(jJ

l I

i.
\

RETENSI NED EMBERS

, l

.'

.........- ~§fflE
-~mA Mms io110 .~iiii
~ : . ! , ~ ~ - 1 ...·•·•~l'.. •u,.. . , . , . '~" " ~-- -
, . . , . ,SS~~
' •

i I;

In a pre-tensioned system, when a wire is released from its temporary anchorage on

• I)' f

the prestressing bed, the end of the _wire swells as a result of the recovery of the lateral
contraction and develops a wedge effect. This is to enable ·the prestressing force to 1
become zero at the end of the wire. This is generally referred to as the Hoyer Effecet .
The swe~g of the wire is only a few thousandths of a millimetre, but it nevertheless
produces c~nsiderable radial pressures on the concrete~ gi~i~g ,rise to large frictional
forces. - •• • • • .
The transmission of prestressing force from steel to concrete is generally through a •
bond comprising of (i) adhesion, (ii) friction, and (iii) shearing resistance (dilatancy).
At intermediate points along the length of a beam, the bond stress is resisted by adhe-·
sion, while in the transfer zone the· tendons invariably slip and sink into the concrete,
~estroying most of the adhesion. Consequently, th!! bond stresses are due to tlie fric- •
tion and shearing resistance. The ·distribution of bond stress, stress in steel anci con-
crete in the transmission zone are shown in Fig. 9.1: The m~imum bond stress is
~ched in the zone of transverse compression. When the bond stress is zero, the stress
Ill
steel and concrete reach their maximu m values, and uniform stress distribution is
P~evaient from this section. The length needed for achieving this is. termed trans;,,is-
sion length. . .

'ue len
'h,_
. . - . '
• •l ,
. .•. , ,, •
. .. . ,
•

concr g~ ~equrred at the ends of a pre-tensioned member . for the build-up of s~ess in
of g t • • . I 1 • h ..
ete is . rea 1m~ortance, ·particu y m s ort pr~tens1oned .units, since i~ ·con~
lrois the w
fransini88t0. orking bending moment and the shear force allowable on the section. The
n length depends mainly on the diameter and surface charact~ristic~ of the
_ _"_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _llllJ JIJI
/ll~. ----- ----- ----1 1111 11

250 Prestressed Concrete

Hoyer effect
I
\ \ \ \~
Radial pressure

I
Transverse
tension
' .
Zone of radial transverse
.
Transverse compression compression
' • '

- - - - Maximum

I Bond stress between

I wire and concrete
I
I

4
Bond lengt h- u--+I
0.9P P Prestr~ssi~g !orce
0.7 P ··-----, ,.
..,. 1.

I ,

Stress in steel '

I I
:,

·F· •
• l

.. i . i_ l
Stress in concrete
,· f

Fig. 9.1 Distribution of Bond Stresses :.

·' • 'I ) ' I I 1•
wire,· the elastic properties of steel and concrete, and the coefficient of friction
be-
tween steel and concrete. •. . '• . , . · ' . the
Based on the wedge action, Hoyer has developed an expression for compuung
.
transmission length, which is given by, .' ,' · •• •
1· 1 '

L. = .l._(1 + vc)(ae - /pi)( fpe )

2µ V8 E~ 2/pi - /pc
where, 4 = transmission length
q, = wire diameter ., ,i : , • , •
µ = coefficient of friction between steel and concrete :
Ve = Poisson'-s ratio for concrete , . ·; ;
, . I: ·, t
'

j
·---------------------~U'JlJ,Wlll.t
mfW·IDl·

-illlll
''JlJI.II JlJ8;ii1 Jllli9'~- ------

Transfer of Prestress in Pretensioned Members

...... :251
V8 =Poiss~n's:ratio for steel
ae ='modular ratio (E/Ec) ''
E~ = modulus of elasticity of concrete
' /pi =initial stress in steel •
•• /pe =effective stress in steel
Under th~ normal range of values of these parameters, the transmission length is
likely to vary froin 80 to 160 q,. • . • . _
Several tests have been carried out by many investigators to determine the trans-
mission length. These methods can be classified into different categories depending
upon the principles under which th~ solutions are obtained. Some of the notable inves-
tigations are: .
1. , Tests due to Evans and Robinson2, Guyon3 and Marshall and Krishna Murthy4,
in which the pull in or slip of the tendons into the concrete at the time of transfer
is the influencing parameter.
•2. Tests due to Rusch and Rehm5, based on the basic law of the bond. -
3. Tests due to Marshall6, based on the theoretical investigations of Janney7 and
Guyon.
A comparative analysis of various proposals indicate that the semi-empirical rela-
tions suggested by Marshall and Krishna Murthy are applicable for both plain smooth
wires and strands. The experimental ·results have been fou~d to be in general agree-
ment wi~ the predictions for transmis_sion lengths based on the empirical formulae,

