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Jacques
Cartier
a da m w o o g
GREAT EXPLORERS

Jacques Cartier

James Cook

Hernán Cortés

Sir Francis Drake

Vasco da Gama

Sir Edmund Hillary

Robert de La Salle

Lewis and Clark

Ferdinand Magellan

Sir Ernest Shackleton

Jacques
Cartier
a da m w o o g
Great explorers: jacques cartier

Copyright © 2010 by Infobase Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, re-
cording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permis-
sion in writing from the publisher. For information, contact:

Chelsea House
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York, NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Woog, Adam, 1953-
Jacques Cartier / Adam Woog.
   p. cm. — (Great explorers)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60413-430-8 (hardcover)
1. Cartier, Jacques, 1491–1557—Juvenile literature. 2. Explorers—America
—Biography—Juvenile literature. 3. Explorers—France—Biography—Juvenile
literature. 4. Saint Lawrence River—Discovery and exploration—Jvenile litera-
ture, 5. Canada—Discovery and exploration—Juvenile lierature. 6. Canada—
History—To 1763 (New France)—Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series.
E133.C3W85 2009
971.4’012—dc22 2009016267

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 Contents
1 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 6

2 The First Voyage Begins 18

3 Exploring New Territory 29

4 The Second Voyage Begins 39

5 Wintering in Stadacona 54

6 The Third Voyage Begins 65

7 The Third Voyage Ends 76

8 Cartier’s Final Years 86

Chronology and Timeline 96

Glossary 99
Bibliography 101
Further Resources 102
Picture Credits 104
Index 105
About the Author 109
 1
Cartier and
the Rush for
Exploration
The sixteenth century was an exciting time for Europe.
One of the most thrilling activities during this age was the ex-
ploration of new territory. Many nations took part in a rush
to discover riches, conquer foreign lands, and open new sea
routes. In part, they made this dash hoping to take advantage
of the unknown lands of North and South America.
One of the most important explorers of this era was Chris-
topher Columbus. Columbus was not the first European to sail
to the Western Hemisphere, but he was the first to achieve
widespread fame for doing so. When his expedition stumbled
on the Americas in 1492, his reports home launched a massive
rush of exploration to the region.
Suddenly Europe became aware of a vast new world, one
that was not part of the known European or Middle East civili-
zations and religions. Historian D.B. Quinn writes in The Explo-
ration of North America, “In the sixteenth century, Europeans


 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 

became aware rather suddenly that the world had opened up

around them, that they were no longer confined to a relatively
small Christian world and a somewhat hazy Muslim and pagan
sphere around it.”

Early Exploration
When Columbus sailed across the Atlantic and discovered
some of the islands of the Caribbean and the edges of South
and Central America, he thought that he had reached India.
Later explorers, such as Amerigo Vespucci, showed that this
was not so. It seemed clear that the Americas were continents to
themselves. It was also thought that Asia could not be reached
by sailing west from Europe, as some people hoped.
In the next decades, many more European explorers
crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. Some were
mainly interested in profiting from the gold and other valu-
ables they hoped to find, especially in South America and the
Caribbean. In this part of the hemisphere, voyagers sailing in
the names of Spain, Holland, and Portugal controlled the bulk
of the exploration, as well as the trade and domination of the
native peoples there. Meanwhile, sailors and explorers from
England and France concentrated mostly on the northeast
coast of North America.
All of these voyages were paid for—as was virtually all
exploration at the time—by the royal governments of certain
countries. (The leaders of the expeditions often came from
countries other than those that financed their trips. For ex-
ample, Columbus was an Italian who sailed under the flag of
Spain.)
In any case, it was a swift race and a ruthless business.
In the foreword to The Canadian Frontier, historian Ray Al-
len Billington writes, “Almost from the day [when their early]
outposts were established, each contending nation sought to
 jacques cartier

extend its holdings into the territories of its rivals, using the
three classic weapons in the arsenal of conquest: trade with the
natives, diplomacy, and war.”

