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Copyright © 2021, 2013, 1983, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

All rights reserved.

No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography,
or any other means, or incorporated into any information by retrieval system, electronic or
mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed
to [email protected]

This ebook has been given to EBSCO for hosting on non-exclusive basis.

ISBN: 978-81-224-5711-7

PUBLISHING GLOBALLY
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
7/30A, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
 To
My Guides and Teachers:
Late Professor L. S. Bosanquet
Late Professor B. Kuttner
Late Dr. P. Vermes
 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

This book is meant as a textbook for a course in Complex Analysis at graduate level
of universities in India and abroad. It is also intended to be useful for scientists and
engineers. The second edition of this book was reviewed by learned mathematicians
in many reputed international journals of mathematics and the response was very
encouraging. In this third edition we have incorporated reviewer’s suggestions and
comments. We welcome any further comments and suggestions from readers. Finally,
I thank the publisher for his cooperation in bringing out the book.

B. Choudhary
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Complex Analysis was originally developed for the sake of its application. Keeping
in view the applied nature of the subject I have included in this edition topics like
some physical applications of conformal mapping, extension of the maximum
modulus principle, some consequences of Jensen’s theorem and Hadmard’s gap
theorem.
The justifiable criticism was that the chapters on conformal mapping and
analytic continuation were not given more attention than most other books. In this
edition, both these chapters have been strengthened by new results and examples.
Solutions to some more selected exercises which involve lot of new ideas
and theoretical considerations have been provided at the end. I hope this will help
the students to get actively involved in the subject.
Finally, I thank the publisher for his cooperation in bringing out the book.
Readers are urged to send their comments and suggestions so that I can improve the
usefulness of the book.

B. Choudhary
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This book is an introductory course in Complex Analysis of one Complex Variable.

It contains sufficient material for one semester course.
The prerequisite for this book is a course in advanced calculus and a course
in elementary modern algebra.
The book consists of fourteen chapters and two appendices. Chapter 1 is
very elementary and deals with the field of complex numbers. Assuming that the
reader is familiar with metric spaces, continutity, convergence, compactness,
connectedness, etc., we briefly introduce these concepts in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 to
Chapter 10, includes the essentials of Complex Analysis, which cannot be left out
in one semester course.
Since the proof of the Riemann Mapping Theorem is somewhat more difficult
than the study of the specific cases considered in Chapter 9, it has been presented in
the Appendix. Chapters 12-14 deal with further analytic aspects of functions in
many directions, which may lead to some other branches of mathematics. Chapter
11 initiates the reader in the consideration of functions as points in a metric space
and presents Weierstrass Factorization Theorem and its application. The homological
version of Cauchy’s Theorem is presented in the Appendix. Exercises are given at
the end of each chapter. Solutions to some selected problems are special feature of
the book.
This book grew out of a regular course given by me at M.Sc. level of Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi. I have been influenced by many books on the same
subject, especially by L. Ahlfors, H. Cartan, J.B. Conway and Serge Lang. I have
also referred, in various places, to those books which have been of particular
assistance to me in preparing lecture notes for this book.
This book covers the syllabus on Complex Analysis at graduate level of the
universities in India and undergraduate level of the universities in North America
and Europe. I have resisted the temptation to include everything of the subject in
this text, consequently there are many facets of the subject which have been omitted.
 xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

I have chosen the topics with greatest care and have tried to present them
systematically with diagrams and illustrations. In each chapter the level grows
gradually and accumulations of lengthy theorems at one place have been avoided.
My thanks are due to many people who have read drafts of the text. I am
afraid that despite all my efforts, if some of the mistakes are still survived, I will
be grateful to the readers who are kind enough to point them out.

B. Choudhary
 CONTENTS

Preface to the Third Edition vii

Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
1. Sets, Functions and Complex Numbers 1
1.1 Sets ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Functions ............................................................................................ 3
1.3 Countable Sets ................................................................................... 5
1.4 Fields .................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Complex Numbers ............................................................................. 8
1.6 The Complex Plane .......................................................................... 10
1.7 The Roots of Complex Numbers ..................................................... 11
1.8 Stereographic Projection .................................................................. 14
1.9 Spherical Representation.................................................................. 14
Exercises .......................................................................................... 15
2. Metric Spaces 19
2.1 Definition ......................................................................................... 19
2.2 Convergence, Completeness ............................................................ 23
2.3 Continuous Functions ...................................................................... 25
2.4 Compactness .................................................................................... 26
2.5 Connectedness .................................................................................. 29
Exercises .......................................................................................... 33
3. Elementary Properties of Analytic Functions 36
3.1 Limits and Continuity ...................................................................... 36
3.2 Complex Differentiability ................................................................ 37
3.3 The Cauchy-Riemann Equations ..................................................... 40
 xiv CONTENTS