Ku x103 I

/3 .,
where, . .fcu =cube strength of concrete at transfer, expressed in N/mm2 ,·
Lr, = transmission length in mm -.
f3 =constant, depending upon the details of strand and wire
The values of constant f3 for 'some of the typical wires and strands are·compiled in
Table 9.1. • "
Table 9.1 Values of Constant f3
No. Details of wire or stand . /3
.I '.,

1 2 mm dia. wire 0.144.

2 5 mm dia. wire ... 0.0235
3 7 mm dia. wire 0.0174
4 10 mm dia., 7 ~ire strand 0.144
5 12.5 mm dia., 7 wire strand 0.058
6 18 mm dia., 19 wire strand 0.0235
7 1 mm dia., 7 wire strand • 1
0.0235
8 •1\vin twisted wires or 6.25 mm dia., 7 wire strand 0.077
-The .nansiii'ission length prevailing at the time of transfer does not remaift eeastaot,
but increases at a decreasing rate with time due to the effects of creep and shrinkage of -
• concrete. using radiographic strain measuring techniques, Evans and Robinson2 have
conclusively .shown that the influence of passage of time is to increase the transmi~-
sion length and to. move it bodily away from the end face of the me~ber. This factor 1s
 Prestressed Concrete
252 -
significant, especially in fixing up the support po~ts of ~horts pre-.tensioned
hers. The anchorage of smooth wires by adhesion alone is, ther(?fore, not re:~~-
particular!y i~ the cas~ of short me_mbers and members subjected to repetitive lo~'
The cnmpmg of wires by passmg them between toothed wheels results in th:
becoming resistant to slip by an increased amount, although it may slightly reduce ;ir
tensile strength of the wire. There are a number of methods by which a reliable sh e
bond can be achieved. This differs from the ordinary bond of smooth wires in that 1·et~
· , 1S
not dependent upon adhesion or friction alone. Several methods used for obtaining
. shear bond are as foll~ws: .
1. the surface of drawn round-wires is roughened by pickling to ~roduce fine ir-
regularities which interlock with the concrete8, ' • .
2. twisting of round wires into strands, • •
3. cold-rolling of elliptical or rhombic shallow indentations on the surfa~e of wires,
and I ,, '
4. hot rolling of oblique transverse ribs on wires which are subsequently heat
9 • .
treated. , .
According to Ros 10, the tra:nsmission length of smooth, round wires of 1.5-5 mm
diameter varies approximately from lq0-300 diameter respectively, after allowing
for the time-dependent inelastic effects like creep. Wi~ crimping ~r indentations,
these value~ could be c~nsiderably reduced. Also, a sudden release of wires by flame-
cutting or other eans res·ults in increased bond length in the units near the rel~ing
end of the b . As such, the force in the tendons at transfer should be gradually and
complete} released before the tendons are cut between the units.
(,;~ ...-•~=---Pi:i'9.1- Calculate the transmission le~gth at the end of a pre-tension.ed
\./ as per !foyer's m_ethod using the following d~ta: , . . ,. . , .
S of the beam= 50 m
Diameter of wires used = 7 mm
. Coefficient of friction between _steel and concrete = 0.1
Poisson's ratio for steel= 0.30
Poisson's ratio for concrete= 0.15
Es = 210 kN/mm2 and Ec = 30 kN/mm2 ,
Ultimate tensile strength of steel wire,li,u = ~?00 N/mm2
2
Initial stress in steel,/pi = 0.7 fpu = 1050 N/mm
Effective stress in steel,/pe = 0.6/pu = 900 N/mm2.
Us~ng Hoyer's expression,

4 = ±-c1 +vc)(ae· - /pi)( '/pe. )