A Route to Asia
For the kings and queens who financed exploration of the
New World, the process of acquiring riches and claiming new
land for themselves was only part of their goal. Another major
objective was to find a very specific sea route called the North-
west Passage. This supposed route would lead through North

After Christopher Columbus’s first expedition in 1492, European roy-

als became fascinated with claiming parts of North America—the
“New World”—for their own countries. Kings and queens, con-
vinced there was a shorter route to the coveted spices and riches in
Asia through the New World, funded transatlantic expeditions led
by courageous sailors like Jacques Cartier. This began a period of
unprecedented discovery as fearless explorers sailed throughout
the world and discovered new lands, peoples, and cultures.
 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 

America all the way to the Pacific Ocean, providing a way to

Asia.
It was important to find the Northwest Passage. A sea
journey to Asia from Europe was long and treacherous and
required sailing down the west coast of Africa, around its
dangerous southern tip, and across the Indian Ocean. Still,
even this long sea journey was preferable to a land journey
through the Muslim nations of Southwest Asia, due to the
poor relationship between them and the Christian nations of
Europe.
Those sailors who did manage to navigate a round-trip by
sea could make fortunes by bringing back treasures such as silk
cloth and spices. Cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, and other spices
were so exotic and precious that they were often more valu-
able than gold to Europeans. A shorter, quicker, and safer path
to Asia would thus give a nation an economic advantage over
others.

Exploration During the Renaissance

The Northwest Passage was not found, but the search for it was
not a total failure. The explorers found many other things of
wonder and value. Some of these were tangible treasures. The
New World, at least South America, contained vast amounts of
gold and other material riches. The booty brought back by the
explorers further stimulated the European royalty’s greed for
wealth and conquest.
Exploration also expanded the imaginations of Europe-
ans. This spirit of inquiry was a central part of the Renaissance,
the great social and cultural movement of the time. The Renais-
sance was a wave of thought and action that brought Europe
out of the Middle Ages (also called the medieval period or the
Dark Ages) and allowed music, art, religion, and science to
blossom as never before.
10 jacques cartier

Developments in technology and science that came from

the Renaissance were of immense help to the explorers of the
New World. For example, there were dramatic advancements
in astronomy (which aided in navigation) and improvements
in telescopes, compasses, and firearms. Refinements in map-
making and in shipbuilding, such as the development of large
ocean-going ships with improved sails and other features, also
helped tremendously.

John Cabot
One of the explorers of the era who took advantage of these
advances was an Italian named Giovanni Caboto, known as
John Cabot by his royal British patrons. Cabot is generally
acknowledged as the first European of the Renaissance era to
discover and map North America. (A Norseman from Scandi-
navia, Leif Ericson, journeyed there much earlier—around the
year 1003—but left no known maps.)
Cabot “discovered,” among other things, the great island
of Newfoundland, which is now part of Canada. It should be
noted that the Europeans never “discovered” anything. The
Amerindians or Indians, the native peoples who lived in the
New World when the Europeans arrived, were, of course, al-
ready there. Nonetheless, the term “discovered” is commonly
used. It indicates that the early European explorers were the
first to map and describe the land in detail. In some cases,
they were the first to create permanent settlements. Often,
as is now acknowledged, this European exploration came at
great expense to the aboriginal inhabitants.
Soon after Cabot reached Newfoundland, British, Span-
ish, and French fishermen began visiting the region regularly
in search of its vast supply of codfish. One reason fish was
in great demand was that France, Portugal, and Spain were
overwhelmingly Catholic countries. The Church had man-
dated 153 “fish days” per year, days on which Catholics could
 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 11

eat only fish instead of meat, so there was a great demand for
Newfoundland cod.

Enter Jacques Cartier

Another important figure in the great race to explore North
America and find the Northwest Passage was a Frenchman
named Jacques Cartier. In some ways, Cartier was a failure. He
did not succeed in finding the Northwest Passage, nor did he
bring great riches such as diamonds or gold back to France.
He also did not succeed in another of his goals: establishing a
permanent settlement in Canada.
Yet, Cartier did accomplish a great deal. He was the first
European to explore, describe, and map in detail the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and a portion of the St. Lawrence River. This vast
waterway proved to be a major passage into the interior of
Canada, leading to the Great Lakes and other unexplored areas.
Because of it, France was able to enter and build a vast colony
in North America.
Cartier was also the first European to have a documented,
proven meeting with the native North American tribes who
lived along the river. He also was the first to record the use of
the name Canada, which was originally a word in the language
of the Iroquois, one of the tribes living in what is now the north-
eastern United States. The term Canada later came to refer to
the vast nation of today. Because of these accomplishments,
Cartier is considered one of the great heroes of Canadian and
North American history.