3.4 Exponential Function ....................................................................... 42

3.5 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions ........................................ 44
3.6 Logarithm ......................................................................................... 45
3.7 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions ........................... 46
Exercises .......................................................................................... 47
4. Line Integral and Cauchy’s Theorem 50
4.1 Definitions........................................................................................ 50
4.2 Riemann-Stieltjes Integral ................................................................ 51
4.3 Line-Integral .................................................................................... 52
4.4 Modulus of Continuity ..................................................................... 53
4.5 Local Primitive ................................................................................. 55
4.6 Cauchy’s Theorem (Homotopy Form) ............................................. 59
4.7 Global Primitives ............................................................................. 62
Exercises .......................................................................................... 63
5. Application of Cauchy’s Theorem 66
5.1 The Winding Number ...................................................................... 66
5.2 Statement of Cauchy’s Theorem ...................................................... 69
5.3 Some Consequences of Cauchy’s Theorem ..................................... 70
5.4 Application of Cauchy’s Integral Formula....................................... 72
Exercises .......................................................................................... 76
6. Power Series 79
6.1 Infinite Series in C ........................................................................... 79
6.2 Series of Functions and Uniform Convergence ............................... 82
6.3 Power Series ..................................................................................... 84
Exercises .......................................................................................... 88
7. Laurent Series, Singularities 90
7.1 Power Series Representation of Analytic Functions ........................ 90
7.2 Taylor Series .................................................................................... 91
7.3 Zeros of Analytic Function .............................................................. 92
7.4 Laurent Series .................................................................................. 93
7.5 Isolated Singularities ........................................................................ 96
7.6 Limit Points of Zeros and Poles ....................................................... 97
7.7 Meromorphic Functions ................................................................... 98
Exercises ........................................................................................ 100
 CONTENTS xv

8. Residue Theorem and Its Applications 102

8.1 Definition ....................................................................................... 102
8.2 Applications of the Residue Theorem ............................................ 104
8.3 The Logarithmic Residue ............................................................... 113
Exercises ........................................................................................ 116
9. Conformal Mapping 119
9.1 Definition ....................................................................................... 120
9.2 Linear Fractional Transformation .................................................. 122
9.3 Definition ....................................................................................... 125
9.4 Symmetry ....................................................................................... 126
9.5 The Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation ...................................... 130
9.6 The Transformations w = sin z and w = cos z ................................ 131
9.7 Riemann Surfaces .......................................................................... 132
Exercises ........................................................................................ 135
10. Harmonic Functions 137
10.1 Definitions of Harmonic Functions ............................................... 137
10.2 Harmonic Functions and Analytic Functions ................................. 138
10.3 Harmonic Functions on a Disk ...................................................... 140
10.4 Construction of Harmonic Functions on a Disk ............................ 143
10.5 Some Physical Applications of Conformal Mapping ..................... 147
10.6 Some Other Physical Interpretations.............................................. 151
Exercises ........................................................................................ 153
11. Weierstrass Factorization Theorem 157
Part I
11.1 Metric on C(G, Ω) .......................................................................... 157
11.2 Spaces of Analytic Functions ......................................................... 160
11.3 Weierstrass Factorization Theorem ................................................ 161
Exercises ........................................................................................ 170
Part II
Extension of the Maximum Modulus Principle 173
11.4 Hadamard’s Product Representation .............................................. 173
11.5 The Effect of Zeros, Jensen’s Formula .......................................... 174
11.6 Some Consequences of Jensen’s Theorem ..................................... 176
11.7 Phragmen-Lindelöf Theorem ......................................................... 179
11.8 The Gamma Function .................................................................... 182
Exercises ........................................................................................ 186
 xvi CONTENTS

12. Elliptic Functions 187

12.1 Groups ............................................................................................ 187
12.2 Elliptic Functions ........................................................................... 188
12.3 Weierstrass’ Elliptic Functions ....................................................... 191
12.4 The Addition Theorems ................................................................. 194
12.5 The Weierstrass’ Zeta Function ...................................................... 196
12.6 The Weierstrass’ Sigma Function ................................................... 198
Exercises ........................................................................................ 200
13. Analytic Continuation, Differential Equations 202
13.1 Analytic Continuation .................................................................... 202
13.2 Continuation along a Path .............................................................. 203
13.3 Continuation by Reflection ............................................................ 204
13.4 Nowhere-Continuable Power Series .............................................. 209
13.5 Differential Equations .................................................................... 213
13.6 Solutions at Infinity........................................................................ 216
13.7 The Hypergeometric Differential Equation ................................... 217
13.8 Some Simple Consequences of the Function
F(a, b, c, z) in (33) ......................................................................... 218
13.9 Bessel’s Differential Equation ....................................................... 220
13.10 Legendre’s Differential Equation ................................................... 221
Exercises ........................................................................................ 222
14. Approximation by Rational Functions and Polynomials 225
14.1 Uniform Approximation................................................................. 225
14.2 Locally Analytic Functions ............................................................ 230
Exercises ........................................................................................ 235

APPENDIX 1: Riemann Mapping Theorem 237

APPENDIX 2: Homological Version of Cauchy’s Theorem 243
Solutions to Some Selected Exercises 249
Bibliography 293
List of Symbols 294
Index 297
 1 SETS, FUNCTIONS AND
COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1 SETS
Let A be a given set. We write x ∈ A if x is an element of A. The negation of x ∈ A is
written in the form x ∉ A.
If each element of E is also an element of F, then we say that E is a subset of
F, or that E is contained in F, or that F contains E and write
E ⊂ F or F ⊃ E.
In particular, E ⊂ E for every set E.
The set which contains no element is called the empty set. We denote the
empty set by φ. Note that the empty set is a subset of every set.
Two sets E and F are said to be equal if they contain the same elements. In
order to show that the sets E and F are equal we must show that E ⊂ F and F ⊂ E.
If E ⊂ F and F ⊂ E, we write
E = F.
If E ⊂ F and E ≠ F, E is called a proper subset of F.
Let P denotes a property for a collection of elements. We use the symbol
{x : P}
to denote the set of all elements x which have the property P.
Let A and B be two sets. The union of two sets A and B is defined to be the set
of all elements which belong either to A or to B or to both A and B. In symbols,
A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
The intersection of two sets A and B is defined to be the set of all elements which
belong to both A and B. In symbols,
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Let A and B be two sets. If A ∩ B = φ, then we say that A and B are disjoint.
We now list some of the algebraic properties of the operations on sets that
we have just defined. The proofs of these assertions are left to the reader.
1
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