Ec 2/pi - /pe
2µ Vs
, . . . .
= <p (l+OIS)(_]__0 .7x1500)( ., 900 )
(2 X 0._l) • 0.30 - 30 x Ia3 2 X 1050-900
, 4 IOO<p = 100(7) = ~00 mm 1. ••
,I.,, , '
If the beam is simply supported over a span of 50 m, there should be at least 700 nun
of beam projection beyond the centre of supports at each end. Therefore,•tbe total
length of the beam required to be cast at site is given by,
Overall length= (50 + 2.x 0.7) m = 51.4 m •I • •,
 f cc
Transfer of Prestress in Pretensioned Members ? 2 1 253
~PLE 9.2 j Estimate the transmission length at the ends of a pre-t ensio nm
t,eaI11 prestressed by 7 mm diam~ter wires. Assume the cube strength of concrete at
aansfer as 42 N/mni2. (Adopt Krishna Murthy's empirical relation)

Kx1 03
I,=
/3
for 7 mm diameter smooth wires, /3 = 0.0174 (from Table 9.1) and/cu = 42 N/mm2 ,
thus
J4'i._ xla3
0 0174 = 610 mm= 87cp
If 00 the other hand, 5 mm diameter wires are used, /3 = 0.0235, and we get,

J4'i._ X 1<>3
0 0235 = 525 mm= 105cp

e of bond stresse s developed between concrete and steel and its

variation • e transfer zone of pre-tensioned beams is shown in Fig. 9.2. The bond
stress is zero at the ends but builds up rapidly to a maximum over a very short length.
This value decreases as the stress in the wire builds up. At a distance equal to the . -
transmission length, the bond stress is almost zero while the stress in steel and
concrete reach their maximum values.

After transfer
Before -+- ~--- ---- ----
1,-- ----- ---~ --
transfer High tension
wire

U)
U)
Average
-
"C
U)

C:
~ b o n d stress
---- ---- ,
0 (Tbp)x I
m I
I

Fig. 9.2 Based Strees in Pretensioned Beams

If ('bp)om = maximum value of bond stress .

(li,p)x = bond stress at a distance x from the free end
<p = diamet er of the wire ...
254 llllilii Prestressed Concrete

fs = stress in steel a distance x from the free end

fsc =effective stress in steel at the end of transfer zone
Based on tests conducted at the University of Leeds, the following relations have h....
proposed by Marshall 11 u,;qi

( 'bp)x = ('Tbp)max e-4ytxl;

fs =fs/1 - e-4y,xl;)

where, 'If = constant, expressed as the ratio of change in bond stress to steel Slrtss
x ,;,, distance measured from the free end, expressed in mm
Based on tests using wires of 2 and 5 mm diamete r stressed to 1575
1100 N/mm respectively in conjunction with a concrete having a cube crushing stren:
2

of 80 N/mm , the values of maximum bond stress ('bp)m.u and constant 1/fwerc folllld
2

to be 7.42 N/mm and 0.00725 respectively. However, the magnitude of the avcrag
2

bond stress is considerably less than the maximum local bond stress. According to~
investigations of Ros 1°, the average bond stress varied from J.25 to 1 N/mm2 f~
round wires of 1.5 to 5 mm diameter in the case of wires initially tensioned to astrcss
of 1200 N/mm2.
The stress in a steel wire gradually increases from zero at the end of the beam lo
100 per ce~ of the effective stress at the end of the transmission length (Fig. 9.1).
While 75 80 per cent of the effective prestressing force develops at about half of the
o
trans • sion length, 90 to 95 per cent of the prestressing force is attained at about
ourths of the transmission length from the end face of the beam.
A pre-tensioned beam is prestressed using 5 mm diameter wires
"th an initial stress of 80 per cent of the ultimate tensile strength of steel (/pa= 1600
2
N/mm2). The cube strength of concrete at transfer is 30 N/mm .
(a) Calculate the transmission length,
(b) Compute the bond stress at 1/4 and 1/2 the transmission length from the end,
and
(c) Calculate the overall average bond stress.

-JK/3xlo' -_
Li -
.fioxl o' = 485 mm
0_0235
Bond stress given by,
('bp)x =(~)ma x. e-4~; = 7.42 e-<4X0.00725 xiY;
lfq>=5 mm,
'fdp =7.42 e--0.00S&:c
Bond stress at 44 is given by
=
'?i,p (7 .42e --O.oos~ x 121.251 i 7 N/mm2
=
(at 121.25 mm from end) - • -
Bond stress at L/2 is given by
=
'?i,p (7 .42e --0.oo~s x 242.sl = 1. 82 N/mm~
(at 242.5 mm from ~nd) • • • •
Overall average bond stress is given by, .\

'?i,p (averag e)~ [19.6 x 0.8 x 1600] = 330 N/mm2

nx5x4 85
r

In the transfer zorie of pre-tensioned beams, transverse reinforcements are necessary

to .prevent the failure of the end-zones due to the cracking of concrete as a conse-
quence of large transverse tensile stresses, which often exceed the tensile strength of
concrete. The theoretical distribution of tensile stress is shown in Fig. 9.3, which is
 Prestressed Concrete
256 -

/ Approximate

l•. il .