Born to Sail
Not much is known about Cartier’s early life. A true-to-life
portrait of him, one drawn during his life, does not even exist.
The drawings and paintings that have survived may be rather
fanciful. They show a stern, rather sad-looking, but still force-
ful man.
12 jacques cartier

Jacques Cartier, one of the most celebrated French explorers in

history, is best known for his expeditions to North America. Though
he was famous in France, the details of his life remain a mystery,
as official documents only list his parentage, marriage, and close
relatives.
 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 13

Historians do know that Cartier’s parents were Jamet

Cartier, a sea pilot, and his wife, Geseline Jansart. Jacques
Cartier was born in Saint-Malo, France, in 1491, although the
exact date is uncertain. Records indicate that he was baptized
on the last day of December in 1491, so it is likely that he was
born shortly before that date. Some records say Cartier was
the second of five children, while others state that he was the
youngest of three sons.
Saint-Malo, where he was born and raised, is a fortified
seaport on the coast of Brittany, facing the English Channel.
Brittany (called Bretagne in French) is a region in the northwest
of what is now France. At the time of Cartier’s birth, Brittany
was a type of nation called a duchy, and was separate from
France. It was incorporated into France in 1532.
Long before Cartier was born, Saint-Malo already had a
strong reputation for its gifted navigators and sailors. Stephen
Leacock, author of The Mariner of Saint-Malo, comments, “The
situation of the port has made it a nursery for hardy seamen. . . .
Here for centuries has dwelt a race of adventurous fishermen and
navigators, whose daring is unsurpassed by any other seafaring
people in the world.” So it is not surprising—especially consider-
ing that his father was a sea pilot—that Cartier became a sailor.
Not much is known for sure about Cartier during his
younger years. The only real evidence that remains from this
period are a few mentions in civic documents listing him as a
godfather to a child or as a witness in court cases. Still, historians
can make some educated guesses about what his life was like.
Cartier probably began going to sea at an early age, accompany-
ing his father and the other sailors of Saint-Malo. It is also likely
that he trained as a sailor and navigator at a famous naval school
in Dieppe, another port on the northern coast of France.

Cartier as a Young Man

In 1520, Cartier married Marie Catherine des Granches. The
bride was from a prominent family in Saint-Malo. The couple’s
14 jacques cartier

The historic walled city of Saint-Malo, France. The Malouins have

always had an independent outlook, and the city is famous as the
home of French privateers, some pirates, and Jacques Cartier.

official marriage registry reads: “The nuptial benediction [wed-

ding blessing] was received by Jacques Cartier, master-pilot of
the port of Saincte-Malo, son of Jamet Cartier and of Geseline
Jansart, and Marie Katherine des Granches, daughter of Mes-
sire Honoré des Granches, chevalier [knight] of our lord the
king, and constable of the town and city of Saint-Malo.”
Reading between the lines, historians have concluded
that Cartier married a woman who was somewhat above his
own social status. Cartier was only a sea pilot and the son of
a sea pilot. Marie Catherine’s father, Jacques des Granches,
was a far more prominent man—the town’s constable and un
chevalier du roi (a knight of the king). Leacock writes, “In all
 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 15

