identification of the ‘spiritual man’ –
who, as soul and fashioned flesh (plasmatus), is rendered spiritual and perfect
by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit – as the very person who is made in the
image and likeness of God (in Haer. 5.6.1).
Exploring Irenaeus’ view of the divine-human encounter in the political realm
in ‘Freedom, Transformation, and the Powers That Be: Irenaeus on Politics’,
Andemicael focuses on Haer. 5.24, the earliest extant exegesis of Rom. 13:1-7.
Irenaeus’ etiology of political authority as established by God prompts many
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