Theoretical

l ,"

. I: .. ,.,Lt/2 .
1 • ' I

Fig. 9.3 Theoretical Distribution of Tensile Stress ,

I • • I I ' • • l 16 • 1 •
_1 based on the empirical equation proposed by Krishna ~urt~y , • For pu~s.~s of de-
'- • ' f I

.- sign of end reinforcement; a linear variation of tensile stress over half the transmission
17
length has been assumed to compute the splitting tensile force •

If F bat =tr~sverse tensile force, then

I 4
= 2 fv(max) •2bw
F bat

If 'Aa'v =are~ of verti~ai steel req~~ed .

fs =
I "
permissible stress in the reinforcement \

= Fbst =112[ fv(max)Lt

# 2b
']
Asv # •
Js Js w

.. .
IOM)
•
=( bwh4
1 , '

But fv(max) • I •

I , ,

2.5M)
Hence Asv = ( fsh \.
•, Reinforcement is provided the form of closed s~ps enclosing all the tendons.
Wherever single-leg stirrups are used, care should be taken to anchor the stirrups to
- the bottom and top tendons with cross-pieces. The first stirrup should be placed as
close to the en ace as possible with due regard to the minimum cover.requirements.
About half o the total reinforcement is preferably located .within a length equal to
one-third o the transmission length from the end, the rest being distributed in the
remainin distance. Proper compaction of concrete in the end zones by vibration is
essenti o ~_chieve dense concrete associated with high strength.
-~ ,.... .
PLE 9.4 A pre-tensioned beam of 8 m span has a symmetrical I-secuon•
. The ges are 200 mm wide and 60 thick. The web thickness is 80 mm and the mm
overall depth of girder is 400 mm. The member is prestressed by 8 wires of 5 nun
\ l

diameter located on the tension side such that the effective eccentricity is 90 mm. 'Jbe
initial stress in the wires is 1280 N/mm2 and the cube strength of concrete at transfer
is42N/mm2. • ·,- • • , .
. - I •
wl/f//J./f/J;W""

Transfer of Prestress in Pretensioned Members - 2~

(a) Determine the maxim um vertical tensile stress developed in the transf
er zon D
and ..
(b) Design suitable mild steel feinforcement, assunililg the permi
ssible stress in
steel as 140 N/mm2 . •• . , • ,
The distribution of 5 mm diameter high-tensile wires in the cross-sectio
.
n is shown
in Fig. 9 .4, along with the longitudinal stress distribution at a distance
equal to the
transmission length from the end face of the membe!, '

__f_' ' • •I • ., ..
: I~
.----2_ 0_0_____•
!I 60' ,: , 1 ~-0.=;•~64 N/mm 2

80
--.------,~_. T ..
1-4-----' ---
•
.
N/mm 2
-
. I
I

t
0 ,\ .... . '
400 T- - -,-, --- -- l_
e = 90 • - 8 wires of •
·+· 5 inm dia' •
• •
• • _l· • r 'I
' r
60
200 T · ... 8.6 N/mm 2
Cross-section Stress distribution
Fig·. 9.4 ' Distribution of Prestress
' '
' ,• I
A =464 00mm2 , • . ,.. ·, ·, ' J
C
·,
x 106 mm4
1
I= 847 1 1
• •
. l . I :- -!. . , •. ' ••
, 3 • ;3
Z.,=Z t=Z= (4235 ~10 )mm i ..
Total prestressing force, P = (19.6 8 x 1280) = 200 x 103 N.= 200
kN,
Stress at the bottom fibre = [pA + Pe]
Z
1

.r ·• • · ·,,·, •
•• •
•) ,, • ;·
l, .,, rt . • ... • I

=[200XH>3 200x l0 x90J ·

3

464 X 102 4235 X 1()3

.. . .
= 8.6 Nimm2 (compression) •

Stress at the top fibre ~:[ r~ 1l '. :. .. ..

•.!