probability he [des Granches] stood a few degrees higher in

the social scale of the period than such plain seafaring folk as
the Cartier family.”
Even so, it is likely that by the time Cartier married, he
was already a respected mariner who was experienced at mak-
ing extended voyages. There are no definite records of any
long trips he made to the New World, but the seagoing men
of France were already regularly visiting Newfoundland on
fishing expeditions. It is therefore likely that Cartier was on at
least one such trip. Historian Marcel Trudel notes in The Begin-
nings of New France, “[A]s far as Newfoundland is concerned it
would be very surprising if a Saint-Malo pilot over forty years
of age had never been there.” One piece of evidence that shows
that Cartier had probably made his way there is that on his first
official voyage of discovery, he sailed to Newfoundland directly
and made landfall precisely where he wanted to go. Clearly, he
knew the route well.
Cartier also stated that, as a young man, he had been on
an expeditionary voyage to Brazil. Although there is no hard
evidence to prove this, it is entirely possible. For one thing, he
was fluent in Portuguese. Further evidence noted in Leacock’s
The Mariner of Saint-Malo consists of a few references found
in the accounts of Cartier’s journeys to Canada, in which he
shows familiarity with plants found in Brazil. In his account of
his first voyage to Canada, for instance, Cartier compares the
maize (corn) of Canada to another vegetable from the South
American country: “There groweth likewise a kind of [cereal]
as big as peason [peas] like unto that which groweth in Bresil.”
Cartier’s trip to Brazil may have been one led in 1527
by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano (also spelled
Verrazzano), who sailed under the flag of François I, the king
of France. Verrazano’s fame rests on an earlier voyage, when
he explored the northeast coast of what is now the United
States. His exploration took him from the site of present-day
16 jacques cartier

Charleston, South Carolina, to Maine. The journey covered

roughly the coastline between the Spanish colony of Florida
and a Portuguese outpost on Cape Breton Island, which is
now part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

A Powerful Supporter
Still, nothing is certain about Cartier’s career before 1532. That
year marked the start of his first documented voyage to North
America, when François I decided to mount a major expedition
there.
François I was a firm supporter of the new wave of ex-
ploration and enlightenment being forged by the Renaissance.
Two of his trusted and influential advisers further encouraged
him to fund another venture to the New World. One of these
men was among the most powerful clergymen in France: Jean
Le Veneur, a nobleman who ranked highly in the Catholic
Church. He was the bishop, and later cardinal, of Saint-Malo
and the abbot of a famous abbey, Mont St. Michel. Le Veneur
introduced Cartier (who was a relative of Le Veneur’s treasurer)
to the king and recommended him as a leader for the voyage.
Le Veneur assured François that Cartier’s experiences
sailing to Brazil and Newfoundland were sufficient to lead ships
of discovery. In fact, Le Veneur was so confident in Cartier’s
abilities that he promised to reach into his own pocket to help
pay for the trip. As recorded in Trudel’s The Beginnings of New
France, he stated that “if the King would consent to entrust
this mission to Jacques Cartier,” the clergyman himself would
“provide chaplains and contribute to the cost of these voyages
of discovery from his own resources.”
Cartier’s other chief supporter was the Count of Charni
and Lord of Brion, Philippe de Chabot. Brion, as he was
known, was a childhood friend of the king, a naval admiral, and
a favorite at François’s court. With Brion’s approval, François
 Cartier and the Rush for Exploration 17

authorized the trip and gave Cartier enough funding to outfit

two ships of 60 tons each (54 metric tons).
Another goal of expeditions at this time was missionary
work: converting the people of the New World to Christian-
ity. Missionary work was apparently not of major importance
on Cartier’s journey. No clear mention is made of that goal in
surviving documents, although at least one priest traveled with
Cartier.
Instead, perhaps the most important of the formally stated
reasons for the expedition was to search for a passage through
or around North America to Asia. The voyages of the Spaniards
to the regions around Florida, and the explorations of Verra-
zano along the American mid-Atlantic coast, had shown that
solid land existed between Florida and what was eventually to
be called Nova Scotia. But the region farther north still held the
promise of a route to the Pacific. Historian W.J. Eccles writes
in The French in North America, “This, therefore, was the route
Jacques Cartier was ordered to take.”
Cartier had another order as well: to seek treasure. Ac-
cording to Trudel, on order from the king the explorer was
“to voyage to that realm of the Terres Neufves [New World] to
discover certain isles and countries where it is said there must
be great quantities of gold and other riches.”
And so Cartier’s first major voyage began.
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