I
. I •

_ [ 200 X 103 • 200 X 103 X 90] .• O

- 464 X 103 4235 X 103 ,
Taking into consider~tio~ all the forces above the centr? idal ~is of
the section,
External mome nt due to prestressin g fo~ce =. 9 , •• . ·
The internal mome nt due to the distribution of prestress develo ped is obtained as, '
. . •
M = [(200. ?< 60 X 0.64 X 1_70) + (140 X 80 X 2.8 X 70)] = 351 X 104 N mm
 Prestressed Concrete

Transmission length,:
x103 • . s . .
J cu_ __ for 5 mm diameter wrre
_;,'\I_
4= 0.0235

4=
./42. x103
=52 5m m
0.0235 "
face
Maximum vertical tensile stress near the end

_ ('l0 M ) =( 10 x 351 X 10 = 2 _09 ~/m m2

80 x 400 X 525
4
J
- bwh 4

Area of vertical reinforcement Asv

'

-(2 .5M )=( 2.5 x35 1xl 0

- . fs h 140 X 400
4
J= 158 mm2

transfer zone.
of 6 mm diameter stirrups (two-legged) in the
'
i·~~-.... -- . ....-r -~_, .,..._ _,... ...,.. ,..... ....,~ ~,,,. ~
-.. . . . . . .,.. .__
~!> ~-~~~~~p..:.~T. . . . . . . . . _ . . . ..... d-----
......

bonded tendons dev'~lop bond strem

Pre-tensioned or post-tensioned beams with
are subjected to transverse shear forces
between steel and concrete when the sections
beam length. In the case of uncracked
due to the rate of change of moment, along the
ring the complete section, which is
members, bond stresses are computed by conside
tendons subjected to transverse loads,
effective. Figure 9.5 shows a beam with bonded
where -z;, = bond stress between steel and concrete
V =' shear force
Mx and My = moments at sections xx and yy
'1:u = total perimeter of the tendons
axis
y = distance of the tendon from the centroidal
I = second moment of area of the section
ae = modular ratio= (E/Ec)

l l ~T end on
I

I l
·x. 'Y
dx •. ,
xn ~ . • I:

M ,(v G ~M , • ,.,~., ·:
, , Fx ~+ ~F y
.
X Y ' ' • • •Fx _ ___, ·Fy •
(a) Uncracked members • • • , (b) c racked members
•

Fig. 9.5 Flexural Bond Stresses

 Transfer of Prestress in Pretensioned Members - 259,
A == area of steel
1 d / == bending stress in concrete at the level of steel at s·ections xx and yy
; Fig. 9.5 (a), cons1.denng
Ji an Jy • th
e 1.orces and moments, , • . , ,
fro , -. .
11 1
' (My-~ .)= Vdx = [ ( ; ) X ( 1; )] •
• ' "J I • r I

... ,· f
Vdx ' (' • I ) ( ~e;A/, - ae;AI, )
aeAs y
• y , .) X ' . I • t
: I
ii",

I •

, . ' •! ,
.. • J

... . ..
., , , l'

(9.1)
:I ', ' ' :.
If round wires are used, • tI •

(;:) =~)d
•
where
I
<l> = diameter·of the wires,
'• • • ' l . .,

then
. (vy'
'li • -
ae4>)
-----
.' •
. b - , 4/ .
I •

' - •....
In the case of cracked flexural members, bond stresses change suddenly at the cracks
due to th~ abrupt transfer of tension from concre~e to steel in the vicinity of the cracks.
The bond stresses gradually reduce to a minimum value in between the cracks. The
-local bond stress can be evaluated in cracked sections by using the conventional linear
theory of tracked reinforced concrete sectionsw . - •• .7 •.• '

Considering the cracked sections of a beam of length dx as shown in Fig. 9 .5 (b),

where Z = lever arm between the compres~ive force in concrete and the tensile
" steel force 1 -
If 11, = bond stress developed ;,i •
Vdt = (-rb 'I:.udx)Z
...
•

~=C~ul : t l •

(9.3)
 A pre-te~sioned beam of rect~gular section, with a Width
2 and 500 mm overall depth, is prestressed ~y 5 wires of 7 mm diam of
located 100 mm from the soffit. The maximum shear force at a particular sectio 18
100 kN. If th_e m~dular ratio is 6, calculate the bond stress developed, assu ~
(a)· the section as uncracked; and · . . .. , , • , g
(b) the section as cracked. · 1
• • • ,

If the se~tion is uncracked, • i• • .- ! •·

Bond stress, . 'l'b -

.: ( Vyae <I>)
.
4/
.
"" j .
3
V = 100 x 10 N
Y= 150mm
• ae =·6
<1>=7mm
4
I= 21 X 108 mm
3
'fb = (100 X 10 X 150: 6 X 7) = 0.0?S N/mm2
· 4 X 21 X 10 ·
If the section is cracked,
V
I_ ' '

.
bond strees ,• =- , I •

' . ZLU
where
'
, z =lever arm, assumed as 7/8 times the effective depth , '
I'

100 X 103 ] 2 •
= = • N/mm
2 6
'I • [

'lj, (7/8 x 400) x5 x n- x 7

 Tran 11:Jf Prestress in Pretensioned Members - -
~ 7 -- ___ ,_.,.... SIONS •~R BOIID • ·-.~~.--, , . . 1·-
.~- '. i-' ...... ' '·.. ,
"
• ;i-~~- .
.

'fhe general p~ovisions in the ~dian code (IS: 343-1980) for the transmission length
expressed 1D tenns of the diameter of the wrre, bar or strand, taking into considera-
:n the·surface characteristics of the tendons.
In the absence of values based on actual test-results, the following values are rec-
JJllllended for the transmission length, provided the concrete is well compacted and
0 ,. 1th
its strength at trans1er 1s not ess an 35 N/mm2 and the tendons are• released gradu-
ally: . .
1 Plain and mdented wrres
2 Crimped wires
3 Strands
Note J: tp is the diameter of the tendon.
Note 2: The recommended values of transmission length apply to wires of diameter
not exceeding 5 mm and strands of diameter not exceeding 18 mm.
It is recommended that one half of the transmission length shall overhang the sup-
port in simply supported beams ~d the whole of the transmission length should ex-
tend beyond the supports in the case of fixed ends. •
The British code (BS: 8110-1985) recommends an empirical equation for the com-
putation of transmission length in the absence of experimental evidence.
The following equation is recommended where the initial prestressing force does
not exceed 75 per cent of the characteristic strength of the tendon and where the ends
of the units are fully compacted: •

where
fa is the concrete strength at transfer
; is the nominal diameter of the tendon
Kt is a coefficient for the type of tendon and is selected froin the following:
(a) Plain or indented wire (including crimped wire with a small wave height)
:
Kt= 600;
(b) Crimped wire with a total wave-height of not less than 0.15 =Kt= 400;
(c) 7-wire strand or super strand: Kt = 240; and •
(d) 7-wire drawn strand: Kt= 360.
In the American Concrete Institute code, (ACI 318-1989), the development length
of the strand proposed is based on tests using 5, 7.5 an~ 12.5 mm di~ete r strands.
For three- and seven-wire strands, it is stipulated that they ~hould extend a distance
beyond the critical section equal to • - , .. •

vps -;1.. t; _· .
Where db is the nominal diameter of the strand and/ps and/sc are as defined in Section
7.3.3.
The ACI code recommendations are based on' the investigations
' • 18 '
of Kaar and
Hanson19. It includes the both length required to develop the effective prestressfsc, as
 262-@ Prestressed Concrete

also the ad~tio ~al length over which the strand ~ust be bonded to ~e concrete so that
the tensile stress/p5 may also develop in the str~d at the limit state_of collapse ofthe
member. In general, the transmission length for plain smooth wires is considerably
gr~ater than that for deformed bars or strands due to the absence of a mecharuca1
interlock. • .
• The bond lengths recommended in Ge~a n sp~cifications ar~ co~piled in
20

Table .2 for different types of wires. ' ,; • •• •

Table 9.2 German· Specifications for Bond Length ,

Type of wire Diameter, mm Bond Length, 1,,, mm .

Drawn steel (deformed) 3 to 8 600 ,_i •

2- or 3-wire strand 2 to 3 ., . 700 •

2 to4 . 1000. ;
7-wire strand
Transvenely-ribbed steel 20 to 40:mm2 area ,,59() .• :

2
Note: Transmission le1;1gth = • l~ + s
1
, • •• •

• ' I .. ' • i . . • ,,
•
where· lb = bond length . • .. , ., . . ·
s ' • distur b~ce length, which is. equal to the distance from the the
.. , edge. or the distance between the W!l"es. 1 : . • ·_, •. , ·:., i; . :
The FIP21 recommendations regarding the anchorage length to ensure transnnssion I ' ' • ' I I I • •

of the prestress to the concrete include the following limits:

• •

• I • I •
,i J J
J

(a) For wire ten~~ns (100-140) </> , . ~- .. ,: , . , .

(b) For 7-wires strands (45-90) </>
where </> is the diameter of the tendon s.
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